Effects of wing locations on wing rock induced by forebody vortices

Previous studies have shown that asymmetric vortex wakes over slender bodies exhibit a multi-vortex structure with an alternate arrangement along a body axis at high angle of attack. In this investigation, the effects of wing locations along a body axis on wing rock induced by forebody vortices was studied experimentally at a subcritical Reynolds number based on a body diameter. An artificial perturbation was added onto the nose tip to fix the orientations of forebody vortices. Par-ticle image velocimetry was used to identify flow patterns of forebody vortices in static situations, and time histories of wing rock were obtained using a free-to-roll rig. The results show that the wing locations can affect significantly the motion patterns of wing rock owing to the variation of multi-vortex patterns of forebody vortices. As the wing locations make the forebody vortices a two-vortex pattern, the wing body exhibits regularly divergence and fixed-point motion with azimuthal varia-tions of the tip perturbation. If a three-vortex pattern exists over the wing, however, the wing-rock patterns depend on the impact of the highest vortex and newborn vortex. As the three vortices together influence the wing flow, wing-rock patterns exhibit regularly fixed-points and limit-cycled oscillations. With the wing moving backwards, the newborn vortex becomes stronger, and wing-rock patterns become fixed-points, chaotic oscillations, and limit-cycled oscillations. With fur-ther backward movement of wings, the vortices are far away from the upper surface of wings, and the motions exhibit divergence, limit-cycled oscillations and fixed-points. For the rearmost location of the wing, the wing body exhibits stochastic oscillations and fixed-points.     

窄条翼布局导弹摇滚特性及流动机理

钝头体窄条翼布局导弹在大攻角下拥有极为优异的纵向气动特性,但横向容易失稳,做快速机动时容易诱发非指令的横向不稳定运动。通过开展高速风洞自由摇滚试验和数值模拟,研究了窄条翼导弹自由摇滚特性和流动机理,试验与计算吻合较好。研究发现:较大迎角时,窄条翼面积中心距离尾舵前缘根部5~6倍直径时,模型会进入极限环摇滚,窄条翼位置对模型稳定性有显著的影响,去掉窄条翼或尾舵时,模型均不会进入摇滚;模型空间流场特性表明,气流经过窄条翼时形成的片涡,对背风舵产生强烈的干扰,抑制了尾舵涡的形成和发展,使背风舵动态失稳,导致模型进入极限环摇滚。     

三角翼机翼摇滚主动控制多学科耦合数值模拟

细长机身和大后掠机翼气动构型的飞行器大攻角飞行时,由于缺少横向阻尼,易发生以绕体轴滚转振动为主的摇滚运动,飞行安全受到严重威胁。针对三角翼摇滚问题,采用动网格技术,建立了气动、运动和控制多学科耦合的数值模拟方法。通过耦合非定常Navier-Stokes方程、刚体运动方程和经典控制律,采用控制面差动偏转的方式对三角翼摇滚主动控制过程进行了数值模拟,并分析了不同控制状态下三角翼受控滚转的运动特性。在来流马赫数为0.3的条件下,实现了80°后掠三角翼摇滚现象的有效控制。     

鸭式布局飞行器的翼体摇滚特性风洞试验

为研究鸭式布局飞行器摇滚特性,设计了一种包括鸭翼、脊型前体、边条翼、主翼和垂尾的模型,进行了自由滚转、扰动滚转、静动态测力和烟线流场显示多种技术手段相结合的风洞试验。通过自由滚转和扰动滚转试验得到了该模型翼体摇滚的时间历程,静态测力和动导数测定验证了非极限环运动形式摇滚的发生。结果表明该鸭式布局模型摇滚不仅同侧存在多个摇滚平衡点,而且在临界俯仰角,摇滚过程中可能出现从一摇滚平衡点跳动至同侧另一摇滚平衡点的突变。通过流场显示技术得到该鸭式布局模型复杂流场的基本形态分布,并对滚转角为0°时的全机涡系干扰和摇滚形成机理进行了简要分析。     

前体涡诱导双极限环摇滚流动特性的实验研究

通过摇滚/PIV/压力同步测量实验,对翼身组合体前体涡诱导的双极限环摇滚过程中流动特性及演化规律进行了系统的研究,并分析了前体涡诱导翼-身组合体双极限环摇滚的流动机理。实验结果表明,前体涡与机翼翼面流动的相互作用使模型在正负滚转相位处分别出现极限环摇滚运动;正负滚转相位过渡是模型运动惯性与气动力共同作用的结果。     

Unsteady aerodynamics of nonslender delta wings

Unsteady aerodynamics of nonslender delta wings, covering topics of shear layer instabilities, structure of nonslender vortices, breakdown, maneuvering wings, and fluid/structure interactions, are reviewed in this paper. Vortical flows develop at very low angles of attack, and form close to the wing surface. This results in strong interactions with the upper-surface boundary layer and in a pronounced dependence of the flow structure on Reynolds number. Vortex breakdown is observed to be much less abrupt compared to breakdown over slender wings. This results in challenges for the precise determination of vortex breakdown location and the interpretation of flow visualizations. One of the distinct features of nonslender wings is the location of the primary attachment zone outboard of the symmetry plane. Reattachment location correlates with the wing stall process and increased buffeting. Dramatic fluid/structure interactions emerge with increasing wing flexibility and result in substantial lift enhancement in the post-stall region. This recently discovered phenomenon appears to be a feature of nonslender wings. Rigid delta wings undergoing small amplitude oscillations in the post-stall region exhibit many similarities to flexible wings, including reattachment and re-formation of the leading-edge vortices. Unusual self-excited roll oscillations have also been observed for free-to-roll nonslender wings.     

翼身组合体摇滚特性高速试验研究

简要介绍了翼身组合体高速风洞自由摇滚实验技术的实验装置、实验方法、数据采集等。开展了翼身组合体大迎角下的摇滚特性研究,给出了典型的结果,研究结果表明随着模型迎角的增加,翼身组合体呈现不同的滚转运动形态,包括静态稳定、准极限环摇滚等。所研究的参数范围内后掠角对摇滚有较大影响,随着模型迎角的增加摇滚振幅呈现抛物线,马赫数的增加对最大摇滚振幅起抑制作用。     

非定常超音速侧滑机翼的升力、力矩系数及动导数的数值计算

 本文利用分布在机翼平面上的非定常超音速点源的特征线网格法给出非定常超音速侧滑机翼的数值解。本文给出侧滑机翼作沉浮、俯仰、滚转谐振时的振型以及计算升力、力矩和动导数（包括交叉导数）的计算方法。按本文用非定常理论数值解对典型的无侧滑机翼计算出的动导数与常用的按准定常理论解析公式计算结果进行比较和鉴定,结果表明本文方法是令人满意的。     

带操纵面机翼的非定常跨声速流数值解法

本文介绍一种带操纵面机翼的非定常跨声速流的有限差分计算方法。采用的方程是三元非定常跨声速修正小扰动位势方程,使用时间积分法,求解格式是近似因式分解交替方向隐式(ADI)格式。使用这种方法计算了F-5机翼在来流马赫数为0.9和0.925时的定常气动力和操纵面振荡的非定常气动力。计算结果与国外的NLR试验结果和XTRAN3S方法的计算结果进行了比较,表明计算是成功的。     

An experimental study of elastic properties of dragonfly-like flapping wings for use in biomimetic micro air vehicles (BMAVs)

This article studies the elastic properties of several biomimetic micro air vehicle (BMAV) wings that are based on a dragonfly wing. BMAVs are a new class of unmanned micro-sized air vehicles that mimic the flapping wing motion of flying biological organisms (e.g., insects, birds, and bats). Three structurally identical wings were fabricated using different materials: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), and acrylic. Simplified wing frame structures were fabricated from these materials and then a nanocomposite film was adhered to them which mimics the membrane of an actual dragonfly. These wings were then attached to an electromagnetic actu-ator and passively flapped at frequencies of 10–250 Hz. A three-dimensional high frame rate imag-ing system was used to capture the flapping motions of these wings at a resolution of 320 pixels × 240 pixels and 35000 frames per second. The maximum bending angle, maximum wing tip deflection, maximum wing tip twist angle, and wing tip twist speed of each wing were measured and compared to each other and the actual dragonfly wing. The results show that the ABS wing has considerable flexibility in the chordwise direction, whereas the PLA and acrylic wings show better conformity to an actual dragonfly wing in the spanwise direction. Past studies have shown that the aerodynamic performance of a BMAV flapping wing is enhanced if its chordwise flexibility is increased and its spanwise flexibility is reduced. Therefore, the ABS wing (fabricated using a 3D printer) shows the most promising results for future applications.     

具有操纵面间隙非线性二维翼段的气动弹性分析

 基于Theodorsen 理论和Wagner 函数,提出了不可压缩流作用下三自由度二维翼段任意运动非定常气动力表达式。对操纵面自由度具有的间隙非线性,建立了二维翼段气动弹性系统无量纲分段线性运动方程。数值仿真预示了系统极限环振动的相轨迹、无量纲振动幅值和频率,表明操纵面铰链处存在的间隙非线性将导致整个系统的极限环振动;随着来流速度的增加,系统极限环振动的幅值和频率都存在跳跃现象。     

低超声速来流中机翼跨声速非定常气动力数值解法

本文给出一种低超声速来流中机翼跨声速非定常流的计算方法。该方法使用跨声速小扰动理论,正确地计入了沿流向平面流动特征线的压力波的运动边界条件。流动方程是使用时间精确交替方向隐式(ADI)有限差分解法求解。试算了M=1.1的矩形翼和M=1.1、1.34的F5机翼的定常和非定常气动力,并与国外的风洞试验和计算结果作了比较,符合很好。表明本方法是有效的。     

Experimental investigation of influence of strake wings on self-induced roll motion at high angles of attack

The modern high performance air vehicles are required to have extreme maneuverability,which includes the ability of controlled maneuvers at high angle of attack. However, the nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena, such as flow separation, vortices interaction, and vortices breaking down, will occur during the flight at high angle of attack, which could induce the uncommanded motions for the air vehicles. For the high maneuverable and agile air missile, the nonlinear roll motions would occur at the high angle of attack. The present work is focused on the selfinduced nonlinear roll motion for a missile configuration and discusses the influence of the strake wings on the roll motion according to the results from free-to-roll test and PIV measurement using the models assembled with different strake wings at a = 60°. The free-to-roll results show that the model with whole strake wings(baseline), the model assembled with three strake wings(Case A)and the model assembled with two opposite strake wings(Case C) experience the spinning, while the model assembled with two adjacent strake wings(Case B), the model assembled with one strake wing(Case D) and the model with no strake wing(Case E) trim or slightly vibrate at a certain "×"rolling angle, which mean that the rolling stability can be improved by dismantling certain strake wings. The flow field results from PIV measurement show that the leeward asymmetric vortices are induced by the windward strake wings. The vortices would interact the strake wings and induce crossflow on the downstream fins to degrade the rolling stability of the model. This could be the main reason for the self-induced roll motion of the model at a = 60°.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a flapping rotary wing: Modeling and optimal wing kinematic analysis

The analysis of the passive rotation feature of a micro Flapping Rotary Wing(FRW)applicable for Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) design is presented in this paper. The dynamics of the wing and its influence on aerodynamic performance of FRW is studied at low Reynolds number(~10~3).The FRW is modeled as a simplified system of three rigid bodies: a rotary base with two flapping wings. The multibody dynamic theory is employed to derive the motion equations for FRW. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is utilized for the calculation of the aerodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic motion process and the effects of the kinematics of wings on the dynamic rotational equilibrium of FWR and the aerodynamic performances are studied. The results show that the passive rotation motion of the wings is a continuous dynamic process which converges into an equilibrium rotary velocity due to the interaction between aerodynamic thrust, drag force and wing inertia. This causes a unique dynamic time-lag phenomena of lift generation for FRW, unlike the normal flapping wing flight vehicle driven by its own motor to actively rotate its wings. The analysis also shows that in order to acquire a high positive lift generation with high power efficiency and small dynamic time-lag, a relative high mid-up stroke angle within 7–15° and low mid-down stroke angle within -40° to -35° are necessary. The results provide a quantified guidance for design option of FRW together with the optimal kinematics of motion according to flight performance requirement.     

Variable phase control of wing rock

This paper addresses a variable phase control issue for suppressing wing rock with hysteresis. In free-to-roll tests, as the angle of attack (AOA) is increased, the roll angle versus the rolling moment indicates hysteresis and provides clues about where wing rock motion is being driven and where the motion is being damped. We present the analysis method of wing rock energy to explain the mechanism of wing rock and the formation of hysteresis, and then develop a variable phase control (VPC) scheme to compensate the phase and magnitude distortions. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme are demonstrated by suppressing wing rock phenomenon at various AOA and any initial conditions.     

Flow visualization and aerodynamic load calculation of three types of clap-fling motions in a Weis-Fogh mechanism

A flow visualization and aerodynamic load calculation of three types of clap-fling motions in a Weis-Fogh mechanism are performed through experiment and computation. In the experiment, the flow development is visualized using a smoke-wire technique for two wing motion types: ‘fling followed by clap and pause’, and ‘clap followed by fling and pause’. For the computation, the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved for the same type of wing motions of the experiment. A good agreement between the experimental and numerical result is observed regarding the main flow features, such as the sequential development of the two families of separation vortex pairs and their movement. For the ‘fling followed by clap and pause motion’, a strong separation vortex pair of counter-rotation develops in the opening between the wings in the fling phase and then moves out from the opening in the following clap phase. For the ‘clap followed by fling and pause motion’, the separation vortex pair develops in the outside space in the clap phase, and then moves into the opening in the following fling phase. Results show that the leading edge separation vortices are dominant features of the flow pattern and cause a large negative pressure distribution near the leading edge. In the ‘cyclic fling and clap motion’ case, the aerodynamic loads of the fling phase after the second cycle of the wing motion when the periodicity of the flow pattern and the aerodynamic loads are established, are much greater than those of the first cycle. However, the aerodynamic loads of the clap phase in the later cycles are not much different from those of the first cycle.     

主动变形扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞测力试验研究

主动变形扑翼可以模仿鸟翼飞行时的复杂运动。为了了解主动变形扑翼飞行器的气动特性,在研究鸟类骨骼结构和翅膀及尾翼运动规律的基础上,设计并制造了一种基于机器人技术的主动变形扑翼飞行器;给出了主动变形扑翼飞行器的机构运动规律函数,并设计出机构运动控制系统;在低速风洞中对此飞行器进行了一系列测力试验,研究了主动变形扑翼的升力、推力特性,以及风速、扑动频率、扑动幅度、伸展相位等参数对升力和推力的影响,并与常规扑翼进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,较之常规扑翼,主动变形扑翼可以显著增加升力和增强对不同飞行状态的适应能力。     

直升机地面共振的非线性稳定性分析

 提出了计及起落架缓冲器和桨叶减摆器非线性阻尼时的直升机极限环的简化分析方法,讨论了由桨叶摆振运动的几何非线性和阻尼非线性引起的“混沌”（chaos）现象,以及初始扰动对不稳定响应的影响。试验结果与理论分析相一致。     

STUDY OF WING SHIELDING EFFECT OF PROPELLER AIRCRAFT

Some crude models to investigate the wingshield effect on the fuselage of prop- fan aircraftwere published previously[1～ 3] .A semi- infiniteplane model[1,2 ] and a barrier shielding model[3]were used to simulate the wing shielding effects,by which the numerical calculation and the ex-periment results in wind tunnel discovered thatthe shielding effect depends on the relative posi-tion and prop- fan rotation direction.In this pa-per,a model and a program to calculate theblocked pressure of the…     

多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器设计

多段柔性变体扑翼模仿海鸥翅膀的复杂运动.观察海鸥翅膀的运动周期,设计了包含慢频率扑动、展向折弯、弦向扭转和结构柔性变形的扑翼模型,并应用准定常方法计算气动力,为该扑翼飞行器设计提供依据.在CATIA和3DMAX中设计多段柔性变体扑翼机的三维模型和运动模拟,制作样机进行飞行试验,研究其平飞、爬升、偏航等飞行姿态,结果表明升力和推力与数值计算结果吻合.相较于原有扑翼飞行器,多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器可以慢频率扑动飞行,调整扑翼形状.