考虑附面层影响的二元混压式进气道设计

采用等激波强度的方法,考虑附面层修正,设计了一种飞行马赫数Ma=3.0的二元混压式进气道.通过数值仿真,模拟了激波-边界层的相互影响,研究了附面层抽吸对内流场的影响,获得了进气道内部复杂的流场分布,以及不同背压下进气道的起动特性.计算表明所设计的进气道性能较好,附面层抽吸对稳定正激波有明显的作用,提高了进气道抗反压能力.给出的方法可用于二元混压式进气道的初步设计和验证.      

壁温对隔离段激波串振荡的影响

为了探索存在换热条件下超燃冲压发动机隔离段内部的复杂流动机理,采用2阶精度的非定常数值模拟程序研究了壁温对隔离段内部激波串振荡特性的影响。结果表明:压力振荡曲线与激波串前缘位置之间存在紧密关系。此外,随着壁温升高,隔离段壁面压力振荡的频率减小、振幅增加。研究还发现,隔离段压力振荡标准差最大值位于激波串前缘激波及其与上下壁面边界层相互作的位置,而湍动能最大值则分布在分离区后侧剪切层区域内。      

Shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction and its control

The interaction between a shock wave and a boundary layer often leads to extremely detrimental effects, especially if the shock is strong enough to separate the boundary layer. When this happens, there occurs a rapid growth of the dissipative region along with a dramatic intensifying of turbulent fluctuations with the frequent occurrence of buffeting. In the present review some fundamental properties of the interaction are first considered for a two-dimensional, adiabatic flow developing on a flat surface. The following features are first examined: upstream interaction length, incipient shock-induced separation and evolution of the boundary layer properties during the interaction process. Supersonic and transonic flows are both considered. In a second part, the means envisaged to control shock/boundary layer interactions are presented, with emphasis on the physics of phenomena involved in this process. Control methods can be classified into two categories: those acting on the boundary layer properties before it enters the shock region (e.g. wall cooling, wall mass transfer, upstream blowing) and those having a local action in the shock foot region itself (e.g. suction or injection, boundary layer removal, passive control). The most appropriate technique depends on the specific application under consideration. Finally, some calculation methods are briefly presented, most of them being restricted to laminar interactions.     

一种高阶精度大涡模拟技术用于激波/火焰相互作用

基于Smagorinsky亚格子模型和增厚火焰技术,开发了一种高阶精度的反应流大涡模拟求解器,运用于数值研究边界层对激波与火焰相互作用的影响。该求解器的核心在于加入了基于超黏性的激波捕捉技术和时空三阶精度的两步Taylor-Galerkin紧致（TTGC）有限元格式,并通过对一维Shu-Osher问题和二维激波/气泡相互作用问题的计算,验证了求解器对激波、接触间断和湍流脉动等流动细节的捕捉精度,计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。通过对激波管内激波、火焰与边界层相互作用问题的数值模拟,发现由于激波与边界层的相互作用会产生不稳定的激波分叉现象,激波三分叉点传播速度的发展经历了水平匀速运动、小斜率线性增长和大斜率迅速增长3个阶段,由此揭示了激波分叉促进火焰加速的机理。当火焰面传入激波分叉区后,流场不均匀的回流区起到了稳定火焰的作用,一方面分叉结构内火焰面能够为激波的运动持续地供应热量,另一方面局部超声速区域为火焰的快速传播提供动力,使其能紧跟激波。通过对比相同条件下甲烷和乙烯燃烧的数值结果,发现两者爆震点触发的位置都出现在马赫杆后面,热量释放率的变化趋势也大致相同,但乙烯出现爆震的时间比甲烷早。     

高背压进气道中内外流耦合作用的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟研究了出口堵塞比为50.8%的轴对称进气道流动,重点考察了内外流耦合作用下流动的非定常特性。采用国家数值风洞（NNW）工程仿真软件进行数值模拟,得到的壁面平均压力、瞬时压力分布与试验数据符合良好。分析表明：为匹配出口背压,进气道在喉道区域形成激波串结构,使内流道流场分为上游超声速区、中部激波串区以及下游亚声速区;在激波串区,剧烈的逆压梯度产生了分离激波、激波串、分离区及分离剪切层等复杂结构;伴随着激波串运动和边界层大尺度分离,进气道壁面压力出现宽频脉动特征。脉动压力的时空分布表明：内流道脉动压力以扰动波的形式传播,为此建立的声反馈模型能较好地预测亚声速区的主导频率。相关性分析表明：激波串运动受上下游流动耦合作用,其中,频率为St=0.7的运动主要受上游流动影响,频率为St=0.9的运动主要受下游压力扰动波影响。     

边界层抽吸和脉动反压作用下隔离段内流动特性研究

为了解上游边界层抽吸控制和下游周期脉动反压作用下隔离段内流动特性,采用非定常数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法,对来流Ma=2情况下的隔离段内激波串动态演化特性、激波串形态结构变化以及激波串演化迟滞现象进行了研究。结果表明,在脉动反压和边界层抽吸作用下,激波串在上游抽吸狭缝与下游隔离段出口之间周期振荡,振荡频率与脉动反压一致。在振荡过程中,首道激波串形态在规则反射与马赫反射以及马赫反射与弧形激波(包含正激波)之间相互转换。边界层抽吸将激波串固定在抽吸狭缝位置,有效提高了隔离段抗反压性能,脉动频率越大,可承受的瞬态反压峰值越大。在一个振荡周期内,激波串向上移动速度较向下移动更快,且在上下移动过程中形态变化存在迟滞现象。     

Reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction structure analysis based on large eddy simulation

In order to understand the physical phenomenon of the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is conducted to investigate shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a $12°$ compression ramp with inlet high Mach number of 2.9. Rescaling/recycling method is used as inflow turbulence generation technique and validated on a supersonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The flow field of recycling plane in the plate computation domain is obtained to give the inlet boundary condition for the LES computation. This paper focuses on the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction region, where the fine flow structure and instantaneous flow field are analyzed in detail. It is found that the unsteady motion of the shock wave leads to the increase of wall pressure fluctuation.     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

压气机叶栅中的激波附面层相互作用

压气机叶栅中激波附面层相互作用是十分复杂的问题,由于相互作用引起分离是决定跨音速压气机性能的重要因素之一。然而迄今为止,尚未深入进行过压气机叶栅激波附面层相互作用的研究,发表的文献极少。作者经过计算和分析,说明压气机叶栅流中主要的相互作用形式是叶栅槽道中激波和湍流附面层的相互作用。作者通过分析指出,研究压气机叶栅激波附面层相互作用,不能直接应用Pearcey分离准则。作者并提出了适用于压气机叶栅的分离准则的函数关系为f(M_1,p_1/p_(L.E.),P_(r.E.)/p_2,Re_0)=O。     

超声速进气道喉部附面层抽吸

为研究超声速进气道喉部之后流场激波附面层干扰,采用FLUENT软件模拟了单楔角进气道在设计工况下流动情况。通过分析,提出进气道喉部抽吸。计算了三种抽吸缝大小下进气道喉部之后流场,计算结果表明,喉部抽吸能使激波稳定于喉部,通过抽吸能改善喉部之后流场状况,提高进气道性能,少量抽气不改变流场结构,加大抽气量,使喉部之后激波串转变成正激波,正激波之后流场不分离,进气道出口性能参数提高显著。     

超音速气流绕局部透气凹角流动的数值模拟

以具有压力分裂形式的简化Ｎ Ｓ方程为控制方程,数值模拟了超音速来流条件下的激波 边界层干扰被动控制（ｐａｓｓｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆｓｈｏｃｋ ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙｅｒｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ）。模拟是以预先给定激波前吹气和激波后吸气的流量来实现的。为了定性地确定吹气或吸气对激波 边界层干扰的影响,首先计算了单独吹气和单独吸气两种情况。数值计算时采用了多重扫描法对控制方程差分离散,以反映亚音速区压力对流场的椭圆性影响。     

跨音压气机叶栅的激波结构模型及损失

在分析讨论激波与附面层相互作用和栅后背压引起激波形状及强度变化的基础上, 给出了考虑激波/附面层相互作用及栅后背压的跨音叶栅激波结构的物理数学模型。应用本文所提出的模型分析了跨音叶栅的激波损失, 其结果和实验结果一致。激波损失的精确得出, 使得将激波与附面层相互作用所引起的流动分离损失从流动总损失中分离出来成为可能, 有助于了解激波与附面层相互作用引起流动分离的机理。      

跨音速弯曲壁面正激波与湍流边界层干涉的计算结果

本文介绍弯曲壁面上湍流边界层与正激波干涉的某些计算结果。壁面曲率对激波前后的压力比有重要影响。在干涉区中,边界层位移、动量和能量厚度都有显著的增加。这种增加主要决定于激波前后的压力比。(TBTF)     

电弧放电等离子体激励控制超声速压气机叶栅激波/边界层干扰仿真研究

为研究电弧放电等离子体激励对超声速压气机叶栅激波/边界层干扰的控制作用,建立了模拟等离子体激励作用效果的唯象学模型,进一步以ARL-SL19超声速叶栅为对象,通过数值仿真研究了电弧放电等离子体与叶栅通道内部流动的相互作用及其对叶栅流动损失的影响。结果表明:等离子体唯象学模型能够较好模拟电弧放电等离子体诱导产生冲击波的气动特性。电弧放电等离子体激励对叶栅通道内部流动主要具有三种作用效果:在放电区,注入的热量会产生阻塞效应,增加近壁面气流的流动损失;在激波/边界层相互作用区,能够改变激波系结构,减小激波损失;在尾迹区,冲击波会诱导产生脱落涡。     

液晶流动可视化方法研究拟似冲击波的内部超声速流

在一个压力一真空超声速风洞中,剪切应力敏感液晶流动可视化技术被应用来研究方管内马赫数2拟似冲击波（pseudo-shockwave）的超声速流动。它主要提供关于整个流动的定性信息,诸如湍流边界层分离、再附着位置以及流动的维数等。而且液晶也反映了表面流线,分离区内的涡流和管道流动的角效应。使用两种不同黏度的液晶分别进行实验,分析黏度对结果的影响。液晶实验的结果与纹影照片所得结果比较吻合,说明了液晶是一个非常有效的流动可视化工具。     

斜激波极值规律的边界层影响

采用边界层理论与斜激波/膨胀波精确算法，建立一种结合Eckert参考温度法和Illingworth-Stewartson变换法优势的边界层权重算法，用于研究超声速黏性楔面边界层位移厚度对斜激波极值规律的影响。分别应用层流Navier-Stokes方程和湍流Navier-Stokes方程的CFD解算器对边界层新模型进行了算例精度评估。在来流马赫数为1.2~2.4和楔面角为3°~20°的范围内，压强比的相对误差小于0.1%。计入层流与湍流边界层影响的理论模型研究表明，边界层影响使得最优马赫数增加；对于层流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.001 5~0.003 3；对于湍流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.002 8~0.006 1。     

用N-S方程求解柔壁翼型绕流

用 N- S方程数值模拟带有自适应柔壁被动控制的翼型粘性绕流。用时间推进法求解这种准定常绕流。在时间历程中 ,柔壁自适应变化 ,最后与整个流场一起趋于定常。比较了柔壁和刚壁两种翼型的压力场和等马赫线及等密度线等     

Experimental investigation of expansion effect on shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp

The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of expansion on the shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp. The small-angle expansion with an angle degree of 5° occurs at different positions in front of the compression ramp. The particle image velocimetry and flow visualization technology show the flow structures, velocity field, and velocity fluctuation near the compression ramp. The mean pressure distribution, pressure fluctuation, and power spectral density are me...     

The Dynamic Quasiperpendicular Shock: Cluster Discoveries

The physics of collisionless shocks is a very broad topic which has been studied for more than five decades. However, there are a number of important issues which remain unresolved. The energy repartition amongst particle populations in quasiperpendicular shocks is a multi-scale process related to the spatial and temporal structure of the electromagnetic fields within the shock layer. The most important processes take place in the close vicinity of the major magnetic transition or ramp region. The distribution of electromagnetic fields in this region determines the characteristics of ion reflection and thus defines the conditions for ion heating and energy dissipation for supercritical shocks and also the region where an important part of electron heating takes place. In other words, the ramp region determines the main characteristics of energy repartition. All these processes are crucially dependent upon the characteristic spatial scales of the ramp and foot region provided that the shock is stationary. The process of shock formation consists of the steepening of a large amplitude nonlinear wave. At some point in its evolution the steepening is arrested by processes occurring within the shock transition. From the earliest studies of collisionless shocks these processes were identified as nonlinearity, dissipation, and dispersion. Their relative role determines the scales of electric and magnetic fields, and so control the characteristics of processes such as ion reflection, electron heating and particle acceleration. The determination of the scales of the electric and magnetic field is one of the key issues in the physics of collisionless shocks. Moreover, it is well known that under certain conditions shocks manifest a nonstationary dynamic behaviour called reformation. It was suggested that the transition from stationary to nonstationary quasiperiodic dynamics is related to gradients, e.g. scales of the ramp region and its associated whistler waves that form a precursor wave train. This implies that the ramp region should be considered as the source of these waves. All these questions have been studied making use observations from the Cluster satellites. The Cluster project continues to provide a unique viewpoint from which to study the scales of shocks. During its lifetime the inter-satellite distance between the Cluster satellites has varied from 100 km to 10000 km allowing scientists to use the data best adapted for the given scientific objective. The purpose of this review is to address a subset of unresolved problems in collisionless shock physics from experimental point of view making use multi-point observations onboard Cluster satellites. The problems we address are determination of scales of fields and of a scale of electron heating, identification of energy source of precursor wave train, an estimate of the role of anomalous resistivity in energy dissipation process by means of measuring short scale wave fields, and direct observation of reformation process during one single shock front crossing.     

高超声速双模块内转式进气道的流动特性研究-Part I： 设计状态

本文通过特征线法设计了基于多道激波+等熵压缩波的基准流场,在此基础上通过流线追踪法设计了双模块内转式进气道。通过数值仿真和风洞试验相结合的方法,获得了内转式进气道的内外流特性。研究结果表明：在内转进气道最大半径对应的角区位置存在大量的边界层堆积,受第二道激波/边界层干扰,在激波根部卷起锥形旋涡;在内转式进气道内部,唇罩激波和管道边界层干扰显著,管道内存在自唇罩指向压缩面的强周向压力梯度,从而诱导管道内边界层均往一处汇聚,卷起大尺度流向涡。仿真和试验结果表明在来流马赫数5.74,攻角0度状态下,进气道气动性能优良,出口总压恢复系数系数达到0.58,最大抗反压为112倍。