Metastable structures in drop tube processed niobium based alloys

Analytical electron microscopy has been employed to reveal metastable structures in near eutectic niobium-germanium alloys which were processed in a 100 meter drop tube. Drop masses were generally 300 to 400-mg, with undercooling as much as 0.14-Tm prior to recalescence.Specimens which were slightly hypoeutectic and undercooled 0.10 below the liquidus prior to recalescence contain β cells which grew with solute rejection, and an intercellular metastable α + Nb₅Ge₃ eutectic. When deep undercooling was followed by Rapid Solidification Processing (RSP) via splatting onto a copper block, cellular β formed with solute entrapment, though the high cooling rate of RSP did not prevent the formation of Nb₅Ge₃ precipitates from the Ge enriched β. In one specimen, an amorphous Nb-Ge phase has been identified.     

Undercooling studies on Nb-Pt and Nb-Si alloys using the 105 meter drop tube

Niobium-platinum samples of compositions ranging from 16 to 32 at. % have been undercooled to as much as 540 K in the low gravity, containerless environment of the 105 meter drop tube located at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Undercooling was terminated in the Nb-Pt samples by the nucleation and growth of the Nb₃Pt phase. In the 16–18 at. % Pt samples, this resulted in samples which are completely Nb₃Pt, in contrast to both the equilibrium phase diagram and the non-undercooled samples which formed with Nb dendrites and interdendritic Nb₃Pt. Undercoolings for the Nb-Si samples were up to 670 K, which corresponds to 27% of the liquidus temperature or 80% of the estimated hypercooling limit. In the Nb-Si system, a coupled zone was identified as well as a metastable extension of the solubility limit of Si in Nb due to deep undercooling.     

非均质壁面对液滴俘获能力的数值模拟研究

为研究不同非均质壁面对液滴的俘获能力,采用界面追踪法（FTM）结合广义滑移边界建立了接触角模型,对液滴在非均匀润湿的非均质壁面上的运动过程进行了数值模拟研究。液滴在倾斜壁面上受到重力作用由均匀润湿部分下滑至非均匀润湿部分,通过改变Bo数、Oh数、非均匀润湿程度研究了液滴在非均匀润湿区域的运动规律。研究表明:Bo数越大,液滴运动受壁面阻力影响越小,液滴下滑的速度越快,液滴越难以被俘获;Oh数越大,液滴运动受壁面阻力影响越小,液滴越难以被俘获;非均匀润湿程度越大,非均质壁面对液滴的阻力越大,液滴越易被俘获。      

严格回归轨道的管道导航方法研究

分析了作为参考轨道的严格回归轨道与卫星在轨运行状态的相对运动关系,提出近地遥感卫星的管道导航方法。由于参考轨道的设计只考虑高精度的地球非球形摄动,与在轨卫星的动力学环境存在差别,这导致两者之间存在切航向漂移。基于高精度的轨道动力学模型和位置确定方法,设计了卫星与参考轨道采样点的沿航向对齐算法,从而获取了卫星相对参考轨道采样点的相位时间偏差和卫星在参考轨道编队坐标系切航向平面内的相对运动轨迹,进而引入椭圆的“最小二乘适配法”获取相对运动轨迹的特征量。所研究的管道导航方法可应用于基于GNSS测量数据的卫星自主轨迹保持。     

新型自适应起落架的单支腿落震性能研究

针对传统直升机起落架结构相对固定导致的地形适应能力不足的问题,设计了一种两级缓冲系统的新型缓冲作动行走一体化自适应起落架,实现了多工况下的着陆缓冲功能,常规着陆时磁流变缓冲器单独工作实现着陆缓冲功能,危险工况下磁流变缓冲器和油气缓冲器共同工作实现抗坠毁功能。在多体动力学软件LMS Virtual.Lab Motion中建立了带两级缓冲器的自适应起落架落震仿真模型。自适应起落架可以通过2个液压作动缸来调节不同姿态,进行了常规工况及耐坠毁工况的落震仿真分析,并根据仿真数据设计了缓冲器参数。在多种工况下进行了自适应起落架多级缓冲系统落震试验,对比分析了试验和仿真结果。结果表明,在2种着陆速度下,系统缓冲效率分别达到85%和75%,自适应起落架可以主动调节至多种姿态,并在各姿态下都具有良好的缓冲性能,还具备一定的抗坠毁能力。试验与仿真结果具有一致性,证明建立的自适应起落架的多体动力学模型能够有效地模拟落震过程。     

Influence of acoustic fields on drop dynamics in an acoustic resonator

Capillary waves on a liquid sphere may be excited by acoustic fields, especially due to the higher harmonics of the resonant acoustic fields. The growth of the capillary waves has been analytically discussed. For a manipulation of weightless molten material without contacts, rotation of a liquid drop by acoustic waves is important. Approximate solutions to govern the dynamics of capillary waves on a rotating liquid drop has been analytically derived. Instabilities of multi-lobed waves due to a rotational flow in the perturbed flow field and due to the acoustic fields have been discussed.     

多级降压调节阀内部流动特性数值模拟

为研究多级降压调节阀内部流动过程和各降压级的压降影响因素及规律,基于Mixture两相流模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型的数值计算方法,建立了多级降压调节阀内部流场的计算模型。通过数值模拟计算,获得了调节阀内部的流动特性,分析和探讨不同压差和不同阀门开度下各降压级压降特性。数值计算结果表明：流体流经阀门节流元件时,由于多股流体的强烈掺混和剪切使得阀门内存在大量的漩涡;各降压级的压降存在一定的差异,第3级套筒处的空化程度最大,阀座处更易发生空化;阀门在同一开度下,工质沿各降压级的压降在不同压差下的变化趋势相同;第3降压级的压降随阀门开度的减小而增大,在25%开度下阀门第3降压级的平均压降最大,达到了8 MPa,相同流量下该降压级小孔中工质的速度也增加。研究结果为降压阀的合理设计提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

水声管中传感器灵敏度标定的新方法

对声管双传感器传递函数法测量中由传感器灵敏度差异带来的误差进行了分析.根据已知确定界面反射系数可确定传感器传递函数,并可求其灵敏度比的原理提出了声管中双传感器灵敏度标定的新方法.空气声管中对刚背衬下已知传递函数进行了实验验证;水声管中气体背衬时,分别在常压和打压情况下对新方法进行了实验验证,说明了新方法的可靠性,克服了水声管中无法用交换传感器获得灵敏度补偿的困难.     

Where does the stone go when we drop it? Development of French schoolchildren’s knowledge of gravity

In this study, we explored children’s knowledge of gravity at different ages (5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 years), by asking the same question (“Where does a stone go when we drop it?”) in three different contexts (on Earth, in a spaceship orbiting the Earth, and on the Moon). We tested the influence of context and children’s age on both the answers and the justifications they provided. We expected that children of all ages would find it easier to make correct predictions in the Earth context than in the other two contexts. We were also interested in the kinds of justification children construct and how these justifications change during ontogenesis. Seventy-two French children were individually interviewed at their school. None of them had received any direct teaching about gravity. Results showed that children found it easier to predict the fall of the stone on Earth than its behaviour in the other two contexts, but that the younger children predicted the fall of the stone on the Moon more accurately than the older children. This unusual developmental effect only occurred for the Moon context. We also found that the categories of justifications changed with age, with a move away from intuitive considerations towards mechanistic ones.     

Investigating the soil removal characteristics of flexible tube coring method for lunar exploration

Compared with other technical solutions, sampling the planetary soil and returning it back to Earth may be the most direct method to seek the evidence of extraterrestrial life. To keep sample’s stratification for further analyzing, a novel sampling method called flexible tube coring has been adopted for China future lunar explorations. Given the uncertain physical properties of lunar regolith, proper drilling parameters should be adjusted immediately in piercing process. Otherwise, only a small amount of core could be sampled and overload drilling faults could occur correspondingly. Due to the fact that the removed soil is inevitably connected with the cored soil, soil removal characteristics may have a great influence on both drilling loads and coring results. To comprehend the soil removal characteristics, a non-contact measurement was proposed and verified to acquire the coring and removal results accurately. Herein, further more experiments in one homogenous lunar regolith simulant were conducted, revealing that there exists a sudden core failure during the sampling process and the final coring results are determined by the penetration per revolution index. Due to the core failure, both drilling loads and soil’s removal states are also affected thereby.     

A review of long drop tubes as a supplement/alternative to space experiments

The 100 meter high drop tube at the Marshall Space Flight Center has proven to be a viable facility for studies of containerless solidification. Advantages are that experiments are inexpensive and large numbers of specimens can be processed rapidly. It would not be unusual to run ten specimens in a day. Another significant advantage is that the undercooling behavior can be followed with sufficient sensitivity to easily detect the onset of recalescence and subsequent events.Disadvantages are the restrictions on specimen sizes and types of alloys that can be run in a microgravity environment. Practical specimen sizes range between 50 mg and 500 mg depending on the type of furnace being used. Refractory alloys can be processed in a vacuum (about 10^?5 torr) and therefore at microgravity. Non-refractory alloys demand an atmosphere (about 200 torr) to obtain appreciable undercooling before impact at the bottom of the tube. Under these conditions significant g forces result.Because of the present limitations of the 100 meter drop tube, the most definitive work has been done on niobium based alloys. Large amounts of undercooling have been observed routinely and the effects of undercooling on microstructure have been characterized in detail. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to determine types of phases, amounts of phases, and compositions of phases. It is clear, as would be expected, that the results bear some resemblance to rapid solidification processing by quenching. However, there are dissimilarities due to the uniqueness of solidification by deep undercooling without quenching in long drop tubes and accompanying recalescence effects.     

The effect of the space flight environment on mucin production in the mouse uterine tube

Numerous studies have indicated that the microgravity environment of space has harmful effects on several tissues throughout the body. Although this phenomenon is well documented, research in this area is still in its relative infancy. This study investigates the effects of space flight on mucin production of the uterine tubes of mice. This study examined the epithelium of the uterine tubes from female mice that were flown on the space shuttle Endeavour for 13 days in August, 2007 and their concomitant controls. The tissue was qualitatively analyzed for the type of mucin produced, i.e., acidic, neutral, acidic/neutral mixture. Further, the tissue was quantitatively analyzed for the amounts of mucins produced by measuring the thickness of the mucin layer for each region of the uterine tube: isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum. One way ANOVA tests were used to compare mucin thickness between all three sets of animals. Results indicate similar but not identical results between the three regions of the uterine tube. The Baseline tissue had the thickest mucin layer regardless of treatment group. In the ampulla the mucin layer was the thinnest in the Flight tissue, followed by the Ground Control, with the Baseline being the thickest. Analysis of the mucin layer of the infundibulum of the three treatment groups indicated no difference in its thickness between the three regions of the uterine tube. These results indicate a trend toward thinning of the mucin layer of the uterine tube in space flight, but also indicate an influence by the housing environment.     

落管中双波长测温系统工作波长的优化设计

根据测量所要求的动态范围、线性度、灵敏度 ,通过数值计算得出落管中双波长温度测量中的工作波长及带宽的最佳范围 ,结合实际情况最终确定工作波长为 1 4 μm和 1 5 5 μm ,其带宽均为 0 0 3μm。     

激波管在压力传感器动态性能校准和实验上的应用

通过对最新研制的激波管法低压动态压力校准装置的介绍 ,结合实际工作经验阐述了激波管在压力传感器动态性能校准和实验上的应用。     

Novel active driven drop tower facility for microgravity experiments investigating production technologies on the example of substrate-free additive manufacturing

Through the striving of humanity into space, new production processes and technologies for the use under microgravity will be essential in the future. Production of objects in space demands for new processes, like additive manufacturing. This paper presents the concept and the realization for a new machine to investigate microgravity production processes on earth. The machine is based on linear long stator drives and a vacuum chamber carrying up to 1000?kg. For the first time high repetition rate and associated low experimental costs can provide basic research. The paper also introduces the substrate-free additive manufacturing as a future research topic and one of our primary application.     

驻波管型正弦压力发生器的特性研究

采用动态压力测试技术测定了驻波管型正弦压力发生器的特性,分析了主要结构参数和操作多数对其谐振频率和振幅的影响规律,为研制、设计新型正弦压力发生器提供了依据。     

基于锂离子电池温降指数的细水雾添加剂筛选方法

为对比细水雾添加剂抑制锂离子电池热失控多米诺效应的效果,提出锂离子电池火灾温降指数模型及其测试方法。利用自主设计的锂离子电池热失控实验平台开展含不同添加剂细水雾抑制多米诺效应实验,确定每种添加剂作用后的温降指数,对每种添加剂的作用机理进行分析。结果表明:加入添加剂后温降指数明显增大,表明添加剂可显著提高细水雾阻断热失控连续传播效果;无机盐类添加剂作用后抑制效果高于表面活性剂类添加剂,主要增强了细水雾的化学灭火作用;进一步对比温降指数发现,几类样品中NH₄H₂PO₄加入后细水雾抑制效果最好。利用温降指数对细水雾添加剂抑制热失控多米诺效应进行评估,为筛选细水雾添加剂灭火剂提供理论基础。      

94GHz径向螺旋波导行波管研究

提出了一种具有工作电压小、结构紧凑、散热性好等特点的新型慢波结构——径向螺旋波导结构,利用电磁仿真软件分析了其色散及传输特性,结果表明该种结构行波管工作电压可低至数百伏.由于圆柱电子枪发射面远大于常规行波管,因而在小电流密度下仍可保证大电流:电流密度为100 mA/cm²时电流可达30 A.该结构在W波段具有较大的尺寸,易于加工,并且在更高波段同样具有很好的传输特性,具有较大的研究价值.     

多斜孔火焰筒壁冷却结构的数值模拟

通过数值模拟对多斜孔火焰筒冷却结构平板模型进行了研究,重点探讨了吹风比、孔斜角、孔阵排列方式、复合角和孔结构对壁面绝热温比的影响规律.结果表明:吹风比和孔斜角的大小对斜孔板的冷却效果有较大的影响,吹风比越大和孔斜角越小,冷却效果越好;孔阵的排列方式对冷却效果有一定的影响,长菱形分布优于正菱形分布;而孔偏角的引入则对冷却不利;与普通圆柱型斜孔相比,所提出的缩扩型斜孔在较低的吹风比下有利于改善冷却效果,而在大吹风比下则对冷却不利.      

基于自由胀形的弯曲管材变形行为

随着制造业轻量化的发展趋势,复杂弯曲异形充液成形管件的应用日益广泛。为了更好地研究弯曲异形复杂管件在充液成形过程中的变形规律,进行可靠的工艺设计。本文通过结合薄膜理论和塑性变形理论对弯曲管件在自由胀形状态下的应力应变进行了理论解析,并通过有限元(FE)分析对理论计算模型进行了验证。FE分析结果与理论模型基本吻合。同时分析了管材在绕弯过程的硬化行为,并探索了在不同的弯曲硬化状态下弯曲管材在自由胀形过程下的破裂位置的规律,并且用实验进行了验证,实验结果与FE分析结果吻合。