低温石英天平在材料放气污染特性测试中的应用

研制了适用于ASTME 1559航天器材料放气污染特性测试标准的低温石英晶体微量天平,天平的谐振频率可以为5MHz、10MHz和20MHz,能够在82K的低温下工作。文章对天平的输出频率稳定性、质量灵敏度和低温凝结效应进行了测量,结果表明该天平在各个方面均能满足ASTM E 1559标准测试要求。     

分子凝结与凝结表面温度的关系机理研究

飞行器所用大量非金属材料在轨道环境下将发生出气逸出行为。逸出的分子极易沉积凝结于光学系统表面或其它敏感表面形成分子污染，且这种分子凝结行为的量级与附着强度和凝结表面的温度有最为直接的关系机制。本文基于近年对此关系机制的相关理论研究，并藉助新近研究的“分子污染低温凝结效应设备”，就我国飞行器型号设计密切相关的分子凝结与凝结表面温度的关系机制进行了四个月余的试验研究，取得了相关的二千余个数据。在此基础上，结合相关的理论对数据进行了拟合和分析，得到了分子凝结与凝结表面温度广泛遵循的一般关系——指数关系。对型号设计而言，此结论具有重要的参考价值。     

A Method to Measure Absorptivity and Emissivity of Temperature-Controlling Coatings of Spacecraft Using Radiation Flux of Variable Intensity

A new method of determining the absorptivity and emissivity of surfaces with the use of a radiation flux of variable intensity is described. It is expedient to use this method in order to control the variations of integral optical coefficients of temperature-controlling coatings in the course of a long-term spacecraft flight. The method is developed on the basis of solving the inverse problem for a mathematical model of thermal balance for a thin metal plate. The stability of the algorithm of processing the results of measurements is analyzed for various levels of random errors. Some recommendations concerning the technical implementation of the method in the laboratory and space conditions are given. The method suggested has a number of advantages in comparison with methods used before, especially if it is used in space conditions. The main advantage is the possibility of varying the radiation flux incident on the surface of a specimen under study from an external source according to any smooth law.     

The Potential and Equipotentiality of Spacecraft

The problem of maintenance of the equipotentiality of spacecraft surfaces is considered. The method under examination is the use of the conductive thermal-vacuum multilayer blanket (CMLB), whose outer surface represents a fabric woven of threads of glass fiber type with interwoven metal threads. The process of spacecraft potential formation and methods of the potential calculation are described, and the results of such a calculation for the illuminated and shadowed parts of spacecraft surfaces in some characteristic near-Earth plasma environments are presented. The CMLB model is described, and the potential distribution near the CMLB surface is calculated. The conclusion was drawn that the conductive thermal-vacuum multilayer blanket used in some cases on Russian spacecraft does not ensure the equipotentiality of spacecraft surfaces, and in the case of using CMLB, the differential spacecraft charging in outer regions of the Earth's magnetosphere may reach a dangerous level for onboard electronic systems. In spite of the fact that CMLB guards against large-scale powerful discharges, one cannot exclude discharges completely, what may result in broadband noise enhancement and cause onboard systems failures.     

圆台形红外加热笼仿真优化研究

在真空热试验中,圆台形航天器通常选用圆台形的红外加热笼作为外热流模拟装置。文章对圆台形红外加热笼模拟热流进行仿真计算,分别就红外加热笼与被加热面的平行距离对边缘效应的影响和红外笼的锥角对边缘效应的影响进行分析,得到红外加热笼优化设计方法,以提高航天器表面热流密度模拟的均匀性。该方法可用于指导圆台形航天器进行真空热试验时的工装设计。     

Study of singular surfaces of systems of unsupported gyrodynes by the parameter continuation method

A system of two-degree-of-freedom force gyroscopes (gyrodynes) is considered to be used for spacecraft attitude control. Possible values of its total angular momentum form some finite region P in the frame of reference rigidly connected with the spacecraft. Near the boundary of this region and singular surfaces located inside it the control of the angular momentum is complicated or impossible. The program angular momentum of the gyrodynes, realizing the law of variation of the spacecraft orientation, should lie inside P and outside some singular surfaces, and due to this fact the boundary and internal singular surfaces should be studied. This work is dedicated to the numerical construction of region P and its internal singular surfaces by the method of parameter continuation. Using the results by E.N. Tokar’ we formalize sufficient conditions which in some cases allow one to determine the type of the singular surface. As an example, a system of six gyrodynes is considered, for which the regions of variations of the intrinsic angular momentum and singular surfaces are constructed. The possibilities of the system are demonstrated for the case when one gyrodyne fails.     

基于羽流效应分析的航天器发动机布局设计研究

为解决由航天器姿控发动机等带来的羽流热效应问题,文章通过仿真得到了在不同的发动机布局下航天器表面的羽流热流密度分布情况,通过增大发动机的推力线角度和安装点高度,可以使得发动机羽流核心区远离航天器表面,从而降低喷流对航天器表面的加热效应。综合考虑控制力矩及推力损失、布局包络和发动机支架设计等因素,对某航天器发动机布局进行了优化设计及羽流热防护设计。     

Navigation support for the RadioAstron mission

A developed method of determination of orbital parameters allows one to estimate, along with orbit elements, some additional parameters that characterize solar radiation pressure and perturbing accelerations due to unloadings of reactiion wheels. A parameterized model of perturbing action of solar radiation pressure on the spacecraft motion is described (this model takes into account the shape, reflecting properties of surfaces, and spacecraft attitude). Some orbit determination results are presented obtained by the joint processing of radio measurements of slant range and Doppler, laser range measurements used to calibrate the radio measurements, optical observations of right ascension and declination, and telemetry data on spacecraft thrusters’ firings during an unloading of reaction wheels.     

沸石分子筛对航天器分子污染物的吸附性能研究

针对空间环境中有机污染物沉积在航天器敏感部件上造成相关功能失效问题,提出一种利用沸石分子筛多孔结构在轨清除有机污染物的新方法。研究了真空环境中,Naβ、NaY、13X三种分子筛对某型号电缆真空放气产物的吸附能力,结果表明13X的吸附能力优于其它两种分子筛,饱和吸收率为14.03%。将其作为分子吸附器的吸附材料应用到航天器易污染的部位,将会有效控制航天器在轨运行的污染水平,提高可靠性。     

ΔDsat,a QB50 CubeSat mission to study rarefied-gas drag modelling

A CubeSat mission to study the impact of flow incidence angle, surface material and surface roughness on gas–surface interactions on spacecraft in low Earth orbits has been designed. To accomplish this scientific goal the CubeSat deploys a variable geometry aerofoil capable of exposing different surfaces to the flow at different incident angles. By using the on-board GPS measurements and an orbit determination technique the drag experienced by the CubeSat can be estimated. The CubeSat has been designed to be part of the QB50 mission, and hence it carries a sensor that can take in-situ measurements of the atmosphere. This is then used to estimate the atmospheric density and hence to extract information on the drag coefficient. To minimise any bias present in the measurement chain a differential approach is used. Therefore no absolute drag coefficients are estimated, instead, ratios of drag coefficients are computed. This allows direct comparisons of the drag coefficients of different materials, different surface roughness or different incident angles. Simulations indicate that this CubeSat mission will be able to obtain drag coefficient ratios with an uncertainty level of less than 5%.     

Role of sample return and sample science in low cost missions

Sample return is an essential component of solar system exploration. Samples provide a unique data set that is critical for understanding formation and evolution of our solar system. This uniqueness is based on the scale of observations, precision of measurements, the ability to modify experiments as logic and technology dictate, and the ability to use instruments free of the constraints on mass, power, reliability, and data rate of flight instruments. Advances in analytical capabilities in recent years enable fundamental measurements to be made on extremely small samples, greatly reducing mass constraints on robotic sample return spacecraft. Sample studies provide irreplaceable ground truth for remotely-sensed data on planetary surfaces and fit within a variety of architectures for human exploration of the solar system.     

Material performance under combined stresses in the hard space environment of the sunprobe helios-a

The Sun mission of the German-US-sunprobe HELIOS-A, the first man-made satellite which approaches the Sun as close as 0.3 AU, covers now more than half a sun-cycle.Therefore the long term behaviour of surface materials which usually are applied on spacecraft as aluminized Teflon, Second-Surface-Mirrors (SSM) made from fused silica and Solar Cells (SC), under extreme stresses and combined loads, shall be evaluated.Based upon the temperature readings of the house-keeping data from HELIOS, a semi-quantitative relationship between the different loads (e.g. radiation, solar wind) and the spacecraft response was established using the results of the first four orbits.From these temperatures, α(t, T)-values were calculated. The related changes of the absorptance values are interpreted in terms of degradation and contamination of the surface materials concerned. Here, not only physico-chemical considerations and models but also the results from thorough ground tests are used to describe the experienced effects by a semi-theoretical function.Taking the derived α(t, T)-values, temperatures are calculated and a long term prediction for 20 orbits is made. The predicted temperature values are compared with the housekeeping data of 15 orbits, i.e. until 1982; the deviations are explained and the validity of the chosen model discussed.     

Choosing Critical Values for Development of Electron-Stimulated Discharges in Insulator Covers of Satellites and the Limits of Integration for the Incident Particle Spectrum

The choice of critical values for developing electron-stimulated discharges (ESDs) in insulator covers of spacecraft is substantiated. In addition, it is found that the error in determination of an estimated potential of the open surface of the quartz film 150 m thick, related to changing the lower limit of integration of the bi-Maxwellian spectrum of electrons for the case of positively charged open dielectric surface relative to the substrate, was less than 12%.     

Effect of thin condensate films of a metal working fluid of an electric propulsion engine on the integral optical coefficients of a spacecraft’s thermal control coating

Materials on experimental studies to determine the effect of thin condensate films of cesium (used as a model working medium for electric propulsion engines and some spacecraft power sources) on integral optical coefficients of spacecraft thermal control coatings are presented. A technique modified by the author and employing the regular thermal regime of a thin metal plate is used. Measurement results demonstrate that films with thicknesses of 100–1000 Å can seriously degrade the integral optical coefficients of thermal control coatings and thus disturb the heat balance of some spacecraft systems.     

航天器表面充电仿真计算和电位主动控制技术

文章运用等效电路理论推导出随时间变化充电问题的微分方程组,用FORTRAN语言开发了相应的计算机模拟程序,针对强地磁亚暴空间环境分析了地球同步轨道航天器在阴影区和光照区的充电水平。最后计算讨论了采用空心阴极等离子体接触器向航天器外发射电子束作为控制航天器充电水平手段的作用效果。     

载人航天器密封舱内生物剂量三维仿真技术

对载人航天器密封舱内航天员遭受的生物剂量进行研究分析,可为乘员辐射防护设计和工程实施提供依据。文章将基于一维深度-剂量计算、结合扇区射线法的三维辐射仿真技术运用于载人航天器总体设计中,以某中期驻留载人航天器为例,构建生物剂量仿真分析模型。计算实例分析表明,三维剂量仿真结果可有效指导乘员辐射防护优化设计,对后续长期载人飞行中的航天员辐射安全设计具有较强的实用性。     

载人航天器密封舱噪声控制与试验

载人航天器密封舱为航天员工作和生活的场所,需对航天员工作区和睡眠区进行噪声控制。文章以某中期驻留载人航天器为例,对其密封舱内的主要噪声源进行识别,并从吸声、隔声、消声、减振4个方面针对主要噪声源进行噪声控制。根据航天器实际噪声源和控制措施,构建了噪声计算模型,通过仿真分析获取了舱体内声压级水平分布,并对舱内噪声分布进行实际测试。仿真结果和测试结果表明噪声控制方案满足指标要求,噪声源识别准确,控制措施有效。     

航天器总装过程的质量控制方法

为实现航天器零缺陷的质量管理目标,文章在梳理出导致航天器总装过程质量异常的工艺、操作、设备及材料等方面原因和总装生产流程优化的基础上,应用风险控制理论对各单步工序进行风险点识别和评估,使用多品种、小批量质量统计方法进行过程质量闭环控制,使得航天器总装生产质量得以有效提高。     

细菌生物膜对航天器材料的危害及其防护简述

细菌生物膜是造成空间环境下航天器材料腐蚀的关键因素之一.文章简述了细菌生物膜的结构和形成机制、其对航天器材料的危害、主要评估方法以及防控策略,并提出目前防控策略在实际应用中存在的问题.当前的细菌生物膜防控策略主要分为3类:1)修改易感表面的特性以防止细菌生物膜形成;2)调节信号通路以抑制细菌生物膜的形成;3)施加外力以...     

月球表面热环境测量技术调研分析

月面热环境探测是我国探月工程中的一项必要工作,具有重要的工程和科学意义。文章从工程角度确定了月面热环境测量的主要物理参数,分析了现阶段我国探月工程中实现月面热环境测量的技术条件和要求;对国内外有关材料热物性测量技术进行了综合调研,了解了国内外关于开展行星表面热环境探测的技术及应用现状;在结合我国航天测量技术的基础上对月面热环境测量所涉及的关键技术进行了分析,并初步勾勒出我国探月工程中月面热环境测量装置的指标、任务和实现方案。