Vortex sensor of aerodynamic angle and true airspeed

In this paper, we describe some principles of construction, algorithms for data processing, and a functional scheme of the vortex sensor for aerodynamic angles and true airspeed measurements in subsonic flight vehicles. Also presented are some relations for determining the ranges of measurements and indicated errors of this sensor and its design peculiarities and advantages are considered.     

Synthesis of electrode system and simulation of ion-marking sensor for aerodynamic angle and airspeed measurement

A functional scheme, primary informative signals, a method of electrode system structural parameters synthesis and evaluation of a systematic error of the ion-marking sensor for aerodynamic angle and airspeed measurement are the focus of this paper.     

Accuracy of angle estimation with monopulse processing using twobeams

Expressions are provided for the accuracy of monopulse angle estimation using two beams. It is shown that, if the signal angle is halfway between the angles of the beams, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for monopulse processing is almost as small as the CRLB obtained if the entire array of sensors is used. The monopulse CRLB is considerably poorer if the angle of the signal is equal to that of one of the two beams. The expressions in this correspondence are for a uniformly weighted linear array of M equally spaced sensors, for which N⩾M beams are formed     

飞机等表速运动方程与稳态爬升参数计算

为了揭示等表速飞行的内在机理,建立了飞机等表速运动方程,提出了等表速爬升运动参数计算方法。对比等表速和等真空速爬升公式,提出了功率因子的概念,以反映飞机等表速与等真空速爬升所需单位剩余功率之间的关系。针对等表速等推力、等表速等梯度、等表速等升降速度3种典型爬升方式,应用飞机等表速运动方程给出了稳态运动参数计算方法。计算结果表明,3种爬升方式均存在稳态爬升剖面,稳态运动参数与表速呈一一对应关系。     

Simulation on effect of throat contraction ratio and strake stagger angle on flow field and aerodynamic performance of scrampressor

The design methods of typical supersonic aircraft intakes and shock wave compression technology have been applied to ram-rotor, an attractive compression system. A ram-rotor is of a typical structure including the compression ramp, the throat and the subsonic diffuser; a scrampressor is similar to ram-rotor, the only difference is that scrampressor has no subsonic diffuser. The work was the continuation of the preparatory work. In order to further study the effect of throat contraction ratio and strake stagger angle on the flow field and performance of a scrampressor, the flow field of a scrampressor with a three-dimensional flow path was numerically simulated with different throat contraction ratios and strake stagger angles. Simulated results indicated that the optional aerodynamic performance of a scrampressor could be achieved with an adiabatic efficiency of 0.8413 a total pressure recovery coefficient of 0.8446, a total pressure ratio of 7.14 and a static pressure ratio of 5.17 for a throat contraction ratio of 0.6 and a strake stagger angle of 12°. It was therefore concluded that an appropriate decrease in throat contraction ratio and an increase in strake stagger angle could help the comprehensive improvement of a scrampressor in performance.      

Methodology of construction and models of informative signals for a stationary miltichannel flow aerometric receiver of the helicopter air data system

Methodology of constructing a stationary multichannel flow aerometric receiver using the effects of deceleration and throttling of an incoming airflow and their circular transformation in the yaw plane is considered. The mathematical models and algorithms for processing primary informative signals entering along the channels of speed, altitude, angles of attack and slip of the helicopter air data system constructed on the basis of the aerometric receiver being proposed are obtained.     

Experimental research in aerodynamic control with electric and electromagnetic fields

Fifty years ago, publications began to discuss the possibilities of electromagnetic flow control (EMFC) to improve aerodynamic performance. This led to an era of research that focused on coupling the fundamentals of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with propulsion, control, and power generation systems. Unfortunately, very few designs made it past an exploratory phase as, among other issues, power consumption was unreasonably high. Recent proposed advancements in technology like the MARIAH hypersonic wind tunnel and the AJAX scramjet engine concepts have led to a new phase of MHD research in the aerospace industry, with many interdisciplinary applications. Compared with propulsion systems and channel flow accelerators, EMFC concepts applied to control surface aerodynamics have not seen the same level of advancement that may eventually produce a device that can be integrated with an aircraft or missile. The purpose of this paper is to review the overall feasibility of the different electric and EMFC concepts. Emphasis is placed on EMFC with high voltage ionization sources and experimental work.     

A new SINS/GPS sensor fusion scheme for UAV localization problem using nonlinear SVSF with covariance derivation and an adaptive boundary layer

The state estimation strategy using the smooth variable structure filter(SVSF) is based on the variable structure and sliding mode concepts. As presented in its standard form with a fixed boundary layer limit, the value of the boundary layer width is not precisely known at each step and may be selected based on a priori knowledge. The boundary layer width reflects the level of uncertainty in the model parameters and disturbance characteristics, where large values of the boundary layer width lead to robustness without optimality and small values of the boundary layer width provide optimality with poor robustness. As a solution and to overcome these limitations, an adaptive smoothing boundary layer is required to achieve greater robustness and suitable accuracy.This adapted value of the boundary layer width is obtained by minimizing the trace of the a posteriori covariance matrix. In this paper, the proposed new approach will be considered as another alternative to the extended Kalman filters(EKF), nonlinear H1 and standard SVSF-based data fusion techniques for the autonomous airborne navigation and self-localization problem. This alternative is based on strapdown inertial navigation system(SINS) and GPS data using the nonlinear SVSF with a covariance derivation and adaptive boundary layer width.Furthermore, the full mathematical model of the SINS/GPS navigation system considering the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) position, velocity and Euler angle as well as gyro and accelerometer biases will be used in this paper to estimate the airborne position and velocity with better accuracy.     

导弹的直接力/气动力控制系统设计

针对临近空间大气稀薄、防空导弹获得气动力较小的问题,提出了一种直接力/气动力复合控制系统设计方案。首先建立了导弹的气动控制系统模型,然后建立了采取轨控方式的直接力控制系统模型。以弹目相对距离作为直接力控制系统开启的判断条件,输出脉冲直接力,将气动力和直接力的控制作用叠加,构成了直接力/气动力复合控制系统,弥补了导弹末制导末段气动过载较小的不足,提高了导弹的制导精度。通过具体的仿真实例及定性分析,验证了该复合控制系统设计方案的有效性和可行性。     

Fault-tolerant control with mixed aerodynamic surfaces and RCS jets for hypersonic reentry vehicles

This paper proposes a fault-tolerant strategy for hypersonic reentry vehicles with mixed aerodynamic surfaces and reaction control systems (RCS) under external disturbances and subject to actuator faults. Aerodynamic surfaces are treated as the primary actuator in normal situations, and they are driven by a continuous quadratic programming (QP) allocator to generate torque com-manded by a nonlinear adaptive feedback control law. When aerodynamic surfaces encounter faults, they may not be able to provide sufficient torque as commanded, and RCS jets are activated to augment the aerodynamic surfaces to compensate for insufficient torque. Partial loss of effective-ness and stuck faults are considered in this paper, and observers are designed to detect and identify the faults. Based on the fault identification results, an RCS control allocator using integer linear programming (ILP) techniques is designed to determine the optimal combination of activated RCS jets. By treating the RCS control allocator as a quantization element, closed-loop stability with both continuous and quantized inputs is analyzed. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于流体力学和电磁学方程数值求解的飞行器气动隐身一体化设计

介绍了基于流体力学和电磁学方程数值求解的飞行器气动隐身一体化设计方法.首先介绍了精度相对较高的飞行器气动和隐身特性数值计算方法,即,对于气动性能计算,求解的是结构网格上的NS方程加BL代数湍流模式;对于隐身特性计算,是用时域有限体积法来求解电磁学微分方程以获取RCS值.由于采用了高精度的数值方法,优化时单一设计点的气动性能计算和隐身性能计算变得较为耗时,因此在进行多目标遗传算法优化时本文采用了一种"少量样本计算+Kriging响应面模型建模"的优化策略.针对某类似X-47飞行器的一体化设计算例计算表明,上述设计方法是可行的,实现了优化设计中引入高精度的性能分析方法,有望提高优化结果的可信度.     

Trajectory reshaping based guidance with impact time and angle constraints

This study presents a novel impact time and angle constrained guidance law for homing missiles. The guidance law is first developed with the prior-assumption of a stationary target, which is followed by the practical extension to a maneuvering target scenario. To derive the closed-form guidance law, the trajectory reshaping technique is utilized and it results in defining a specific poly-nomial function with two unknown coefficients. These coefficients are determined to satisfy the impact time and angle constraints as well as the zero miss distance. Furthermore, the proposed guidance law has three additional guidance gains as design parameters which make it possible to adjust the guided trajectory according to the operational conditions and missile’s capability. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law. ? 2016 Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).     

攻击角约束的拦截弹制导控制一体化设计

针对拦截弹的攻击角约束制导问题,提出了一种基于反演滑模和扩张状态观测器(ESO)的制导控制一体化(IGC)设计方法。首先,基于弹目相对运动方程和拦截弹的非线性动力学方程,建立了拦截弹IGC模型,设计了ESO估计目标加速度和自动驾驶仪回路的干扰;在此基础上,基于干扰估计值和反演滑模方法,设计了IGC算法获取虚拟控制力矩,同时基于李雅普诺夫理论分析了闭环系统的稳定性;然后,利用动态控制分配技术将所获取的期望控制力矩分配到实际执行机构;最后,通过仿真结果验证了所设计的IGC+ESO算法的有效性。     

共轴式双旋翼悬停流场和气动力的CFD计算

考虑到共轴式双旋翼流场特征高度复杂、桨叶承受非定常气动载荷的特点,为更好地预测共轴式双旋翼的气动特性,把非结构嵌套网格方法和网格的自适应技术相结合,发展了一套适合于共轴式双旋翼流场数值计算的求解器.在该求解器中,采用非结构嵌套网格方案来模拟桨叶之间存在的相对运动,自适应网格技术用来捕捉尾迹对流场和气动特性的影响,求解惯性坐标系下的非定常N-S主控方程来模拟流场的非定常特性.应用该求解器,首先计算了有试验结果可供对比的一副试验旋翼的诱导速度场分布,在此基础上,计算了共轴式双旋翼的桨尖涡轨迹和拉力分布特性,并与单旋翼的计算结果进行了对比和分析,得到了一些有意义的结论.     

不同尾翼鸭式布局远程弹在跨／超声速的气动特性实验研究

为了研究鸭式布局远程弹尾翼对气动特性的影响,设计了无尾翼,“T”型尾8翼,栅格尾翼三种尾翼布局,通过风洞测力实验研究不同布局在不同马赫数及迎角状态下对远程弹气动特性尤其是滚转特性的影响。实验结果显示：安装“T”型尾翼的模型和安装栅格尾翼的模型相比,在跨声速阶段,其升力特性优于栅格尾翼,也更利于滚转控制,但在超声速区域,栅格尾翼模型具有明显的升力特性优势,同时也容易进行滚转控制,而减小阻力是栅格翼将来需要解决的问题。     

反推状态下大涵道比涡扇发动机气动稳定性预测与评估

为了预测与评估反推状态下,反推气流再吸入对大涵道比涡扇发动机气动稳定性的影响,采用反推气流扰流流场三维CFD数值模拟、发动机整机稳定性计算分析以及反推状态下发动机进气畸变台架试验相结合的方法,开展了反推气流对大涵道比涡扇发动机气动稳定性影响的研究。通过三维CFD数值模拟手段,捕获了反推状态下发动机进口流场的畸变程度。在此基础上,通过采用稳定性计算程序预测了发动机的气动稳定性,并进一步通过发动机台架试验,验证了预测结果。CFD计算结果表明,随着相对来流马赫数的减小,反推气流被发动机重新吸入的可能性不断增大,当相对来流马赫数减小到0.05时,外侧发动机进口的流场畸变情况变得最为严重。进气畸变情况下的整机稳定性计算分析以及发动机台架试验结果表明,在所考核的目标状态,若只存在因反推气流再吸入引起的进口流场畸变,是不会导致发动机失稳的。     

Finite-time sliding mode attitude control for a reentry vehicle with blended aerodynamic surfaces and a reaction control system

This paper proposes a finite-time robust flight controller, targeting for a reentry vehicle with blended aerodynamic surfaces and a reaction control system(RCS). Firstly, a novel finite-time attitude controller is pointed out with the introduction of a nonsingular finite-time sliding mode manifold. The attitude tracking errors are mathematically proved to converge to zero within finite time which can be estimated. In order to improve the performance, a second-order finite-time sliding mode controller is further developed to effectively alleviate chattering without any deterioration of robustness and accuracy. Moreover, an optimization control allocation algorithm, using linear programming and a pulse-width pulse-frequency(PWPF) modulator, is designed to allocate torque commands for all the aerodynamic surface deflections and on–off switching-states of RCS thrusters.Simulations are provided for the reentry vehicle considering uncertain parameters and external disturbances for practical purposes, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the attitude control system.     

导弹速度时变的攻击时间与攻击角度控制导引律

针对导弹速度非定常情况下的协同制导问题,提出了两种分别满足攻击时间约束、攻击时间与攻击角度约束的导引律.首先通过求解导弹在比例导引(PN)及带攻击角度约束的偏置比例导引(BPNIAC)下的系统微分方程,得到导弹飞行的实际剩余航程,并根据指定的攻击时间与导弹的实际速度曲线构造标称剩余航程,将攻击时间控制问题转化为导弹实际剩余航程对标称剩余航程的跟踪问题.然后,在PN及BPNIAC的基础上附加反馈控制项使导弹实际的剩余航程跟踪标称值,从而实现导弹速度时变情况下攻击时间的控制要求.仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性,实际应用中可根据预测速度曲线及在线更新策略对标称剩余航程进行估算.     

Calculation and optimization of aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils with jet blowing in the presence of vortex in the flow

We consider the problem of calculating the ideal non-compressible fluid flow around the airfoil with jet blowing through a channel in the presence of a point vortex with a given circulation in the flow. The effect of the vortex coordinates on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil is investigated and the optimal position of the vortex for maximal lift is found.     

Bifurcation analysis and stability design for aircraft longitudinal motion with high angle of attack

Bifurcation analysis and stability design for aircraft longitudinal motion are investigated when the nonlinearity in flight dynamics takes place severely at high angle of attack regime. To predict the special nonlinear flight phenomena, bifurcation theory and continuation method are employed to systematically analyze the nonlinear motions. With the refinement of the flight dynamics for F-8 Crusader longitudinal motion, a framework is derived to identify the stationary bifurcation and dynamic bifurcation for high-dimensional system. Case study shows that the F-8longitudinal motion undergoes saddle node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, Zero-Hopf bifurcation and branch point bifurcation under certain conditions. Moreover, the Hopf bifurcation renders series of multiple frequency pitch oscillation phenomena, which deteriorate the flight control stability severely. To relieve the adverse effects of these phenomena, a stabilization control based on gain scheduling and polynomial fitting for F-8 longitudinal motion is presented to enlarge the flight envelope. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.