非营利组织参与农村公共产品供给的制约因素研究

在农村公共产品供给多元化的格局下,鼓励非营利组织参与农村公共产品的供给是一种多赢.但现实语境下,非营利组织参与农村公共产品的供给,还存在着组织自身缺陷、经济实力不足、与非营利组织相关的农村公共产品准入机制还不完善,法制还不健全,供给缺少科学合理的决策和激励机制等因素的制约.本文认为,政府组织有必要监管并引导好非营利组织...     

基于软系统思想的公共项目决策支持模式研究

首先分析了公共项目决策不同于一般工程项目的特点,公共项目自身牵涉的利益群体众多,相关决策信息复杂,大量涉及人的行为。其次从分析这些特点出发,认为公共项目决策具有软系统特点,从而进一步探讨软系统思想在公共项目决策中运用的可能性。最后提出了基于软系统思想的公共项目决策支持模式框架,并进一步分析了其实现步骤。     

基于软系统思想的公共项目决策支持模式研究

首先分析了公共项目决策不同于一般工程项目的特点,公共项目自身牵涉的利益群体众多,相关决策信息复杂,大量涉及人的行为.其次从分析这些特点出发,认为公共项目决策具有软系统特点,从而进一步探讨软系统思想在公共项目决策中运用的可能性.最后提出了基于软系统思想的公共项目决策支持模式框架,并进一步分析了其实现步骤.     

美报告全面总结2014年全球航天产业

<正>美国航天基金会是一家非营利组织,成立于1983年,主要研究航天发展态势和市场状况等,研究数据比较客观。从2006年起,航天基金会每年发表一份《航天报告》。报告对前一年全球航天产业的进展进行全面总结,展示航天活动对人类生活和工作的影响,提供政府预算和商业收入等数据,并对计划、产品、政策和航天队伍情况进行详细解读,对相关人员了解航天产业发展状况和趋势有重要参考价值。今年7月发表的《2015年航天报告》分为四     

古村落旅游开发中的利益主体协作问题研究——以湖南岳阳县张谷英村为例

古村落旅游开发后牵涉到众多相关利益主体,各相关利益主体为了各自的利益追求而彼此对抗,共同构成了一个利益追求的矛盾系统,也因此出现了古村落旅游开发后的系列难题.为了实现古村落旅游的健康持续发展,有必要从协作的层面对各相关利益主体进行管制与约束,并采取有效措施,具体包括:协作组织的构建、协作规划的制定以及协作系统的完善等.     

航天装备试验鉴定体系建设分析与研究

<正>航天装备试验鉴定是航天装备研制流程的重要组成部分。航天装备试验鉴定是指为了获取、核实和提供航天装备研制进展、作战效能、体系贡献度(率)、作战适用性或作战生存性等决策数据,针对被试系统或部件所采取的步骤或行动,并对获取数据进行分析以提供相关决策信息的过程。通过航天装备试验鉴定不仅可以完成既定的决策目标,还可对航天装备在作战使用中可能存在的缺陷和隐患进行完善     

批量因素·数控机床·成组技术

机械制造业的生产效率,工艺技术的先进水平和产品的成本都受批量因素的制约。大批量产品组织流水线生产,不仅生产效率高,而且能大量应用先进的技术装备和先进     

碰撞风险评估中的空间环境激励图方法

因航天器物理特征、空间环境扰动变化、预报技术和大气模型性能等既有不确定因素的存在，空间目标碰撞概率等与轨道预报相关的评估工作存在模糊度问题，无法准确描述碰撞风险水平。文章基于碰撞概率极值，简化气动力误差模型，量化计算轨道预报相关事务的边界；提出空间环境激励图和3σ区的概念，并给出具体实施方法以及空间碎片碰撞预警、空间物体陨落预报的计算示例。计算结果表明，该方法能较好应对轨道预报相关事务中的模糊度问题，可为相关航天工程实践和决策提供参考。     

紧密结合地区特点 着力加强体系建设

对“三横三纵”体系中机制建设的几点理解一是运行管理体系建设。民航空管一体化改革后,系统的对外资源也急需进行整合。尤其是地区空管局更是迫切需要尽快和相关单位建立密切的工作联系．以便及时协调解决影响系统正常有序运行的外部制约因素,空管、航空公司、机场间的运行协调决策机制以及军民航协调机制无疑是运行体系建设的重要组成部分。地区空管局要主动谋划区域性机制建设,明确职责．完善制度,发挥区域空管保障中枢作用。     

影响航天行业标准实施因素的分析

根据问卷调查的对航天行业标准的认识、需求、可操作性和实用性等情况.简要分析航天产品研制、生产过程中参与各方对航天行业标准实施的影响因素与程度,并结合工作实际得出了各方对实施其标准重要影响的结论.     

廊坊市新农村建设中的生态环境存在的问题及对策

和全国其他地方一样,廊坊市在大力推进社会主义新农村建设的过程中,也面临着农村生态环境恶化的困境。为了实现农业生产发展和农村生态环境保护之间的平衡,政府应当加大公共财政支出向农村地区倾斜的力度,坚持规划先行、服务跟进的原则,切实改善人居环境,强化农村生态环境保护法制的实施,把新农村建设成为生态良好的新农村。     

Learning via satellite

This report describes a global applied research project — Project Learn — being sponsored by the International Space University in Strasbourg, which aims to address key educational needs, particularly in remote and rural areas, via satellite. The project aims to bypass conventional approaches to education, health care and communications development by using global information technologies at a local level and drawing a range of international organizations into a cooperative effort. Examples of the kind of work to be undertaken by the project are presented.     

Earth observation and the public good

The term ‘public good’ is often used in satellite Earth observation to indicate that Earth observation data are of value or interest to the public. In fact, the term ‘public good’ has a more specific meaning, originating in the discipline of Economics, which carries with it a set of assumptions and implications about how markets operate. In this context a public good has two main characteristics: non-rivalry and non-excludability. In their most common digital format, Earth observation data can appear to be both non-rivalrous and non-excludable. However, it is not the digital medium itself which controls the ‘publicness’ of a good but the conditions of access to that good. This paper explores the meaning of the concept of public goods in an Earth observation context by, first, examining public good theory and related concepts of categories of goods and, second, applying the concepts to nine Earth observation missions, programmes and data.     

The contest for leadership in East Asia: Japanese and Chinese approaches to outer space

Japan and China, as two advanced spacefaring nations in Asia-Pacific region, are often referred to as rivals in space. China's successful manned space launch program in 2003 and ASAT test in 2007 were considered as turning points which potentially introduces a “space race in Asia”. This article argues that there are three defining arenas in a space race: competition for prestige or soft power, competition over military capability or hard power, and competition of international services or public goods. It analyzes the objectives, norms and logics of space policy in Japan and China, and argues that these two countries have quite different thinking over what to do in space, explaining that they are playing different games in the first two arenas. However, Japan and China are competing for leadership and influence over the region. APRSAF and APSCO, two similar regional space organizations, are the vehicles for this competition. It concludes that there is a space race only in the third arena as a competition for leadership in Asia.     

Space Phoenix

The US federal government is collaborating with a non-profit university consortium and its commercial project managers to develop the Space Shuttle fleet's expended external fuel tanks for scientific and commercial uses in space. Nearly a half dozen years in evolution, the Space Phoenix Program is a private-sector civil space programme with the long-term goal of opening the Earth's space to as many people, organizations and activities as possible, as soon as possible, and at the lowest cost to them as possible. In time it is expected to be a major focus for private-sector activities in space. This report describes how it will work.     

二级摇摆伺服机构供电系统可靠性分析

某型二级摇摆伺服机构要求在地面热试车全过程中由试验台提供稳定可靠的直流电源,原二级摇摆伺服机构供电系统为单一的整流器供电模式,试验过程完全依赖市电进行转换,没有任何其他保障措施,可靠性受到很大影响.为此,提出2种供电方案,通过比较分析系统的可靠性和可能发生的故障,最终选择了整流器和电池组相配合的供电方式.试验测试性能结果表明：这种供电方式完全满足试车任务的需求并具有较高的可靠性.     

Earth remote sensing as an effective tool for the development of advanced innovative educational technologies

Current educational system is facing a contradiction between the fundamentality of engineering education and the necessity of applied learning extension, which requires new methods of training to combine both academic and practical knowledge in balance. As a result there are a number of innovations being developed and implemented into the process of education aimed at optimizing the quality of the entire educational system. Among a wide range of innovative educational technologies there is an especially important subset of educational technologies which involve learning through hands-on scientific and technical projects. The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of educational technologies based on small satellites development as well as the usage of Earth remote sensing data acquired from these satellites. The increase in public attention to the education through Earth remote sensing is based on the concern that although there is a great progress in the development of new methods of Earth imagery and remote sensing data acquisition there is still a big question remaining open on practical applications of this kind of data. It is important to develop the new way of thinking for the new generation of people so they understand that they are the masters of their own planet and they are responsible for its state. They should desire and should be able to use a powerful set of tools based on modern and perspective Earth remote sensing. For example NASA sponsors “Classroom of the Future” project. The Universities Space Research Association in United States provides a mechanism through which US universities can cooperate effectively with one another, with the government, and with other organizations to further space science and technology, and to promote education in these areas. It also aims at understanding the Earth as a system and promoting the role of humankind in the destiny of their own planet. The Association has founded a Journal of Earth System Science Education. Authors describe an effective model of educational technology developed in the Center for Earth Remote Sensing of Bauman Moscow State Technical University and based on scientific and educational organizations integration in the field of applied studies. The paper also presents how students are being trained to acquire and process satellite imagery data from Terra and Aqua satellites. It also reveals the results of space monitoring for Russia's ecologically complex regions conducted by Bauman Moscow State Technical University students in cooperation with specialists from the Laboratory for Aerospace Methods of Moscow State University named after M. Lomonosov.     

Earth benefits from space life sciences

Contributions of space exploration which are widely recognized are those dealing with the impact of space technology on public health and medical services in both urban and remote rural areas. Telecommunications, image enhancement, 3-dimensional image reconstructions, miniaturization, automation, and data analysis, have transformed the delivery of medical care and have brought about a new impetus to the field of biomedicine. Many areas of medical care and biological research have been affected. These include technological breakthroughs in such areas as: (1) diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, (2) new approaches to the understanding of osteoporosis, (3) early detection of genetic birth defects, (4) emergency medical care, and (5) treatment of chronic metabolic disorders. These are but a few examples where technology originally developed to support space medicine or space research has been applied to solving medical and health care delivery problems on Earth.     

Satellite-aided land mobile radio experiments,applications and problems

Radio communications between vehicles or individuals and base stations are essential to many public safety, law enforcement and commercial users in urban areas. Present day communications are limited to nearly line-of-sight distances from the vehicle or hand portable units to a base station or repeater. It is probable that many potential users in rural, remote and offshore areas would benefit if the communications were available everywhere on land and territorial waters. Geosynchronous satellites can serve as repeaters for mobile and personal radios, and they appear to be a cost effective means of providing the service.Voice bandwidth communication and automatic position monitoring of an automobile were tested using the VHF transponders of NASAs ATS-3 and ATS-1 satellites. Voice communications were reliable and position fixes were accurate to one fourth mile, with 0.3 mile precision of individual fixes.Demonstrations for potential users have included emergency medical voice and telemetry communications between ambulances and hospitals.While technical feasibility of satellite-aided mobile and personal communications has been demonstrated, and its potential value is appreciated by a small segment of the user community, many problems remain before an operational system could be implemented. Solutions to the problems require an experimental satellite with a multibeam antenna. The satellite or its associated ground terminals should incorporate computer controlled network switching to test demand assignment of channels. Prolonged experience by many users of the experimental satellite in their routine operations would aggregate user needs and define the capital investment that would be justified to implement a commercial operating system.     

飞行器在轨服务

定义了在轨服务（OOS）的概念。介绍了OOS可实现的在轨检查、组装、更换修理、补给,以及轨道转移等功能,讨论了可扩展公共卫星平台、精确测量系统与控制软件、先进对接机构、燃料传输系统、先进机械臂系统,自主运行与管理等关键技术。阐述了OOS发展的需求与驱动因素,以及对飞行器设计中通用化与标准化、理念调整,以及可靠性与技术分配重构等的影响。