粒子侵蚀问题的研究

固体火箭发动机排出的高温、高速燃气对热防护材料有很大的侵蚀作用,特别是燃气中的氧化铝粒子对材料的侵蚀起主要作用。为此,本文对粒子侵蚀问题做了理论分析和实验研究;提供了一个用以计算粒子侵蚀速度的方法和公式。最后的算例表明,此方法可行,并具有足够的精度。     

碳-碳复合材料的单粒子侵蚀破坏

前言就目前的再入防热材料来说,碳-碳复合材料是最引人注目的。这种材料受自然粒子(雨、雪、冰)和诱发粒子(尘埃)侵蚀的性状是人们所相当关心的一个问题。倪建一等采用二级轻气炮发射粒子的技术进行了碰撞侵蚀实验。所发射的粒子材     

等质量异形粒子超高速撞击侵蚀

用数值方法模拟双锥，圆柱，椭球、圆锥和倒圆锥五类等质量异形铝粒子五种高宽比共２５种粒子对半无限铝靶的超高速撞击侵蚀，撞击速度为４ｋｍ／ｓ，给出了坑深、坑径、坑形参数和坑体积随粒子形状及高宽比的变化曲线。结果与非圆球异形粒子超高速撞击侵蚀计算有重要参考价值。     

防热材料侵蚀试验结果和形貌分析

该文简要介绍几种防热材料,包括难熔金属类、石墨类、碳-碳复合材料、增强塑料及补强陶瓷,在含熔融氧化铝粒子喷流中的烧蚀-侵蚀实验结果。文中对实验材料的抗侵蚀性能作了初步评价,并对侵蚀后的微观形貌作了分析。     

粒子云侵蚀问题实验研究中动能通量模拟的意义

本文首先将粒子云侵蚀条件下的驻点表面后退分解为无粒子烧蚀部分、粒子云引起的烧蚀增量部分和粒子撞击物面引起的直接侵蚀部分。然后研究了表面能量平衡关系,给出了粒子云引起的烧蚀增量表达式。最后分三类讨论粒子与飞行器的碰撞:(1)完全弹性碰撞(不符合实际);(2)完全非弹性碰撞;(3)部分弹性碰撞。对于后两种碰撞,本文分析了动能通量模拟适用的条件。     

SRM喷管凝相粒子分布规律的实验研究

利用ＲＴＲ技术发展了一种新的研究热试车条件下ＳＲＭ 喷管两相流的实验方法。对实验发动机喷管内模拟粒子分布规律的实验研究结果表明： （１） 粒子通过喷管扩张段时并非均匀分布, 离轴线越远, 粒子浓度越小, 轴线处粒子浓度最大; （２） 喷管扩张段整个截面上都有粒子分布, 说明喷管扩张段中不存在 “无粒子区”; （３） 燃烧室压力越高, 粒子烟群的扩散程度越大     

固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室绝热层烧蚀试验方法

基于自主研发的氧-煤油烧蚀试验系统,发展了一种用于固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室热结构及材料烧蚀研究的试验方法。采用该方法开展了某型室温硫化硅橡胶基绝热材料的烧蚀试验,试验分别在含氧化铝粒子侵蚀和无粒子侵蚀条件下进行,并根据SEM图对比分析了粒子对材料表面微观形貌的侵蚀效应。结果表明:无粒子侵蚀条件下的试样经烧蚀后膨胀并分层,其平均线烧蚀率为-0.025mm/s;而粒子侵蚀条件下的试样平均线烧蚀率为1.901mm/s,试样中心区域的陶瓷层被粒子完全破坏,只留下极薄的热解层和裸露的碳纤维端部,碳纤维周围的基体主胶、颗粒填料及芳纶纤维均被高速焰流氧化剥离,充分说明粒子对绝热层材料的强剥蚀破坏效应;同时也验证了该方法能较好地模拟固冲发动机补燃室内的烧蚀热环境,可用于材料配方的筛选和耐烧蚀性能测试。      

超音速两相流喷管分析

为模拟高速飞行器所遇到的粒子侵蚀问题,计算分析了高温超音速气-固两相流喷管,在我国现有电弧加热器的运行参数范围内,分析了气流参数、粒子参数以及喷管几何形状对粒子加速和加温过程的影响,最后给出了此类装置的最佳设计参数。本文根据合理的假定,采用简单的物理模型,使用通用的计算机子程序,给出了一种简化的工程计算方法,使其更适合於实验工作者简便、快速、实用的要求。本计算结果与文献结果相一致。     

颗粒冲刷对C/C材料烧蚀影响的实验研究

为研究粒子直接撞击模式下C/C材料的烧蚀形貌及性能,丰富C/C材料烧蚀研究,开展了粒子侵蚀实验.利用扫描电镜和三维微观成像等测量手段进行微观烧蚀形貌的研究,结果表明颗粒冲刷条件下由于粒子的直接撞击,侵蚀区域出现小凹坑,但轴棒纤维突出,轴棒表面出现大小不同的凹坑,部分单丝从基体中断裂,形成微观锥形孔穴形貌,径向纤维束部分区域出现孔和开槽,整体形貌不再连续一致;未侵蚀部位的微观形貌和烧蚀试验中的喉部形貌一致,单丝呈现笋尖状.     

粒子云侵蚀的机理分析

本文用图示法表达了粒子云侵蚀/烧蚀问题中各环节之间的联系和各种耦合作用。然后简要地分析了几个主要环节:粒子在激波层中破碎、减速和汽化,高速运动的粒子撞击物面引起的侵蚀,侵蚀过程中多粒子的互相影响,以及粒子云环境中表面气动加热的增量。     

真实气体流动的相似规律

本文从具有化学反应的NS方程出发导出了真实气体流动的相似律,分别给出了高温空气非平衡流、平衡流和冻结流的相似参数。文中还讨论了航天飞机轨道器各种Mach数范围内的真实气体流动的相似参数和实验模拟问题。     

鸟体撞击结构过程的相似律研究(英文)

With dimensional analysis and similarity theory, the model similarity law of aircraft structures trader bird impact load is investigated. Numerical calculations by means of nonlinear dynamic software ANSYS/LS-DYNA are conducted on the finite element models constructed with different scaling factors. The influence of strain rate on the model similarity law is found to be dependent on the strain rate sensitivity of materials and scale factors. Specifically, materials that are not sensitive to strain rate obey the model similarity law in the bird impact process. The conclusions obtained are supposed to provide a theoretical basis for the experimental work of bird impact on aircraft structure.     

Impact of erosion testing aspects on current and future flight conditions

High speed of aero vehicles including commercial and military aircraft, missiles, unmanned air vehicles, as well as conceptual aircraft of the future are imposing larger restrictions on the materials of these vehicles and highlight the importance of adequate quantification of material behavior and performance during different flight conditions. Erosion due to weather conditions and other present particles such as hydrometeors; rain, hail and ice, as well as sand, volcanic ash and dust resulting from residues in the atmosphere are eminent as hazardous on the structure of a flying vehicle and may adversely influence the lifecycle of the structure. This study outlines an extensive review of research efforts on erosion in aviation and provides a basis for comparison between different apparatus simulating rain erosion and their usage within the aerospace industry. The significant aspects of erosion testing and future prospects for erosion impact are further addressed for forthcoming generations of flying vehicles.     

简化起落架噪声相似准则及马赫数比例律

真实飞机部件的气动噪声问题可以通过缩比模型气动声学试验研究,但是必须要遵循合适的相似准则。频率相似准则一般选择Helmholtz数或Strouhal数相似,而声源强度的相似准则在一定的雷诺数范围内通常采用Mach数相似。噪声随来流马赫数的比例律可用于外推风洞试验测量数据到真实飞行条件下,并判断声源类型。在北京航空航天大学D5气动声学风洞中对1/2缩比的LAnding Gear nOise database for civil aviation authority validatiON(LAGOON)简化起落架模型进行了气动声学试验研究。试验结果表明:该起落架模型的噪声频率遵循Helmholtz数相似准则而非Strouhal数相似准则。起落架噪声的马赫数比例律与频率有关,在低频范围内满足6次方关系,而在中高频范围内满足7次方关系。将D5风洞测得的噪声频谱按Helmholtz数相似及相应的马赫数比例律转换后与LAGOON原型试验结果对比,发现两者的测量结果吻合得非常好。     

Optimization and verification of free flight separation similarity law in high-speed wind tunnel

Based on the similarity of separation time, a similarity law optimization method for high-speed weapon delivery test is derived. The typical separation state under wind load is simulated by the numerical method. The real separation data of aircraft, separation data of previous test methods, separation data of ideal wind tunnel test of previous methods, and simulation data of the proposed optimization method are obtained. A comparison of the data shows that the method proposed can improve the performance of tracking. Similarity law optimization starts with the development of motion equations and dynamic equations in the windless state to address the problems of mismatching between vertical and horizontal displacement, and to address the problems of separation trajectory distortion caused by insufficient gravity acceleration of the scaling model of existing light model. The ejection velocity of the model is taken as a factor/vector, and is adjusted reasonably to compensate the linear displacement insufficiency caused by the insufficient vertical acceleration of the light model method, so as to ensure the matching of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the projectile, and to improve the consistency between the test results of high-speed projection and the actual separation trajectory. The optimized similarity law is applicable to many existing free-throwing modes of high-speed wind tunnels. The optimized similarity law is not affected by the ejection velocity and hanging mode of the projectile. The optimized similarity law is suitable not only for the launching of the buried ammunition compartment and external stores, but also for the test design of projectile launching and gravity separation.     

双电极接触放电修整金属结合剂金刚石磨轮

双电极接触放电是~项修整金属结合剂金刚石磨轮的新技术。它利用接触放电电蚀原理以达到去除磨轮的金属结合剂而修锐或整形磨轮。本文在论述修整机理的基础上,对其工艺规律进行了系统的分析与总结。     

Derivation and validation of a similarity law for free-flight wind tunnel tests of parallel stage separation

Aiming at the safety problem of the stage separation of parallel reusable high-speed air vehicles, this paper studies the unsteady test method and focuses on deriving a similarity law of parallel stage separation free-flight wind tunnel tests. The new similarity law considers the influences of aerodynamic force and gravity on the motions of the two stages, as well as the influence of aerodynamic interference between the two stages on each other’s motion. From the perspective of multi-angle physical equations, the conditions to ensure that the two-stage separation trajectory of a wind tunnel test is similar to that of a real air vehicle are derived innovatively, so as to ensure the authenticity and credibility of wind tunnel test results. The similarity law is verified by an HIFiRE-5 air vehicle, and the separation trajectories of wind tunnel tests and the real air vehicle are obtained by numerical simulation. The research shows that the similarity law derived in this paper can ensure that wind tunnel free-flight tests have the ability to predict the two-stage separation characteristics of real parallel vehicles. By analyzing the separation trajectory curve of the typical state, it is found that the new method can ensure that the trajectory error of a wind tunnel test does not exceed 1%, which indicates that this method is credible. The establishment of the new method lays the foundation for subsequent wind tunnel tests and provides support for research on the safety of the stage separation of parallel reusable air vehicles.     

Effective Antenna Pattern of Scanning Radars

It is shown that weather radar signal averaging causes a broadened apparent pattern of the scanning radar antenna. The apparent pattern is obtained by convolving the original pattern with the averaging circuit impulse response. Echo displacement and pattern broadness are examined for square law, linear, and logarithmic detectors having exponential and finite time integrators.     

砾漠大风地区铁路路堤风载荷模拟实验研究

利用大气边界层风洞对砾漠大风地区铁路路堤进行风载荷模拟实验研究。实验中较好地满足了相似准则，重现了风区现场实测所获得的大气边界层风特性。通过对模型表面平衡和脉动压力的测量以及对模型附近流场的测量，分析研究了路堤风蚀机理，为采取防风蚀的工程措施提供了科学依据，事实证明模拟实验结果是十分有效的。     

Optimization and verification of wind tunnel free-flight similarity law for separation of cluster munition

In view of the separation form of the separator from the back of the carrier upward and from the side of the carrier outward, separation-safety research is carried out by taking the separation of a cluster munition as an example. In previous wind tunnel free-flight tests, the similarity law of vertical, downward, moving submunition was used to design submunitions at different positions in different initial-velocity directions, which resulted in large discrepancies between wind tunnel test results and real flight. In a wind tunnel test, each submunition has an independent time-reduction ratio with respect to the dispenser. Even if the separation trajectory of a single submunition is accurate, there will be errors in the position of each submunition at a given time. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the time-reduction ratio between submunitions, and to modify the test results later. In order to ensure the accuracy of wind tunnel test results, the similarity law of a free-flight test in a wind tunnel is derived in this paper. The time-correction scheme to ensure motion similarity between submunitions is solved. Numerical simulation is used to simulate the separation of a wind tunnel test and real aircraft, and the motion parameters of different submunitions are solved. The results show that the new similarity laws derived for different types of submunitions can greatly reduce the errors caused by previous similarity laws. In addition to the case for the separation of a cluster munition, the similarity law can also be applied to the free-flight test design of wind tunnels for vertical separation and horizontal separation of other kinds of aircraft.