带电卫星地磁摄动力及其寿命问题的讨论

文章给出了带电卫星受到地磁摄动力的一般表达式,并就带电对卫星寿命的影响问题进行了定性讨论.     

长寿命通信卫星的可靠性研究

通信（广播）卫星是典型的有长寿命要求的卫星。在广泛调查国内外通信卫星工程资料的基础上，考察了它们的轨道性能与寿命情况，并分析了影响卫星寿命和可靠性的因素，空间环境是影响卫星性能和寿命的一个重要因素。对为了避免和减少环境效应影响的工程方法进行了探究。结合工程实际问题研究了长寿命卫星的设计策略，并对需进一步研究的课题作了探索。     

卫星表面充电的地面模拟试验

同步轨道卫星的表面在运行中存可能被充电到数千至数万伏。卫星各表面之间的不等量带电,会造成界面之间或表面与卫星“地”之间的电弧放电,这将严重干扰、甚至破坏卫星的正常运行。本文着重述评了国外研究卫星表面充电的地面模拟试验设备及其运转情况。其中包括卫星表面充放电机理试验、卫星整体带电试验、表面材料试验、电磁干扰试验和电位控制试验五部分。给出了试验设备的示意图和试验有关数椐。     

《中国空间科学技术》1989年总目录

页数24 38 58 27 1 29 1 5231JI 2 2 3 4 4 5 56 空间飞行器系统工程关于卫星鉴定试验产品用于飞行的初步探讨用层次分析法实现航天发展目标决策自旋稳定静止卫星热设计中若干问题的探讨信息传输卫星方案的综合和分析双弯反射面天线方向图的计算机设计卫星研制成本划分方法静止卫星轨道的高精度确定带电卫星寿命问题的讨论空间平台与卫星成本的比较期号︻了内匕,d J.lJ16 飞行动力学风对探空火箭飞行弹道影响的分析多级航天器在有限推力情况下的最优变轨问题探讨测控技术和数据处理OU工卜J Qkl厅该O甘Od氏口二口,曰叹口nJ月性2 3 4 5 5…     

用蒙特卡罗方法研究卫星内部带电问题

由高能电子引起的卫星内部带电，是危害地球同步轨道卫星主要的空间环境效应之一．内部带电的物理机制和相应的卫星设计规范研究，近年来受到国际空间界的高度重视．本文用蒙特卡罗方法，通过模拟高能电子对电介质轰击后在介质中产生电荷沉积，计算了轰击后电介质内部最大电场强度，并进而分析了电介质内部电场与电子能量、屏蔽厚度及介质厚度的关系．该结果对卫星设计有重要参考价值．     

基于剩余推进剂估算的卫星寿命预测方法

针对地球静止轨道卫星在轨寿命问题,提出了通过星上液体剩余推进剂计算分析卫星在轨寿命的方法,研究了工程中影响卫星在轨寿命的因素,给出了适用于工程的卫星寿命预测方法,并通过工程进行了验证.      

提高卫星热控系统的可靠性对策

为提高卫星（特别是长寿命卫星）热控系统的可靠性,探讨了在热控设计中涉及该系统与卫星总体关系和空间环境影响等方面应采取的对策,特别是对一些长寿命卫星常用的星体外表面涂层的性能衰退现象作了较深入的介绍;对今后关于热控系统可靠性的研究提出了建议。     

防止卫星带电的导电温控涂层

迄今为止,对于同步轨道上运行的卫星,已观察、记载到数百次与卫星表面带电和放电有关的异常行为。这些异常行为主要表现为:逻辑干扰、开关转换、无指令线路转换、遥测异常、配线控制不稳定等。卫星表面的带电是由于磁层亚暴时,热等离子体(能量为几到几十千电子伏特)从磁尾注入同步高度及3—7地球半径的区域,与卫星表面材。料相互作用所致。据ATS-5卫星测得的数据:在同步轨道上运行的卫星每年约有1300小时处于亚暴环境中,其中对卫星影响较大的中、强亚暴(使表面—卫星地电位达-3～-12千伏),约占总时间的60％。     

NOAA解释气象卫星短缺的原因

国家海洋大气局说它购买卫星的政策和策略是以气象卫星预定寿命为依据的,然而,预算对购买卫星的数量和备份也起很大影响。据 NOAA 说,因为预计卫星寿命比它们实际工作的时间长,所以没有考虑替换的卫星。在 GOES-5卫星发生故障后,NOAA 动用了在轨的三颗卫星中最     

关于卫星的污染控制

随着卫星使用寿命的增长,对星上敏感元件和各种仪器的要求更为严格。除这些元件和仪器本身的性能直接影响卫星寿命外,卫星的污染是限制卫星寿命的基本因素。因此减少卫星的污染,对航天事业的发展具有非常重要的意义。国外对此也给予了特别的重视。本文简述国外控制卫星污染的一些研究概况。     

Status of the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) Project

The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) was launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on June 15, 2017, and was named as Insight-HXMT after the launch. Now all the instruments work properly in space, dozens of sources have been observed, and some early scientific results have been published. The nominal lifetime of Insight-HXMT is 4 years.      

Field emission characteristics of gold dust grains

The space plasma environment usually contains charged dust grains. The grain charge is an important parameter determining its migration through the space, coagulation, formation of dust clouds and so on. The knowledge of its charge is thus one of the basic information we want to know. There are several emission processes leading to both positive and negative charges, among others photoemission, all kinds of secondary emissions, field emissions, etc. The present study is focused on a laboratory simulation of emissions caused by impacts by energetic ions. Our experiment is based on the Paul trap which gives us an opportunity to catch a single dust grain for several days inside the vacuum vessel and exposed it by electron/ion beams. This experimental approach allows us to separate an individual charging process. We have chosen spherically shaped gold grains and discussed the processes leading to the limitation of the grain charge. We suggested that the implantation of charging ions leads to deformations of the grain surface. The deformations enhance the local electric field strength that becomes sufficient for the field ionization.     

Dust in magnetised plasmas: Basic theory and some applications

In this paper we review the theory of charged test particle motion in magnetic fields. This theory is then extended to charged $\text{dust}$ particles, for which gravity and charge fluctuations play an important role. It is shown that systematic drifts perpendicular to the magnetic field and stochastic transport effects may then have to be considered - none of which occur in the case of atomic particles (with the exception of charge exchange reactions). Some applications of charged dust particle transport theory to planetary rings are then briefly discussed.     

IRAS observations of cometary dust

The large beam size of the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) focal plane detector array is well suited to measuring the low level thermal emission from cometary dust. Eight comets discovered in 1983 and nine previously known periodic comets were observed by IRAS during its ten month active lifetime. Dust production rates are derived for a wide range of heliocentric distances. Grain properties are inferred from application of simple models to the long wavelength spectral energy distribution.     

Effective Coulomb force modeling for spacecraft in Earth orbit plasmas

Coulomb formation flight is a concept that utilizes electrostatic forces to control the separations of close proximity spacecraft. The Coulomb force between charged bodies is a product of their size, separation, potential and interaction with the local plasma environment. A fast and accurate analytic method of capturing the interaction of a charged body in a plasma is shown. The Debye–Hückel analytic model of the electrostatic field about a charged sphere in a plasma is expanded to analytically compute the forces. This model is fitted to numerical simulations with representative geosynchronous and low Earth orbit (GEO and LEO) plasma environments using an effective Debye length. This effective Debye length, which more accurately captures the charge partial shielding, can be up to 7 times larger at GEO, and as great as 100 times larger at LEO. The force between a sphere and point charge is accurately captured with the effective Debye length, as opposed to the electron Debye length solutions that have errors exceeding 50%. One notable finding is that the effective Debye lengths in LEO plasmas about a charged body are increased from centimeters to meters. This is a promising outcome, as the reduced shielding at increased potentials provides sufficient force levels for operating the electrostatically inflated membrane structures concept at these dense plasma altitudes.     

Heavy ion observations by MARIE in cruise phase and Mars orbit

The charged particle spectrum for nuclei from protons to neon, (charge Z=10) was observed during the cruise phase and orbit around Mars by the MARIE charged particle spectrometer on the Odyssey spacecraft. The cruise data were taken between April 23, 2001 and mid-August 2001. The Mars orbit data were taken March 5, 2002 through May 2002 and are scheduled to continue until August 2004. Charge peaks are clearly separated for charges up to Z=10. Especially prominent are the carbon and oxygen peaks, with boron and nitrogen also clearly visible. Although heavy ions are much less abundant than protons in the cosmic ray environment, it is important to determine their abundances because their ionization energy losses (proportional to Z²) are far more dangerous to humans and to instruments. Thus the higher charged nuclei make a significant contribution to dose and dose equivalent received in space. Results of the charged particle spectrum measurements will be reported.     

基于覆盖圆的太阳同步回归轨道卫星目标轨迹调整方法

遥感卫星星座在环境监测、地理测绘等领域运用中,需要考虑目标轨迹分布的优化问题.轨迹分布与星座的重访能力和进出站间隔保持等应用需求密切相关.目前对星下点轨迹分布的优化和调整还缺乏准确实用的方法,存在卫星数目增多带来的计算量增加问题和对多种需求综合考虑不够的问题.为了克服现有技术的不足,解决太阳同步回归轨道遥感卫星星座的目...     

Dynamics and control of spacecraft hovering using the geomagnetic Lorentz force

To achieve hovering, a spacecraft thrusts continuously to induce an equilibrium state at a desired position. Due to the constraints on the quantity of propellant onboard, long-time hovering around low-Earth orbits (LEO) is hardly achievable using traditional chemical propulsion. The Lorentz force, acting on an electrostatically charged spacecraft as it moves through a planetary magnetic field, provides a new propellantless method for orbital maneuvers. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the induced Lorentz force as an auxiliary means of propulsion for spacecraft hovering. Assuming that the Earth’s magnetic field is a dipole that rotates with the Earth, a dynamical model that characterizes the relative motion of Lorentz spacecraft is derived to analyze the required open-loop control acceleration for hovering. Based on this dynamical model, we first present the hovering configurations that could achieve propellantless hovering and the corresponding required specific charge of a Lorentz spacecraft. For other configurations, optimal open-loop control laws that minimize the control energy consumption are designed. Likewise, the optimal trajectories of required specific charge and control acceleration are both presented. The effect of orbital inclination on the expenditure of control energy is also analyzed. Further, we also develop a closed-loop control approach for propellantless hovering. Numerical results prove the validity of proposed control methods for hovering and show that hovering around low-Earth orbits would be achievable if the required specific charge of a Lorentz spacecraft becomes feasible in the future. Typically, hovering radially several kilometers above a target in LEO requires specific charges on the order of 0.1 C/kg.     

带电粒子云的演变过程

根据带电粒子云从破碎点开始向空间扩散过程中粒子云密度和形状的变化规律,以几何形状和起主要作用的因素为特征,定义了球形、椭球形、绳形、螺旋线形、全方位弥漫直至球壳形6个演变阶段.论述了在各个阶段的主要特征和对演变过程起主要作用的因素.分析了在各个阶段电磁场对带电粒子的摄动影响,比较了带电粒子云与不带电粒子云在演化过程上的差异.在球形阶段起主要作用的是分离速度,带电碎片之间的排斥力加快了碎片扩散的速度.从椭球形阶段到球壳形阶段,带电粒子和不带电粒子的演化规律基本一致.带电粒子的演化过程加快或减慢取决于粒子带正电或带负电.将电场摄动力等效于改变地球引力的大小,罗列了阶段转换标志点时刻的计算公式.利用计算机仿真的方法,给出了各个阶段不带电碎片云和带电碎片云分布示意图,验证了演变过程阶段划分和电磁场摄动分析的合理性.