俄罗斯火星任务航天服的设计构想

20世纪90年代,随着火星探测的升温,一些国家开始致力于火星飞行方案及医学研究的论证,以及火星任务航天服的研制。尽管俄罗斯内力不足,但其星星公司(Star)仍进行了火星任务航天服的研制工作,并提出了具有本国特色的火星任务航天服设计理念。星星公司在地球轨道航天服的研制和使用方面积累了丰富的经验,     

中国航天员ABC

神舟五号航天员航天服什么样? 紫晓 我国航天员目前由于没有太空行走的任务,因此,神舟五号航天员这次飞行没有穿舱外航天服,而只穿防护救生服,即舱内航天服。我国的航天服是白色的,局部镶有兰边,航天服的心脏部位安装了一个可以转动的圆形按钮,其作用是调节衣服内的压力、温度和湿度。上衣的左下部位有两根导管,与氧气和二氧化碳气瓶相连接,右下部有一根导管,与通信系统相连接。除了头盔和手套,整个航天服的材料均采用一种特殊的高强度涤纶,其性能完全能够满足执行任务期间的要求。航天服在胸前开了一个“v”字形状的拉链,是供穿航天服时使用的,航天员在穿航天服的时候,先要拉开拉链,将腿伸进去,再穿上身,整个过程10分钟即可完成,非常方便。整个航天服重10千克。比外国的要轻便。     

细说国产舱外航天服

中国研制的“飞天”舱外航天服 在神七任务中，航天员将首次身穿国产舱外航天服漫步太空。记者就此采访了中国航天员科研训练中心主任陈善广，听他将舱外航天服其中的“玄机”一一道来……     

暖体假人在设计,评价航天服调温功能中的作用

论述了暖体假人在设计、评价防护服装中的作用，结合航天服研制的实际，对目前国际上比较通用的五级分析系统提出了部分适当调整的意见；比较详细地介绍了航天服热传递特性的基础理论与有关计算公式，对正确利用暖体假人技术，促进工作进展、缩短航天服的研制周期有实用意义     

苏联／俄罗斯“奥兰”系列舱外航天服的改进历程

□□苏联航天员列昂诺夫完成第1次太空行走后,苏联/俄罗斯不断加强对舱外航天服的研制和利用,特别是"奥兰"系列舱外航天服先后经历了4次改型,各项技术日臻成熟.     

主动航天服关节助力外骨骼结构设计及优化

为克服航天服关节阻尼力矩对宇航员未来太空作业、星表探测以及骨骼肌能恢复训练的影响,设计一种可应用于航天服的关节助力外骨骼方案.首先,结合航天服结构分析,研制了第一代关节助力外骨骼样机.其次,根据使用反馈对第一代外骨骼样机进行结构优化,初步确定第二代外骨骼样机的设计模型,利用有限元软件对负重状态下外骨骼样机进行静力学分析...     

NASA航天服研发滞缓或导致2024年载人登月目标落空

2021年8月10日,NASA总监察长办公室(OIG)发布《NASA下一代航天服研制》报告,审查了将用于国际空间站(ISS)及阿尔忒弥斯计划(Ar-temis program)的NASA下一代航天服——探索舱外机动系统(xEMU)的研制进展情况,认为NASA很难实现预期的研制进度目标,或将由此导致无法在2024年底如期实施载人登月.     

俄罗斯的海鹰型航天服

苏联和俄罗斯的所有出舱活动航天服都是由“星辰”公司研究、设计和生产出来的。该公司到目前为止已经研制出10种型号的出舱活动航天服,但仅有6种曾在载人航天中使用过,而且主要使用的是其中的4种,即海鹰-D型航天服、海鹰-DM型航天服、海鹰-DMA型航天服和海鹰-M型航天服。     

美科学家为航天服“瘦身”

美国麻省理工学院的研究人员正在研发一种类似紧身衣的轻薄高科技航天服，而且这种航天服还能根据周围环境的变化改变颜色。提到航天员．人们脑海中的形象是一个身穿臃肿航天服的人。臃肿的航天服对航天员的活动限制很大．虽然在重力较小的环境中．那些限制并无大碍．但对于将来前往月球和火星探索的航天员来说。     

画说航天服

航天服是航天员进入太空必须穿的服装，一般由压力服、头盔、手套和鞋子等组成。航天服可不是一般的服装，它是保障航天员生命安全的最重要的个人救生设备。航天服按用途可分为舱内航天服和舱外航天服两大类，分别有软式、硬式和软硬混合式结构。相比之下舱内航天服的结构与功能较为简单，舱外航天服的结构复杂，     

舱外航天手套研究动向

舱外航天手套（ＥＶＡＧｌｏｖｅｓ）是航天服一个重要组成部分。由于外层空间恶劣环境（真空、极端温度、电离、辐射等）,手套应具有隔热、保暖、防微流陨石的功能。另一方面,由于航天员出舱主要用手来执行任务,要求手套不影响手的灵活、运动、触觉等特性。介绍舱外航天手套的基本功能、结构、目前存在的问题以及研究动向。     

舱内航天服散热途径分析

为分析常压下航天员穿着舱内航天服时的散热性能，６名健康男性青年按二次复合设计分组共进行２４人次试验，经分析计算了获得了服装各散热途径的散热率随通风气源参数及人体活动水平变化的数学模型。对影响服装散热性能的因素及服装散热特性进行了分析讨论。     

First-order feasibility analysis of a space suit radiator concept based on estimation of water mass sublimation using Apollo mission data

Thermal control of a space suit during extravehicular activity (EVA) is typically accomplished by sublimating water to provide system cooling. Spacecraft, on the other hand, primarily rely on radiators to dissipate heat. Integrating a radiator into a space suit has been proposed as an alternative design that does not require mass consumption for heat transfer. While providing cooling without water loss offers potential benefits for EVA application, it is not currently practical to rely on a directional, fixed-emissivity radiator to maintain thermal equilibrium of a spacesuit where the radiator orientation, environmental temperature, and crew member metabolic heat load fluctuate unpredictably. One approach that might make this feasible, however, is the use of electrochromic devices that are capable of infrared emissivity modulation and can be actively controlled across the entire suit surface to regulate net heat flux for the system. Integrating these devices onto the irregular, compliant space suit material requires that they be fabricated on a flexible substrate, such as Kapton film. An initial assessment of whether or not this candidate technology presents a feasible design option was conducted by first characterizing the mass of water loss from sublimation that could theoretically be saved if an electrochromic suit radiator was employed for thermal control. This is particularly important for lunar surface exploration, where the expense of transporting water from Earth is excessive, but the technology is potentially beneficial for other space missions as well. In order to define a baseline for this analysis by comparison to actual data, historical documents from the Apollo missions were mined for comprehensive, detailed metabolic data from each lunar surface outing, and related data from NASA’s more recent “Advanced Lunar Walkback” tests were also analyzed. This metabolic database was then used to validate estimates for sublimator water consumption during surface EVAs, and solar elevation angles were added to predict the performance of an electrochromic space suit radiator under Apollo conditions. Then, using these actual data sets, the hypothetical water mass savings that would be expected had this technology been employed were calculated. The results indicate that electrochromic suit radiators would have reduced sublimator water consumption by 69.0% across the entire Apollo program, for a total mass savings of 68.5 kg to the lunar surface. Further analysis is needed to determine the net impact as a function of the complete system, taking into account both suit components and consumable mass, but the water mass reduction found in this study suggests a favorable system trade is likely.     

Theoretical performance analysis of electrochromic radiators for space suit thermal control

Variable emissivity electrochromics have been proposed as an enabling technology for integrating a radiator capability into a space suit in order to augment or replace the traditional means of heat rejection achieved via water sublimation. Thermal analysis was performed to establish design trade spaces and to provide operational guidelines and performance specifications for electrochromic technology development. Based on using the available surface area of an entire space suit as a radiator and the projected infrared emissivity modulation capability of state-of-the-art electrochromic material, the proposed application for space suit heat rejection suggests the potential exists to reduce or eliminate reliance on water consumption for thermal control within a defined range of metabolic and environmental boundary conditions.     

应用“出汗”暖体假人设计,评价航天服调温功能

详细地论述了“出汗”暖体假人在设计与评价防护服中的应用，包括通风服、液冷服及防寒服中关于身体各节段的流量分布、服装隔热值与表面热流以及进口液温和流率对服装致冷能力的影响等问题。目的是为使用“出汗”暖体假人技术在设计与评价航天服调温功能研究中提供启示和借鉴     

航天员出舱活动地面试验系统设计与实现

为了完成航天员的出舱活动任务,必须建设可以验证航天员出舱活动适应性的地面试验设备。文章描述了航天员出舱活动地面试验设备的系统构成、性能指标以及实现方法,给出了航天员出舱活动试验过程的实际过程曲线。试验结果表明:该地面试验设备可以满足航天员出舱活动试验任务的要求,拓宽了空间环境地面试验的领域范围,提升了空间环境地面模拟的能力,并为后续有人参与的空间环境地面试验提供了能力保证。     

液冷装备散热能力的工程生理学分析

文章对航空航天活动中使用的液冷装备散热能力影响因素,从工程生理学角度进行分析讨论,以便能够结合实际情况,合理选用有关参数,提出最佳设计方案,从而使制作的装备,具有更高的人-环热交换能力,更好地保证人-机工效,最终圆满完成各种飞行任务. 所讨论的影响因素包括:(1)关于液温与流量问题;(2)致冷部位与液流方向;(3)装备内的水汽压问题;(4)身体不同活动水平以及(5)服装结构、接触面积、隔热性能和使用方法等.     

中国航天医学进展

航天医学是随着载人航天事业的发展而兴起的一门特种医学学科、随着人类对太空的不断探索,从学科创建至今的短短几十年时间取得了巨大的发展,我国的载人航天工程于20世纪90年代初启动,但航天医学发展的历史却可追溯到50年代末,特别是近10年来,我国载人航天工程的启动为航天医学的发展带来了重大机遇,目前,我国首次载人航天飞行已获圆满成功,首飞航天员也已安全、健康地重返地球,航天医学专家们与航天员一同经受住了首次载人航天飞行的考验、本文简要介绍了我国航天医学的基础研究和应用研究,以及取得的进展,并展望了今后将面临的挑战和机遇。     

Establishing space industry in developing countries: Opportunities and difficulties

Although it is generally agreed that the outer space should be used for the benefit of all mankind, only a fraction of the countries have the necessary technological base for accessing space. Space technology, with its implications on science, economy and well-being of citizens, is mostly chosen as one of the priority areas for technological development by developing countries. However, there is already an over-capacity in global space industry and there are doubts on necessity of additional capacity establishment by developing countries. In this study, the importance and benefits of capacity-building in these countries are emphasized and the advantages and disadvantages that developing countries have in the framework of space technology acquisition are briefly presented. The feasibility of certain levels of space technology is discussed and the necessity of combining existing indigenous capabilities with technology obtained from foreign sources in the optimal way is stressed. We have also mentioned various general mechanisms of technology transfer and argued the importance of licensing in catching-up developed countries. After considering the necessary conditions of efficiency of technology, such as establishment of regional centers of space science and technology education by United Nations, joint development of space systems, complete technology transfer packages, cooperative space projects within regional organizations, coordinated constellations and special agreements with large space agencies, which are specific mechanisms already in use, are reviewed. Some typical examples of mechanisms are also given with special emphasize on small satellite technology that makes access to space affordable for many countries. Through sharing and analyzing the experience of developing countries in their odyssey of space capacity-building, the difficulties can be negotiated and the vicious circles can be broken. This study, in our view, is a step to incite a general discussion of obstacles and opportunities for developing countries, that could help them in using their limited resources effectively, hence, enable them to offer better conditions to their citizens and to contribute space science to a larger extend.     

Development of Operational Space Weather Prediction Models

In this report, we summarize the needs of space weather models, and recommend that developing operational prediction models, rather than transitioning from research to operation, is a more feasible and critical way for space weather services in the near future. Operational models for solar wind speed, geomagnetic indices, magnetopause, plasma sheet energetic electrons, inner boundary of ion plasma sheet, energetic electrons in outer radiation belt, and thermospheric density at low Earth orbit, have been developed and will be introduced briefly here. Their applications made a big progress in space weather services during the past two years in China.