Reducing geometric dilution of precision using ridge regression

A signal processing technique is proposed for improving position-fix navigation system accuracy performance when the geometry of the navigation landmarks (e.g. sensors) are nearly collinear. In the navigation literature, the accuracy degradation associated with a nearly collinear measure geometry is termed the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). Its presence causes not only the variance of the position estimates to be highly inflated but also any bias terms which may be present in the model. Since a nearly collinear predictor matrix is mathematically equivalent to GDOP, it is proposed to use the ridge regression technique in a navigation signal processor. A position-fix algorithm based on ridge regression reduces the bias and variance inflation caused by GDOP and the overall mean-squared position error as well. Ridge regression contains the GDOP-sensitive least-mean-square (LMS) estimator as a special case. Even with a matched model, GDOP can inflate the mean-square error (MSE) of the ordinary least-squares estimator, whereas the ridge regression technique chooses a suitable biased estimator that will reduce the MSE, which is the main goal. The ridge concept is extended to include GDOP-amplified bias errors. A simple range/range navigation system is analyzed to illustrate the underlying principles of ridge regression     

SINS/BDS紧组合系统中自适应 两阶段扩展卡尔曼滤波

在实际应用中，以伪距/伪距率为观测量的SINS/BDS紧组合导航系统，存在量测噪声的统计特性与实际不相符的情况，传统扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）方法无法有效解决这一问题，从而引起滤波误差增大。提出了一种SINS/BDS紧组合导航系统的GDOP估算及在线估计量测噪声的自适应两阶段EKF（ATEKF）方法，该方法使用经过紧组合修正后的SINS输出的位置，并结合星历数据中提供的卫星位置求解GDOP。在此基础上，利用GDOP值以及新息，实现了紧组合导航系统的量测噪声方差阵（Rk）的在线实时估计，从而达到自适应滤波的效果，改善导航精度。     

涡轮泵转子的临界转速研究(Ⅳ)分布质量轴的传递矩阵法

根据旋转的 Timoskenko梁的运动微分方程式 ,导出分布质量轴段的 4× 4阶精确传递矩阵 ,计入轴分布质量的平动惯量、转动惯量、陀螺力矩和剪切变形的影响 ,并计算了三个转子的临界转速。算例的计算结果表明 ,轴模型是否按分布质量考虑、是否计入平动惯量、转动惯量、陀螺力矩和剪切变形 ,对临界转速有明显的差别 ;同时在等截面轴不分段情况下 ,传递矩阵的计算结果和精确解一致性很好 ,表明计算实际转轴临界转速时 ,只需按截面不同划分轴段 ,即所取的轴分段数量少 ,就可以达到很高的计算精度     

仿昆扑翼飞行器的翅膀惯性力分析

用理论模化和仿真试验相结合的方法,研究了昆虫翅膀扑动产生的惯性力和惯性力矩.在昆虫扑翼飞行运动的仿生模拟基础上,研究了翅膀扑动过程中拍动幅度、拍动加(减)速周期、平动迎角和翻转加(减)速周期4个振翅运动参数对翅膀惯性力(矩)的影响.研究表明:微小尺度昆虫高频扑翅产生的惯性力幅值与气动力的幅值大致相当;昆虫翅膀的弦向转动惯量比展向转动惯量近似高一个数量级;翅膀拍动惯性力矩的影响远远高于翅膀转动惯性力矩的影响,而转动惯性力矩是可以忽略不计的;只要翅膀的拍动是对称的,就可认为翅膀的扑动是近似对称的;如果翅膀拍动对称的同时转动对称,就可认为翅膀的扑动是严格对称的,此时翅膀惯性力可以忽略.      

Adaptive Sliding Control of Six-DOF Flight Simulator Motion Platform

本文使用Newton-Euler法推导了六自由度飞行模拟器运动平台完整的线性化形式的动力学方程,并以此为基础,提出了一种在任务空间中的非线性自适应滑模控制方法。这种控制方法将系统中的不确定性分为定常不确定参数和时变不确定参数,利用非线性自适应控制对定常不确定参数进行辨识,同时结合滑模控制对时变不确定参数和外部扰动进行补偿。通过数值仿真分析表明,该控制策略能准确识别运动平台的载荷、惯量、重心等参数,同时又能有效地提高系统的鲁棒性能。     

基于不敏变换的GDOP计算

现有文献一般采用线性化的方法得到非线性系统的定位精度几何稀释(Geometrical Dilution of Precision,GDOP)。然而,当定位系统的非线性较强时,线性化方法得到的GDOP同系统实际定位误差存在较大的偏差。针对这种情况,提出采用不敏变换(Unscented Transformation,UT)计算GDOP的方法,并通过一个数值例子进行了验证。     

Theory of the Gyrovibrator

After a short abstract of the theory for the gyroscope, the theory for the gyrovibrator,1 an angular rate-measuring device, is presented. It is shown that, in contrast to the theory given by Diamantides,1 the output signal and the natural frequency of the vibrating body depend on all three principal moments of inertia of the vibrating body.     

PASSIVE LOCATION AND ACCURACY ANALYSIS USING TDOA INFORMATION OF MULTI-STATIONS

ＰＡＳＳＩＶＥＬＯＣＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＡＣＣＵＲＡＣＹＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＵＳＩＮＧＴＤＯＡＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＭＵＬＴＩ┐ＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＳＹａｎｇＬｉｎ（杨林）,ＺｈｏｕＹｉｙｕ（周一宇）,ＳｕｎＺｈｏｎｇｋａｎｇ（孙仲康）（Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆ...     

Euler angle dilution of precision in GPS attitude determination

The geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) is a useful parameter that indicates the effectiveness of the GPS satellite geometry on the positional navigation performance. In this work, the concept of the dilution of precision is extended to the attitude navigation solution. A new set of parameters, referred to as the Euler angle dilution of precision (EADOP), is defined. The validity and the usefulness of the new parameters are verified through simulations. Two scenarios involving a stationary platform and a moving platform are investigated. The results show that the EADOP is a good indication of the expected accuracy of the Euler angle estimates     

对接仿真试验台杠铃式质量惯量模拟技术研究

针对地面航天器对接动力学全物理仿真试验台,提出采用质量惯量模拟技术模拟航天器的质量、惯量特性,以便灵活的适应不同吨位航天器对接试验。设计了杠铃式质量惯量模拟结构。介绍了杠铃式模拟件的结构特点,确定调整参数,调整范围,对模拟误差进行了分析。结果表明杠铃式质量惯量模拟件模拟准确,调整简单、方便。     

基于IPSO-Elman神经网络的飞机客舱能耗预测

为了提高飞机客舱使用地面空调制冷时客舱能耗的预测精度,提出了一种改进的粒子群优化（IPSO）Elman神经网络的飞机客舱能耗预测模型。依据对算法中惯性权重与学习因子的收敛域分析,得出了二者合理的取值范围,将粒子到全局最优位置间距离与参数的取值范围相结合,构造了惯性权重与学习因子的动态调节函数,对其进行非线性的动态调节,并引入了变异因子,提出了一种跳出局部最优的策略,防止粒子群优化（PSO）陷入局部最优。将IPSO-Elman应用于Boeing738飞机客舱能耗预测中,与PSO-Elman、Elman算法进行性能比较,仿真结果表明基于IPSO-Elman的客舱能耗预测模型在预测精度和收敛速度方面均有一定的提升。该研究结果为飞机客舱能耗预测模型的建立提供了理论依据,对飞机地面空调的节能与机场电能合理调配提供了支持。     

高速发动机油膜惯性对活塞裙润滑影响

利用一种新的迭代算法 ,分析了高速发动机油膜惯性对活塞裙润滑特性的影响 .该迭代方法是利用有限元法和差分法交替求解Navier Stocks方程和雷诺方程 ,据此导出了适用于高速发动机活塞裙的润滑计算的混和润滑雷诺模型 .新的模型借助惯性系数 ,引入了油膜惯性项 ;同时给出求解含有油膜惯性项的迭代步骤和有限元表达式。计算结果表明 :随着惯性系数和活塞裙的长径比的不同 ,油膜惯性会对油膜的摩擦力、压力和承载力产生不同的影响 ,这种影响对承载力尤为明显 .该润滑模型也可用于中、低速发动机的活塞裙润滑计算以及不计入惯性项 (惯性系数置为零 )的某些润滑问题求解 .     

布站方式对基于TDOA的干扰源定位影响分析

介绍了到达时间差(TDOA)算法的基本原理,并分析了定位存在模糊解区域和无解区域的原因.对二维不同布站条件下的模糊解区域进行仿真,得到了不同角度、不同基线长度布站方式下的模糊解区域分布,总结了布站方式对二维模糊解区域分布的影响.基于TDOA的几何精度因子(GDOP)方法分析了基线长度和布站形状对定位精度的影响,在四站三...     

Mercury’s Interior Structure, Rotation, and Tides

This review addresses the deep interior structure of Mercury. Mercury is thought to consist of similar chemical reservoirs (core, mantle, crust) as the other terrestrial planets, but with a relatively much larger core. Constraints on Mercury’s composition and internal structure are reviewed, and possible interior models are described. Large advances in our knowledge of Mercury’s interior are not only expected from imaging of characteristic surface features but particularly from geodetic observations of the gravity field, the rotation, and the tides of Mercury. The low-degree gravity field of Mercury gives information on the differences of the principal moments of inertia, which are a measure of the mass concentration toward the center of the planet. Mercury’s unique rotation presents several clues to the deep interior. From observations of the mean obliquity of Mercury and the low-degree gravity data, the moments of inertia can be obtained, and deviations from the mean rotation speed (librations) offer an exciting possibility to determine the moment of inertia of the mantle. Due to its proximity to the Sun, Mercury has the largest tides of the Solar System planets. Since tides are sensitive to the existence and location of liquid layers, tidal observations are ideally suited to study the physical state and size of the core of Mercury.     

大尺寸缩比自由飞模型惯性矩测量与调整方法

给出了双线摆法测大尺寸缩比自由飞试验模型惯性矩的方法和流程,并根据飞机类模型的惯性矩特点,提出了大尺寸缩比自由飞试验模型惯性矩调整所需的配重计算方法.双线摆法测量原理简单,不需要复杂的测量设备,具有较好的工程实用性.应用实例证明,模型飞机调整后的惯性矩与目标状态符合较好,测量精度满足工程应用要求.     

Additional results on `reducing geometric dilution of precisionusing ridge regression'

R.J. Kelly (1990) presented preliminary results on the feasibility of using ridge regression to reduce the effects of geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) error inflation in position-fix navigation systems. Results indicate that the ridge technique will not reduce bias inflation due to the effects of GDOP in applications where bias-like measurement errors persist for time periods which greatly exceed the response time of an aircraft's guidance loop. This conclusion will preclude the use of ridge regression on navigation systems whose dominant error sources are bias-like. This applies in particular to the Global Positioning System (GPS) selective availability error source. All the simulation results given in Kelly's work are, however, valid for the conditions defined. Although ridge regression has not yielded a satisfactory solution to the general GDOP problem, it has illuminated the role that multicollinearity plays in navigation signal processors such as the Kalman filter. After a background discussion, bias inflation, initial position guess errors, ridge parameter selection methodology, and the recursive ridge filter, are discussed     

基于LSTM的空间机器人系统惯性张量在轨辨识

在空间机器人抓捕目标的过程中,整个系统的惯性张量会随时间变化且在目标被捕获瞬间发生突变,这会严重影响整体姿态控制的精度。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于长短期记忆（LSTM）的系统惯性张量在轨实时辨识方法。首先,对于目标捕获前后的2个阶段,利用拉格朗日方程建立了空间机器人的动力学模型;然后,基于所建空间机器人模型采用域随机化方法生成足量训练数据,并用其对由LSTM网络与多层全连接网络构建的参数辨识网络进行训练;最后,使用训练好的参数辨识网络对系统惯性张量进行辨识。数值仿真结果表明：所提方法能够精确辨识空间机器人抓捕过程中的系统惯性张量,所研究系统的主惯量平均相对辨识误差小于0.001,惯性积的平均相对辨识误差小于0.01。     

考虑测量噪声的朗道自适应惯量辨识方法

传统朗道自适应惯量辨识方法只有一个自适应系数可以调节,难以同时兼顾辨识速度和辨识精度,导致速度自适应控制系统在测量噪声较大的情况下容易不稳定。为解决这一问题,提出了一种考虑测量噪声的朗道自适应惯量辨识方法。该方法采用相同的低通滤波器对速度和电磁转矩同时进行滤波,保证了辨识模型与无滤波时的相同。在此基础上综合调节自适应系数和滤波器时间常数,在保证辨识速度的前提下减小辨识系统的噪声,提高辨识精度,从而提高了速度自适应控制系统的稳定性。仿真和试验验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

一种多点定位的目标位置精确解算方法

多点定位是民航飞机导航系统的新技术,精确的目标位置解算方法是多点定位的关键.通过设定参考站和变换,将非线性到达时间(TOA)方程组转化为线性到在时间差(TDOA)方程组,提出了一种两步求解目标位置的闭式算法.首先忽略TDOA测量误差,获得了目标位置的粗解,在粗解的基础上做泰勒级数展开,克服了未知量不独立对精度的影响,再...     

控制力矩陀螺磁轴承-框架动力学耦合特性仿真研究简

框架角速率精度决定着控制力矩陀螺输出的姿态控制力矩精度,前者的精度由框架伺服电机力矩精度和框架转动惯量决定.磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺框架转动和陀螺转子的微小扭摆运动间存在动力学耦合,其框架表现出比标称值大的等效转动惯量.在柔性结构框架动力学模型和磁轴承刚度-阻尼模型基础上,研究磁轴承-框架动力学特性,推导出框架等效转动惯量和磁轴承控制参数之间的关系式,表明调整磁轴承控制参数能增大框架等效转动惯量,提高框架角速率精度.根据闭环系统稳定性和轴承承载力,确定了磁轴承控制参数取值范围,并给出了框架等效转动惯量的调节范围.通过对某小型磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺框架角速率控制系统的Simulink仿真,证明了控制力矩精度可以提高5倍,验证了模型的准确性.