不同地磁活动期间地球同步轨道高能电子通量分析

文章利用地球同步轨道GOES～12卫星1986-2006年约两个太阳活动周期的高能电子角通量密度数据,分析了在地磁平静期或不同程度磁暴期间高能电子通量的变化,为建立更精确的航天器内部充电动态模型奠定基础.研究结果表明:地球同步轨道高能电子通量随太阳活动周期的变化规律表现为,在太阳活动极大年通量较低,极小年反而较高;高能电子通量随季节的变化规律表现为,在冬至和夏至附近通量达到最低值,春秋分附近达到最高值;Dst指数最小时,对应的高能电子通量一般较低.     

MEO卫星内部充电环境及典型材料充电特征分析

文章利用通用模型DICTAT,计算了恶劣期地球中高轨道(MEO)高能电子通量随卫星运行位置的变化情况以及日均积分能谱,之后选择4种参数具有代表性的电介质材料,分析了其在MEO环境下的充电特征,并将上述结果与地球同步轨道(GEO)情况进行了对比。结果表明,通常而言MEO卫星的内部充电风险更高,平均充电电位是GEO的3倍左右,而且充电电位在整个轨道周期内起伏变化明显,电位达到最高值的时间相对于高能电子通量最大值有0.3~0.9 h的延迟,具体的变化特征由电介质材料时间常数决定。     

大椭圆轨道航天器介质材料深层充电仿真分析

为研究大椭圆轨道(HEO)航天器介质深层充电规律特征,基于FLUMIC模型建立辐射带电子环境模式,初步分析了诱发HEO深层充电的高能电子环境,计算了介质材料在HEO环境下的充电特征,并与地球同步轨道(GEO)下的情况进行对比。结果表明,HEO电子平均积分通量与GEO的相比处于同一量级,但存在明显波动,这将导致卫星在轨运行时,其上介质平均充电电位上升,增加内带电的风险。HEO介质平均充电电位为GEO的1.3倍,瞬时电位以12 h周期波动,电位最大值较环境电子通量最大值有数十min延时。增加屏蔽层厚度和减小介质厚度均能有效减缓HEO卫星介质电位波动,并降低内带电的风险。     

航天器太阳电池阵空间外热流环境模型及分析

文章通过对航天器运行的空间外热流环境进行分析,给出太阳电池阵接收热流及其角系数的计算方法;对低地球轨道和地球同步轨道的地球阴影进行分析,得出太阳电池阵进出阴影的时刻以及轨道周期时间节点;通过对太阳电池阵的各部件有限元建模,计算出摇臂架、电池基板和铰链表面的热流载荷,并对比分析了不同轨道条件下热流载荷随轨道周期性的变化规律。     

用REM测量空间辐射环境

我们通常使用AE-8/AP-8模型来描述在地球辐射带质子和电子的通量。这两个模型是依据六七十年代的数据建立的。该模型有太阳活动极小年和太阳活动极大年两个版本，但基本还是一个静止的模型。该模型有很多缺点，最突出的是没有描述任何变化，     

地球同步轨道系列卫星自主空间辐射环境监测及应用

对地球同步轨道空间辐射环境监测及应用进行了研究。给出了持续开展的国外GOES系列卫星和国内FY-2系列卫星的地球同步轨道空间粒子辐射探测介绍,以及AE8和AP8、AE9和AP9、POLE、FLUMIC等用于地球同步轨道带电粒子辐射环境评估的经验模型发展。我国自主高能带电粒子辐射监测自20世纪90年代中后期开始,FY-2系列卫星上的带电粒子探测仪器经过了两代卫星的技术巩固和第三代卫星的创新发展,实现了更精细的能道划分并拓宽了对带电粒子辐射能谱的探测。介绍了用FY-2系列卫星获得的不同扰动状态下高能电子能谱特性,兆电子伏特级高能电子快速、缓慢增强事件,以及与GOES-13,15卫星联合应用分析高能电子不同地方时动态与太阳质子事件动态演化结果。用FY-2系列卫星获得的观测数据能准确、灵敏反映轨道空间高能带电粒子的动态变化;与GOES系列卫星的同期观测结果比较既反映出相对平静时的趋于一致性,又反映了强扰动下的显著短时局地差异,这为开展该轨道粒子辐射实测数据多星联合分析,发展磁层对扰动响应更全面、更复杂的图像,为带电粒子起源、重新分布、损失机制等深入研究提供了可能。在最新的第一代静止气象卫星FY-4卫星上,带电粒子探测仪器兼顾了能谱和方向的设计,既具备FY-2系列卫星平台高能电子、质子全能谱的探测,又增加了高能电子的多方向探测。目前除GOES系列卫星以外,仅有我国地球同步轨道系列卫星可提供持续的轨道空间粒子辐射环境长期实测记录,数据的长时间积累和信息丰富将促进地球同步轨道空间粒子辐射经验模型向更精细化的方向发展,并推动我国空间粒子辐射环境理论和自主建模研究,更好地服务于我国空间天气监测预警业务。     

高能带电粒子威胁着空间飞行器

高能带电粒子威胁着空间飞行器最近美国洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家发现了环绕地球的高能带电粒子与太阳活动周期之间的关系，并为卫星设计人员提供了有关数据。高能带电粒子的数目对于卫星能否成功运行起着很重要的作用。活跃在地球磁层的高能带电粒子是威胁卫星无...     

地球同步轨道卫星在轨异常与空间环境相关性分析

利用中国FY和美国GOES卫星探测数据,对中国某同步轨道卫星发生在2010年至2015年的44次可能与空间环境相关的异常进行了研究,重点分析了异常发生的时间分布、伴随的空间环境现象和空间粒子分布特征,并利用DICTAT模拟计算了卫星异常期间介质内部最大电场强度,结果表明:(1)内部充电是造成"3·17"卫星异常的主要原因。(2)79.5%卫星异常发生在日侧,这与能量2Me V的高能电子通量随地方时分布非常一致。(3)多达25次(57%)的异常事件伴随高能电子暴。能量2Me V电子通量的50%位数在异常前3-4天开始出现明显增强,内部充电危险商数ZIC在异常前2天进入黄色风险等级;能量2Me V电子通量的75%位数在异常前4天开始出现明显增强,ZIC在异常前2天先后2次进入红色风险等级。(4)在II类、III类和IV类情形下,DICTAT模拟计算得到的介质内部最大电场分别在19.2、50.4和9.8小时之后超过并维持在106V.m-1以上,该范围的内部电场强度存在潜在的放电危险,高能电子诱发的内部充电是造成我国同步轨道卫星异常的主要原因。     

太阳同步轨道立方星任务轨道演化分析

立方星是近年来微小卫星领域的研究热点,文章以太阳同步轨道(SSO)立方星任务为例,研究地球非球形引力项J2和大气阻力对立方星轨道演化的影响。分别研究了轨道高度、太阳活动指数F10.7和大气模型对SSO立方星轨道演化的影响,进行了数值仿真验证。研究表明:大气阻力摄动对SSO立方星轨道寿命影响很大,影响结果与轨道高度之间存在非线性关系;太阳活动高、低年时的轨道演化差异明显,且演化量随F10.7的变化是非线性的;不同大气模型下的轨道演化情况存在差异,大多数模型所对应的轨道演化量的量级基本一致。上述影响分析对SSO立方星任务轨道的选定及轨道控制具有一定的参考价值。     

一种晨昏轨道卫星地球反照系数估计方法

针对地球反照对太阳同步轨道卫星太阳电池阵输出电流的影响,首先比较不同降交点地方时卫星的太阳电池阵输出电流,分析其变化规律,然后选定晨昏轨道卫星作为研究对象,建立太阳电池阵输出电流模型与地球反照系数估计模型,利用最小二乘法估计电流参数与地球反照系数,最后结合不同季节、不同轨道高度卫星的遥测数据进行在轨验证。结果表明,对于轨道高度在1200km以下的晨昏轨道卫星,地球反照系数在0.05以上;地球反照系数随轨道高度增加呈指数规律衰减,衰减系数约为0.002。     

Near-Equatorial Electrons as Measured onboard the MirSpace Station

Some results of studying the electrons with energies of tens to hundreds of keV at the low and near- equatorial geomagnetic latitudes by using the instruments Sprut-V and Ryabina-2 onboard the Mirspace station in 1991 are presented. It is found that at L< 1.2 the enhanced electron fluxes are sporadically detected, being localized within three longitudinal intervals, 180° W–0°–15° E, 90°– 120° E, and 160° E–180°–135° W. The most intense electron fluxes are observed at the lower edge of the near-equatorial boundary of the inner radiation belt on longitudes of the South Atlantic Anomaly between 14 and 20 h MLT. The occurrence of electron bursts does not depend on the geomagnetic disturbance level. A hardening of the electron spectra is observed near the geomagnetic equator. At L< 1.1, the more energetic particles are located closer to the geomagnetic equator. The results are compared with the data on the low-frequency waves and fields at low and near-equatorial latitudes obtained by the Ariel-4and San Marco Dsatellites, as well as by the spacecraft and ground-based observations of the thunderstorm global distribution. The thunderstorms are considered as a possible source of electron production near the geomagnetic equator.     

太阳高能粒子在行星际中的扩散过程

当太阳活动频繁,特别是有耀斑爆发或者日冕物质抛射驱动的激波时,经常能够观察到高能粒子(能量从几十keV到几十MeV)通量突然增加,这种由太阳活动产生的高能粒子事件被称为太阳高能粒子事件。文章研究了耀斑和日冕物质抛射产生的两类高能粒子事件,重点讨论了高能粒子横越磁力线的扩散对粒子在行星际空间传播过程中所起到的作用,给出了对于不同扩散系数条件的数值模拟结果。     

Bursts of geomagnetic pulsations in the frequency range 0.2-5 Hz excited by large changes of the solar wind pressure

We present the results of studying the magnetospheres’s response to sharp changes of the solar wind flow (pressure) based on observations of variations of the ions flux of the solar wind onboard the Inreball-1 satellite and of geomagnetic pulsations (the data of two mid-latitude observatories and one auroral observatory are used). It is demonstrated that, when changes of flow runs into the magnetosphere, in some cases short (duration ~ < 5 min) bursts of geomagnetic pulsations are excited in the frequency range Δf~ 0.2–5 Hz. The bursts of two types are observed: noise bursts without frequency changes and wide-band ones with changing frequency during the burst. A comparison is made of various properties of these bursts generated by pressure changes at constant velocity of the solar wind and by pressure changes on the fronts of interplanetary shock waves at different directions of the vertical component of the interplanetary magnetic field.     

Low Altitude Cusp–Cleft Region Signatures of Strong Geomagnetic Disturbances

The polar cusp being a region of the free access of the solar wind into the inner magnetosphere is also the site of turbulent plasma flow. The cusp area at low altitudes acts like a focus of a variety type of instability and disturbances from different regions of the Earth. Daily f ₀ F2 frequencies are discussed regarding the cusp position. The high time resolution wave measurements together with electron and ion energetic spectra measurements registered on the board the Freja satellite and Magion-3 and the electron density at the peak of f ₀ F2 layers collected from ground-based ionosonde measurements were used to study the response of ionospheric plasma within the cusp–cleft region to the strong geomagnetic storm. In this paper we present the response of the ionospheric plasma to the disturbed conditions seen in the topside wave measurements and in the ionospheric characteristics maps obtained from the ground-based VI network. The need of the cusp feature model for radio communication purposes is advocated.     

Modeling the Modification of the Nighttime High-Latitude F-Region by Powerful HF Radiowaves

A mathematical model of the high-latitude F-region, taking the ionospheric plasma convection into account, is used for modeling a response of the auroral F-region to irradiation by powerful high-frequency (HF) radiowaves. The model enables us to calculate the time variations in the profiles of the electron concentration, the velocity of positive ions, and the ion and electron temperatures in the part of a magnetic-flux tube moving over an artificial ionospheric heater under the action of a convective electric field. The modeling was carried out for a part of the magnetic flux tube intersecting the F-layer irradiated by the Norwegian heater at Tromsö when it is located near the midnight magnetic meridian. The calculations were made for the equinox conditions under the high solar and low geomagnetic activity. The results of our modeling show that substantial variations in the profiles of the electron temperature, the velocity of positive ions, and the electron concentration can be produced in the nighttime high-latitude F-layer due to HF heating. The perturbation caused by a 20 s rectangular pulse should exist for about 20 min at the level of the F-layer maximum. The disturbed plasma volume can leave the region irradiated by the heater and move away for over 500 km within the above-mentioned time period.     

Reconstruction of space weather physical parameters on 400-year scale

The main goal of this paper is to get physically informative comprehensive data about dynamics of the solar magnetic field, geomagnetic field, and interplanetary magnetic field over large time scales. The total sunspot magnetic flux, aa and IDV indices of geomagnetic activity, the IMF strength, the dipole-octopole index of the large-scale magnetic field of the Sun, and the open magnetic flux are reconstructed for 400 years. The reconstruction of the π index of the large-scale polar magnetic field of the Sun is performed for 150 years.     

Solar cycle variation of “killer” electrons at geosynchronous orbit and electron flux correlation with the solar wind parameters and ULF waves intensity

To construct models for hazard prediction from radiation belt particles to satellite electronics, one should know temporal behavior of the particle fluxes. We analyzed 11-year variation in relativistic electron flux (E>2 MeV) at geosynchronous orbit using measurements made by GOES satellites during the 23rd sunspot cycle. As it is believed that electron flux enhancements are connected with the high-speed solar wind streams and ULF or/and VLF activity in the magnetosphere, we studied also solar cycle changes in rank order cross-correlation of the outer radiation belt electron flux with the solar wind speed and both interplanetary and on-ground wave intensity. Data from magnetometers and plasma sensors onboard the spacecraft ACE and WIND, as well as magnetic measurements at two mid-latitude diametrically opposite INTERMAGNET observatories were used. Results obtained show that average value of relativistic electron flux at the decay and minimum phases of solar activity is one order higher than the flux during maximum sunspot activity. Of all solar wind parameters, only solar wind speed variation has significant correlation with changes in relativistic electron flux, taking the lead over the latter by 2 days. Variations in ULF amplitude advance changes in electron flux by 3 days. Results of the above study may be of interest for model makers developing forecast algorithms.     

Protons with energy of E P ≥ MeV under the earth’s radiation belts

Variations in fluxes of quasi-trapped energetic protons were studied on the basis of the data of the CORONAS-I satellite. These variations are characterized by an increase in the proton fluxes with E _P ≥ 1 MeV both in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator and in the high-latitude region of the magnetosphere. The analysis of structural features of the proton distributions in the regions at L ～ 1–1.1; 3 < L < 4; and L > 4, was performed and made it possible to detect reliably the type of the proton flux increase in this region. The mechanisms of particle scattering leading to the precipitation of energetic protons under conditions of various types of geomagnetic disturbances are considered.     

Peculiarities of long-wave radio bursts from solar flares preceding strong geomagnetic storms

Radio bursts in the frequency range of 100–1500 kHz, recorded in 1997–2000 on the INTERBALL-1 satellite during the solar flares preceding the strong geomagnetic storms with D _st < ?100 nT, are analyzed in this paper. The observed long-wave III-type radio bursts of solar origin at frequencies of 1460 and 780 kHz were characterized by large values of the flux S _f = 10^?15 ?10^?17 W/m² Hz and duration longer than 10 min. The rapid frequency drift of a modulated radio burst continued up to a frequency of 250 kHz, which testified that the exciting agent (a beam of energetic electrons) propagated from the Sun to the Earth. All such flares were characterized by the appearance of halo coronal mass ejections, observed by the LASCO/SOHO, and by the presence of a southward B_z-component of the IMF, measured on the ACE and WIND spacecraft. In addition, shortly after radio bursts, the INTERBALL-1 satellite has recorded the fluxes of energetic electrons with E > 40 keV.     

A Magnetospheric Substorm and the Motion of the Magnetopause

Using a single event as an example, we make an analysis of the time development of a substorm and estimate its influence on the motion of the low-latitude boundary of the magnetosphere. To this end, we compare the data on plasma and magnetic field obtained by five spacecraft (WIND, INTERBALL-1, GEOTAIL, GOES-8, and GOES-9) with measurements made by ground-based stations. It is shown that the release of energy of the geomagnetic tail begins from a disruption of the current sheet near the Earth. The high-speed plasma stream that transfers a magnetic flux to the Earth and can have an effect on the magnetic field configuration near the Earth is detected later. Almost simultaneously with a substorm onset a series of magnetopause crossings has been detected by the INTERBALL-1 satellite on the evening side of the low-latitude magnetosphere. In this paper we consider some of possible causes of this motion of the magnetosphere boundary, including variations of parameters of the solar wind, Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and substorm processes. It is shown that fast motions of the magnetopause are detected almost simultaneously with field variations in the near magnetotail of the Earth and geomagnetic pulsations Pi2 on ground-based stations. A sufficiently high degree of correlation (K = 0.67) between the amplitude of Pi2 pulsations and the amplitude of magnetic field variations near the magnetopause is probably indicative of the connection of short-term motions of the magnetosphere boundary with the tail current disruption and the process of formation of a substorm current wedge.__________Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2005, pp. 248–259.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Nikolaeva, Parkhomov, Borodkova, Klimov, Nozdrachev, Romanov, Yermolaev.