Distributive Demand-Assigned Packet Switching with Trailer Transmissions

In a packet satellite system using ALOHA type random access techniques, channels and on-board processing may be effectively used to provide significant gains in throughput, delay, and bandwidth efficiency. Motivated by this conjecture, a distributive demand-assigned packet broadcast system through a processing satellite with multiple request channels and user buffers is first presented. This scheme is shown to be able to achieve the above goals except, as any other demand type scheme, it also exhibits relatively poor delay performance at low traffic when compared with pure random access schemes. An extended scheme using trailer transmission to improve delay performance at low traffic is then introduced. Two techniques for handling trailer transmissions are studied and compared. Both are shown to provide lower packet delay at light trafric. lay at light traffic.     

DBV-RCS中一种提高时延性能的时隙分配方法(英文)

在DVB-RCS卫星通信中,为某个业务分配的时隙在MF-TDMA帧中的位置分布将影响该业务的时延特性。本文分别针对固定速率和实时可变速率业务,对MF-TDMA的帧长度、终端分配的时隙数量及位置分布与业务时延性能之间的关系进行了建模分析。理论分析表明时隙位置是影响业务时延的一个重要因素,位置分布越均匀,越能提高业务的时延性能;时隙均匀分配相比传统的时隙连续分配可以有效降低业务平均时延,且时延不随帧长的变化而变化;在时隙均匀分配方式下,提高实时可变速率业务的带宽分配可以更有效的提高时延性能。在DVB-RCS标准基础上,提出了一种与标准完全兼容的时隙均匀分配方法(TUAM),通过计算机仿真验证了算法的有效性以及建模分析的正确性,该算法可有效地保证业务具有极低的平均时延和时延抖动,使得VoIP等实时业务不会由于端到端时延过大而丢包,提高了DVB-RCS系统对于实时业务QoS的保障能力。     

一种优先级区分的机载无线网络MAC层自适应退避算法

针对现有无线网络媒介接入控制(MAC)协议退避机制存在的竞争窗口(CW)易产生振荡、不能为紧急业务提供低时延QoS保障、难以区分服务类别等不足,提出了一种区分业务优先级的自适应退避(PAB)算法。该算法在二进制指数退避(BEB)算法的基础上,根据信道忙闲标识和业务优先级自适应选择相应退避阶段,通过参数设置可对不同优先级业务相邻退避阶段的前、后转移概率进行调整。利用二维马尔可夫链理论对PAB进行了建模分析,理论分析获得了饱和吞吐量和平均MAC时延的数学表达式,仿真实验结果表明:在机载无线网络(AN)环境下,PAB的性能相对BEB有了显著提升,可有效保障机载无线网络多业务类型的传输需求。     

性能保证条件下航空电子高速交换机的加速方法

 以保证航空电子互连网络的确定性延迟和高带宽为目的,建立航空电子交换式以太网（AFDX）承载于波分复用（WDM）之上的架构,兼容AFDX的延迟确定性和WDM的带宽可扩性,满足航空电子互连网络对实时性和高带宽的要求。通过对实时通信中周期性数据帧的分析,提出光波聚合加速方法,对输入端到达的数据帧进行重新分配和整型,充分利用每条光波的带宽资源,减少交换使用的波长数。在性能保证条件（100%通过率下保证有界延迟）下,对使用光波聚合方法的交换机制进行了数学推导。最后通过计算机仿真,以网络延迟时间率和加速因子为性能衡量指标推证了该加速方法的优越性和可行性。     

NEW DYNAMIC SLOT ASSIGNMENT SCHEME OF SELF-ORGANIZED TDMA VHF DATA LINK

Self- organized TDMA ( S- TDMA ) protocolproposed by Johnsson[1] in aeronautical VHF-band is the representation of the new generationVHF aeronautic data communication system.　　 A mobile station or a ground station can oc-cupy one time slot. A group of slots that span aperiod of one minute constitute one superframe.Each station broadcasts current and future slotreservation information periodically.A stationwill build up and maintain a reservation tablethrough receiving the periodic bro…     

Adaptive Forward Error Control for Digital Satellite Systems

Two hybrid schemes of time-frequency resource sharing to increase the rain margin of Ku-and Ka-band satellite systems are proposed. Scheme 1 requires sharing a small pool of bandwidth for adaptive forward error control coding, sharing a small pool of time frame for rate reduction, and sharing a portion of low frequency time-division multiple access (TDMA) back-up frame for downlink transmission to the rain affected stations. Scheme 2 utilizes variable rate modulation and forward error correction, shares a small pool of time frame for rate reduction, and shares a portion of low frequency TDMA back-up frame. Effective usable capacities of the system using these schemes are calculated. Distribution of resources in order to maximize the effective usable capacity is also analyzed. The results obtained are compared with other adaptive schemes. Preliminary analysis shows that the utilized capacity of scheme 1 exceeds 99 percent of the effective usable capacity possible if it never rains for an outage of 0.05 percent and fade margin of 2.5 dB. For scheme 2 similar performance is achievable at a fade margin of 1.5 dB. For higher outage objectives the loss of effective utilized capacity is higher for scheme 2.     

Wavelength dimensioning for wavelength-routed WDM satellite network

Internet and broadband applications driven by data traffic demand have become key dri-vers for satellite constellations. The key technology to satisfy the high capacity requirements between satellites is optical satellite networks by means of wavelength division multiplexing inter-satellite links (ISLs) with wavelength routing (WDM-OSN). Due to the limited optical amplifier bandwidth onboard the satellite, it is important to minimize the wavelength requirements to provi-sion requests. However, ISLs should be dynamically established and deleted for each satellite according to its visible satellites. Furthermore, different link assignments will result in different topologies, hence yielding different routings and wavelength assignments. Thus, a perfect match model-based link assignment scheme (LAS-PMM) is proposed to design an appropriate topology such that shorter path could be routed and less wavelengths could be assigned for each ISL along the path. Finally, simulation results show that in comparison to the regular Manhattan street net-work (MSN) topology, wavelength requirements and average end-to-end delay based on the topol-ogy generated by LAS-PMM could be reduced by 24.8%and 12.4%, respectively.     

A New Exposed-terminal-free MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Networks

This article presents a new multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocol to solve the exposed-terminal (ET) problem for efficient channel sharing in multi-hop wireless networks. It uses request-to-send and clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) dialogue on a common channel and flexibly opts for conflict-free traffic channels to carry out the data packet transmission on the basis of a new channel selection scheme. The acknowledgment (ACK) packet for the data packet transmission is sent back to the sender over another common channel thus completely eliminating the exposed-terminal effects. Any adjacent communication pair can take full advantage of multiple traffic channels without collision and the spatial reuse of the same channel is extended to other communication pairs which are even within 2 hops from them. In addition, the hidden-terminal effect is also considerably reduced because most of possible packet collisions on a single channel are avoided due to traffic load balance on multichannels. Finally, a performance comparison is made between the proposed protocol and other typical MAC protocols. Simulation results evidence its obvious superiority to the MAC protocols associated with other channel selection schemes and traditional ACK transmission scheme as well as cooperative asynchronous multichannel MAC (CAM-MAC) protocol in terms of four performance indices: total channel utilization, average channel utilization, average packet delay, and packet dropping rate.     

TP-Satellite: A New Transport Protocol for Satellite IP Networks

As a result of the exponential growth of the worldwide Internet, satellite systems are used to support broadband Internet access. Existing TCP protocols perform very well for Internet access on wired networks. However, in the case of satellite channels, due to the effects of high bandwidth asymmetry, long propagation delay, high sporadic bit error rate (BER) and burst errors, TCP performance degrades significantly. In this paper, a new end-to-end transport protocol, TP-Satellite, is proposed for satellite IP networks. TP-Satellite replaces the traditional slow start algorithm with a novel super start algorithm. In order to distinguish congestion events from link errors, a new scheme is introduced, which is based on alternate transmission of different class priority packets. Bandwidth asymmetry problems are addressed by the adoption of a modified negative acknowledgement (M-NACK) strategy, which periodically sends M-NACK packets. Simulation results show that TP-Satellite enhances the throughput performance on the forward path, reduces the bandwidth used in the reverse path, and offers a fair share of network resources.     

Overview of multiple satellite communication networks

Recently interest in packet communications has stimulated an interest in constellations of low altitude satellites. Such a configuration would have less propagation delay and be cheaper to launch than satellites at higher or geosynchronous altitude. However, many more satellites are necessary at low altitude to achieve reasonable coverage of the earth and insure availability of the resource. Further, the geometry of such a constellation would be dynamic with communication links of short duration as the satellites speed past each other or a ground site. The most difficult design issue in these systems is a stable method of routing messages that will sustain a reasonable level of traffic. This paper explores the problems of routing and switching messages through a constellation of low altitude satellites and examines some of the related demands on technology. The dynamic nature of crosslinks, uplinks, and downlinks requires a very agile antenna system, and the volume of information for routing of traffic is overwhelming. Use of some type of facetted phased array antenna is advocated to solve the former problem, but the latter problem is more subtle. Since the volume of ephemeris and constellation data as well as the rate of update is unmanageable, schemes relying on some form of broadcast or random access may be considered. It is concluded that none of the known or examined approaches to routing and switching is completely satisfactory     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Optimal below Threshold Delay Estimation for Radio Signals

Time delay estimation of a random signal observed at twospatially separated sites is a problem of considerable practicalinterest. Radio-frequency (RF) signals pose a difficulty that does notarise while treating sonar or other low frequency signals: the signalprocessing can be performed only on low frequency versions of theobserved signals. We propose an estimation scheme, based oncomplex envelopes, the mean square error (MSE) of which achievesthe performance predicted by Barankin, Bellini-Tartara, and Weiss-Weinsteinlower bounds. The proposed scheme was tested byextensive computer simulations, and the results are in closeagreement with theory predictions. Moreover, a real-time hardwareimplementation of the algorithm was developed and testedsuccessfully using real RF signals.     

Core-based Shared Tree Multicast Routing Algorithms for LEO Satellite IP Networks

A new core-based shared tree algorithm, viz core-cluster combination-based shared tree （CCST） algorithm and the weighted version （i.e. w-CCST algorithm） are proposed in order to resolve the channel resources waste problem in typical source-based multicast routing algorithms in low earth orbit （LEO） satellite IP networks. The CCST algorithm includes the dynamic approximate center （DAC） core selection method and the core-cluster combination multicast route construction scheme. Without complicated onboard computation, the DAC method is uniquely developed for highly dynamic networks of periodical and regular movement. The core-cluster combination method takes core node as the initial core-cluster, and expands it stepwise to construct an entire multicast tree at the lowest tree cost by a shortest path scheme between the newly-generated core-cluster and surplus group members, which results in great bandwidth utilization. Moreover, the w-CCST algorithm is able to strike a balance between performance of tree cost and that of end-to-end propagation delay by adjusting the weighted factor to meet strict end-to-end delay requirements of some real-time multicast services at the expense of a slight increase in tree cost. Finally, performance comparison is conducted between the proposed algorithms and typical algorithms in LEO satellite IP networks. Simulation results show that the CCST algorithm significantly decreases the average tree cost against to the others, and also the average end-to-end propagation delay ofw-CCST algorithm is lower than that of the CCST algorithm.     

A Kalman Tracker with a Simple Input Estimator

Two Kalman filter based schemes are proposed for tracking maneuvering targets. Both schemes use least squares to estimate a target's acceleration input vector and to update the tracker by this estimate. The first scheme is simpler and by an approximation to its input estimator the computation can be considerably reduced with insignificant performance degradation. The second scheme requires two Kalman filters and hence is more complex. However, since one of its two filters assumes input noise, it may outperform the first scheme when input noise is indeed present. A detector that compares the weighted norm of the estimated input vector to a threshold is used in each scheme. Its function is to guard against false updating of the trackers and to keep the error covariance small during constant velocity tracks. Simulation results for various target profiles are included. They show that in terms of tracking performance, both schemes are comparable. However, because of its computation simplicity, the first scheme is far superior.     

双口RAM在航天伺服系统中的应用

航天伺服系统中数据传输具有高速实时等特性,针对采用双口RAM进行并行数据传输时易发生冲突的问题,提出了一种新的数据传输机制。不同于现有握手等待和优先级抢占等方案,从最根本的分时访问总线和数据空间的角度出发,设计了一种同步分时访问机制,实现了无冲突访问数据的高速传输。基于该同步分时访问机制,设计了基于FPGA的双口RAM数据传输方案,并通过仿真验证了该方案的可行性。搭建了数据传输测试平台,设计了多种测试用例。经过测试表明,该双口RAM性能稳定,实现了零误码率数据的高速传输。     

基于MIT的扇区流量管理决策

为缓解空中交通拥堵和减少航班延误,建立了扇区流量管理模型,并定义扇区容量超负荷频率指标,提出基于尾随间隔(MIT)的3种扇区流量管理决策方案,分析了郑州某个高空管制扇区8:00~9:00时段流量管理实例,结果表明合理的流量决策方案不仅能够缓解扇区拥堵,而且减少了41%的延误,验证了扇区流量管理决策方案的有效性及实用性,可以为决策者提供一定的决策支持。     

空中高速路匝口排序延误研究

航空运输业的迅速发展,空中交通流量需求越来越大,空中高速路的规划和设计有助于缓解日益严重的空中交通拥挤问题。从空中高速路的基本概念入手提出了匝口容量计算方法,运用Monte Carlo方法对匝口排序进行仿真并计算匝口排序延误。考虑到匝口容量和排序延误在很大程度上受空中高速路航路流量的影响,研究了航路上不同流率情况下的匝口容量和排序延误。结果表明：该方法能够仿真和计算不同情况下的排序延误,具有很好的实用性。     

GPS多径信号的自适应滤波估计方法

 研究全球定位系统(GPS)多径信号估计的问题。通过分析自适应滤波器的原理,建立了数字中频信号处理的数学模型,提出一种用自适应滤波实现GPS多径幅度、码相位和载波相位估计的方法。该方法采用不同延迟的伪随机序列对信号进行解扩、解调和累加,得到了作为期望信号的系列自适应滤波相关值。对该方法与其他3种方法进行了理论上的分析比较,得出本方法具有信噪比高、自适应滤波性能好、带有码相位信息和不存在载波模糊度问题等优点。根据各种滤波器算法的特点和本应用的需求,给出了选用递归最小二乘算法实现的方法。通过计算机仿真,验证了提出的方法能够在14 dB的信噪比下,以1个采样间隔的时间延迟分辨率和0.005周的载波相位估计精度估计出GPS L1的多径信号。     

液氧煤油补燃发动机起动过程氧预压泵加速起旋方案研究

为降低液氧煤油补燃发动机起动所需入口压力,需解决起动过程氧预压泵起旋迟缓产生附加阻力导致主泵入口压力过低而发生断裂汽蚀的问题。开展了两种预压泵加速起旋方案研究,分别为已工程应用的液氧涡轮方案和本文提出的氦起动涡轮方案。对比介绍了两种方案对发动机气液系统和预压泵结构的影响。建立了预压泵加速起旋相关的数学模型,针对加速起旋机理、效果和影响因素等进行了仿真分析。结果表明:液氧涡轮方案,预压泵结构变化较小,为提升加速起旋效果,涡轮供应路应尽量增大通径、缩短长度,降低动态流阻和静态流阻,涡轮喷嘴流通面积则需根据其对涡轮流量和压降的综合影响来选择。氦起动涡轮方案,预压泵结构和流路变化较大,起动涡轮速比和效率是降低氦气用量的限制性因素。     

涡轴发动机动力涡轮转速控制回路方案研究

比较分析了航空涡轴发动机动力涡轮转速回路的2种控制方案(单回路控制方案和串级控制方案)。针对单回路控制方案控制性能差、串级控制方案参数整定繁琐的缺点,提出了一种新的串级控制方案。试验结果表明,新的串级控制方案性能优于原来的2种控制方案的。