200Nms单框架控制力矩陀螺的热平衡试验

控制力矩陀螺是一种用于大型航天器的大功率惯性执行机构,其热特性不仅是影响其自身工作性能的基本因素,也是整星热控设计需要考虑的重要因素。介绍了一种200Nms单框架控制力矩陀螺的热平衡试验及其试验结果。试验样机被设置了161个内、外测温点。在多种热真空条件下,样机运行至热稳定状态后,161个测温点的温度测量数据以及样机的工作性能数据被记录下来。由试验结果获得了样机运行在不同环境温度条件下的自身温度分布情况,测试数据表明样机性能未随环境温度条件的改变而表现出明显的变化。     

星载接收机通道时延实时校准方法

针对星间钟差测量及时间频率的精确传递的需求,通常情况都会在地面对卫星的收发通道时延进行准确标定,但在空间环境下设备老化和环境温度变化会导致收发通道时延逐渐偏离标定值。利用伪码相关测距的原理,结合时分早迟伪码相位交替调制技术和包络检波技术,提出了一种在轨通道时延自校准方法。通过3条闭合测量环路的建立,在不影响接收机正常收发通信的情况下,实时校准其收发通道时延。结果表明,该方法时延测量精度达到亚纳秒量级。     

镜筒热形变对星敏感器测量精度的影响

 空间环境温度以及阳光热效应对星敏感器测量精度有一定影响。研究镜筒热形变对星敏感器测量精度的影响,计算温度均匀分布和非均匀分布条件下,圆柱形镜筒和圆锥形镜筒热形变导致的透镜倾斜量和平移量,研究典型星敏感器光学系统中恒星像斑位置和能量分布的变化情况。在镜筒温度均匀分布条件下,温度变化20℃时,圆柱形镜筒和圆锥形镜筒的星敏感器测量误差分别为0.6″和0.9″;在镜筒温度非均匀分布条件下,镜筒上侧与下侧的温差为30℃时,圆柱形镜筒和圆锥形镜筒测量误差约为2.2″和3.3″。计算结果表明,圆柱形镜筒热稳定性优于圆锥形镜筒。     

伪距波动原因中的星体多径因素排除

针对卫星可视弧段内伪距测量异常波动现象,从信号质量监测角度研究了卫星可视弧段内导航信号测距偏差变化问题,确认伪距波动是否由星体多径引起.利用大口径天线跟踪北斗卫星,采用两套采集设备实现了卫星可视弧段内的B1频点信号多次高载噪比采集,根据基于参考波形的测距偏差估计方法分别处理多组采集数据,获得了不同仰角上的测距偏差.在一个仰角下的采集数据,当滤波器带宽远远大于信号带宽时,采样率与下变频器均不同的两套采集设备获得的测距偏差相同,且测距偏差均与相关间距及滤波器带宽有关,但当滤波器带宽超过15MHz后,测距偏差的差异可以忽略.比较不同仰角下的测距偏差,在卫星可视弧段内测距偏差变化很小,因此认为星体多径引起卫星可视弧段内信号质量的变化不是伪距测量异常波动的原因.      

超声波流量测量中流速计算方法的对比

超声波流量计(UFM,Ultrasonic Flow Meter)通过测量管路中顺流和逆流方向的超声波传播时间变化计算流速,因此超声波传播时间的准确测量对流量计的精度影响至关重要.对超声波流量计的测量方法进行研究,从环境温度的变化、时间测量的准确性、不确定度的计算3个方面,对比超声波传播时间差法和频率差法对流量测量精度的影响.通过超声波流量测量实验,验证了在流量计未校准的情况下,与频率差法相比,时间差法的测量精度更高,且其校准系数曲线的线性度更好,校准后可在全流量范围内获得更高的测量精度.     

双向卫星时间与频率传递温度效应

卫星双向时间与频率传递是高精度的时间比对,外界环境的变化将会影响到比对精度,温度的影响更是不可忽视[1]。以NTSC(国家授时中心)台站与NICT(日本国家情报与通信技术研究所)台站几年来的数据为基础,讨论了双向比对结果与环境温度的相关性。在温度超过12℃时,两站的时间差与环境温度成正比例关系;温度低于12℃时,两站的时间差成反比例关系。证实了对上、下变频器以及低噪放大器采取恒温措施的必要性。     

长波传播时延特性及差分授时可行性分析

针对长波传播路径的复杂性以及气象条件的实时性变化导致长波传播时延难以精确预测,从而影响长波授时精度的问题。鉴于长波传播时延影响因素在一定空间范围内具有缓慢变化的特点,可以将差分方法应用于长波授时。利用标校过的长波接收机在不同传播距离上进行路径时延的静态测试,邻近测试点同时采集数据用于传播时延特性以及差分授时可行性的分析。实测数据表明,测试点测量的精确传播时延并不是恒定值,在一天各时段内会有些许波动,滤波后波动范围不超过60ns,这是由于传播路径上气象条件、传播介质的电参数等因素实时变化的结果;邻近测试点在相同时间段内具有相似的变化趋势,对两点测量数据Kalman滤波后的相关系数大于0.7,体现为高度的线性相关。综合分析可得:在一定范围内,气象条件、传播介质的电参数、地形起伏等因素近似相同,长波传播时延具有一定的时间空间相关性,可以利用差分方法消除传播路径上的实时变化,提高长波授时精度。     

电磁兼容测量天线系数温度误差修正方法

为减小外场环境温度的影响,提高电磁兼容性(EMC)测试设备的测量精度,提出了一种电磁兼容测量天线系数温度误差修正方法.首先,根据1m距离两天线校准原理,理论推导了近场情况下采用透波材料制作的温控装置对接收天线接收特性的影响,结合仿真分析与试验结果,验证了使用温控装置带来的测试误差可控制在允许的范围内.然后,在此基础上,通过实际测试获得了典型天线的天线系数随温度的变化规律及误差修正曲面.最后,采用对比标准条件下和开阔试验场条件下的测试结果的方法来验证该方法的有效性.结果表明,在保证测量精度的前提下,通过天线系数温度误差修正,可将天线的使用环境温度扩展到-40~+50℃,进而减小外场试验测试误差.适用于双锥、对数周期和双脊喇叭等天线的天线系数温度误差修正.      

加速度计参数变化建模方法

通过归纳工程上常用数据建模方法及其应用特点,且结合贮存条件下加速度计零偏和标度因数试验测量数据变化规律,综合给出了建立零偏时间序列模型和标度因数回归模型的详细步骤,并据此建立了贮存条件下加速度计零偏和标度因数的变化模型,所建模型预测的数据与真实数据相比误差很小,充分验证了模型的有效性.所建模型真实地反映了零偏随机性变化规律和标度因数趋势性变化规律的特点,可以为加速度计零偏和标度因数随时间变化的补偿模型提供参考,为加速度计参数长期变化稳定性水平评价提供手段.     

测量数据统计分析结果的物理意义及应用

讨论了测量数据统计分析结果的物理意义,将实际测量目的和测量结果表达方法结合起来进行研究,给出了不同测量目的下的测量结果表达方法。     

环境温度对电动汽车热泵空调系统性能的影响

针对电动汽车冬天取暖能耗较高,设计了基于蒸气压缩循环的热泵空调试验系统,研究了制热模式下不同的环境温度和压缩机转速对车室内平均温度、高压管路内部工质的温度和压力、系统能效比(COP, Coefficient of Performance)等参数的影响.试验结果表明,当环境温度和压缩机的转速较高时,压缩机出口、车室内换热器出口处工质的温度和压力值较大,车室内平均温度的上升速度越快,达到舒适温度所需的时间越短.在压缩机转速相同时,环境温度越高,系统的COP值越大.     

高超声速飞行器在中间大气层内的飞行速度研究

基于FLUENT软件, 采用Sp-A湍流模型并运用AUSM计算格式,通过对球头模型在高超声速来流下的外流场模拟,得到了该模型在30km,45km,53km,60km和75km高度处,满足氧化铝陶瓷最大使用温度的极限飞行马赫数。结果表明：在53km以下时,极限马赫数随高度增加而减小,之后再增大,变化趋势符合气温变化规律,静温对驻点处的最高温影响巨大。     

基于热电类比法的光纤陀螺环模块热分析

为分析光纤陀螺（FOG,Fiber-Optic Gyroscope）受外界环境变化温度影响导致产生Shupe误差,采用热电类比法对不同结构形式的光纤环（FOR,Fiber Optical Ring）模块进行热分析,比较对应的电路模型,提出并联的热容和串联的电阻是影响FOG温度性能的关键因素.采用有限元热仿真定性分析了并联的热容和串联的电阻对FOG温度的影响,验证了电路模型的正确性;在与热仿真相同条件下,通过温箱实验,将FOR温度变化与FOG输出性能建立关联.结果表明,通过加大FOR模块连接处的串联热阻和并联热容,可有效降低FOR的瞬时温差,尤其是较大的热容能有效减小FOR温变速率,从而减小Shupe误差,改善FOG的温度性能.      

Quantifying energy and mass transfer in crop canopies: sensors for measurement of temperature and air velocity.

Here we report on the in situ performance of inexpensive, miniature sensors that have increased our ability to measure mass and energy fluxes from plant canopies in controlled environments: 1. Surface temperature. Canopy temperature measurements indicate changes in stomatal aperture and thus latent and sensible heat fluxes. Infrared transducers from two manufacturers (Exergen Corporation, Newton, MA; and Everest Interscience, Tucson, AZ, USA) have recently become available. Transducer accuracy matched that of a more expensive hand-held infrared thermometer. 2. Air velocity varies above and within plant canopies and is an important component in mass and energy transfer models. We tested commercially-available needle, heat-transfer anemometers (1 x 50 mm cylinder) that consist of a fine-wire thermocouple and a heater inside a hypodermic needle. The needle is heated and wind speed determined from the temperature rise above ambient. These sensors are particularly useful in measuring the low wind speeds found within plant canopies. 3. Accurate measurements of air temperature adjacent to plant leaves facilitates transport phenomena modeling. We quantified the effect of radiation and air velocity on temperature rise in thermocouples from 10 to 500 micrometers. At high radiation loads and low wind speeds, temperature errors were as large as 7 degrees C above air temperature.     

Effects of several environmental factors on sweetpotato growth.

Effects of relative humidity, light intensity and photoperiod on growth of 'Ga Jet' and 'TI-155' sweetpotato cultivars, using the nutrient film technique (NFT), have been reported. In this study, the effect of ambient temperature regimes (constant 28 degrees C and diurnal 28:22 degrees C day:night) and different CO2 levels (ambient, 400, 1000 and 10000 microliters/L--400, 1000 and 10000 ppm) on growth of one or both of these cultivars in NFT are reported. For a 24-h photoperiod, no storage roots were produced for either cultivar in NFT when sweetpotato plants were grown at a constant temperature of 28 degrees C. For the same photoperiod, when a 28:22 degrees C diurnal temperature variation was used, there were still no storage roots for 'TI-155' but the cv. 'Ga Jet' produced 537 g/plant of storage roots. For both a 12-h and 24-h photoperiod, 'Ga Jet' storage root fresh and dry weight tended to be higher with a 28:22 degrees C diurnal temperature variation than with a constant 28 degrees C temperature regime. Preliminary results with both 'Ga Jet' and 'TI 155' cultivars indicate a distinctive diurnal stomatal response for sweetpotato grown in NFT under an ambient CO2 level. The stomatal conductance values observed for 'Ga Jet' at elevated CO2 levels indicated that the difference between the light- and dark-period conductance rates persisted at 400, 1000, and 10000 microliters/L.     

Meteorological variations in the middle clouds of Venus from VEGA balloon in situ measurements

Instruments aboard the gondolas of the two VEGA balloons obtained in situ measurements of pressure, temperature, vertical velocity relative to the balloon, cloud particle backscatter, lightning and the ambient light level. Atmospheric motions at the balloon float altitudes were also determined from Earth-based tracking results. To illustrate the history of the balloon flights and to facilitate comparisons between some of the different observed quantities, measurements of pressure, temperature and backscatter are presented as time series for the entire lifetime of each balloon. Both long and short period variations have been detected. In addition, the environmental entropy encountered by each balloon will be discussed.     

Detection of long-term trends in global stratospheric temperature from NMC analyses derived from NOAA satellite data

Since 24 September 1978 global daily fields of temperature and geopotential height at 8 stratospheric pressure levels 70 to 0.4 mb (18–55 km) have been produced at the U.S. National Meteorological Center. Temperature profiles derived from NOAA operational satellites constitute the sole data source for the upper stratospheric levels 5, 2, 1, and 0.4 mb (35, 42, 48 and 55 km). Significant changes in upper stratosphere reported temperatures have accompanied each of the eight changes in either operational satellite or method of data processing. Comparisons with rocketsonde data from 1978 to 1986 show bias changes of 1 to 5 Celsius degrees at various levels. For detecting long term trends of ambient stratospheric temperature, adjustments based on rocket comparisons must be applied to the NMC fields. Lack of data at north polar latitudes and in the southern hemisphere limits comprehensive characterization of temperature uncertainty. We discuss in detail our ability to characterize temperature uncertainty of the NMC stratospheric analyses. We specifically discuss our ability to detect a trend in the middle stratosphere temperature of about 1.5 celsius degrees per decade, the amount of change indicated likely by current theoretical models.     

环境温度对汽油缸内直喷汽车排放的影响

选取2辆典型汽油缸内直喷汽车(GDIV),在环境舱内进行了不同环境温度下,车辆冷启动和热启动后按照全球轻型车统一测试循环(WLTC)运行时的排气污染物试验,测量并分析了GDIV排气中的气态污染物和颗粒物,旨在为GDIV排放系统设计、控制策略制定以及评价汽车排放对环境影响的相关研究提供理论依据。研究结果表明:环境温度对GDIV试验车辆冷启动和热启动的颗粒物数量(PN)和颗粒物质量(PM)排放因子影响显著。环境温度低于14℃,冷启动工况下行驶时PN排放难以满足国Ⅵ排放标准限值,总碳氢化合物(THC)和CO的排放因子受温度的影响显著,热启动时影响不明显。无论是热启动还是冷启动工况,当温度从-7℃逐步上升到40℃时,试验车辆的CO₂排放因子呈现先减少后增加的变化规律,2辆车在热启动时的CO₂排放因子比冷启动时平均降低4%和7%。冷启动和热启动时,氮氧化物(NO_x)排放因子受温度的影响均没有明显的规律。      

Results of the VEGA 1 balloon nephelometer experiment

Backscatter nephelometer measurements obtained during the VEGA 1 balloon flight are reported. During periods of minor convective activity and initial balloon ascent, the data generally agree with those obtained from other Venus mission descent probes. However, during the period of greatest convective activity experienced by the VEGA 1 balloon, the signals were about a factor of two greater than any previously obtained. Although the clouds appear to be unbroken, deviations in the behavior of the detailed backscatter signals with time from those of the ambient pressure or temperature signals, especially during periods of minor convective activity, indicate much small-scale variability in cloud structure.     

The effect of gravity on surface temperature and net photosynthetic rate of plant leaves.

To clarify the effects of gravity on heat/gas exchange between plant leaves and the ambient air, the leaf temperatures and net photosynthetic rates of plant leaves were evaluated at 0.01, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 G of 20 seconds each during a parabolic airplane flight. Thermal images of leaves were captured using infrared thermography at an air temperature of 26 degrees C, a relative humidity of 15% and an irradiance of 260 W m-2. The net photosynthetic rates were determined by using a chamber method with an infrared gas analyzer at an air temperature of 20 degrees C, a relative humidity of 50% and a photosynthetic photon flux of 0.5 mmol m-2 s-1. The mean leaf temperature increased by 1 degree C and the net photosynthetic rate decreased by 13% with decreasing gravity levels from 1.0 to 0.01 G. The leaf temperature decreased by 0.5 degree C and the net photosynthetic rate increased by 7% with increasing gravity levels from 1.0 to 2.0 G. Heat/gas exchanges between leaves and the ambient air were more retarded at lower gravity levels. A restricted free air convection under microgravity conditions in space would limit plant growth by retarding heat and gas exchanges between leaves and the ambient air.