Cellular and molecular alterations in human epithelial cells transformed by high LET radiation.

An understanding of the radiobiological effects of high LET radiation is essential for human risk estimation and radiation protection. In the present study, we show that a single, 30 cGy dose of 150 keV/micrometer 4He ions can malignantly transform human papillomavirus immortalized human bronchial epithelial [BEP2D] cells. Transformed cells produce progressively growing tumors in nude mice. The transformation frequency by the single dose of alpha particles is estimated to be approximately 4 X 10(-7). Based on the average cross-sectional area of BEP2D cells, it can be calculated that a mean traversal of 1.4 particles per cell is sufficient to induce tumorigenic conversion of these cells 3 to 4 months post-irradiation. Tumorigenic BEP2D cells overexpress mutated p53 tumor suppressor oncoproteins in addition to the cell cycle control gene cyclin D1 and D2. This model provides an opportunity to study the cellular and molecular changes at the various stages in radiation carcinogenesis involving human cells.     

Molecular alterations in tumorigenic human bronchial and breast epithelial cells induced by high LET radiation.

Carcinogenesis is a multi-stage process with sequence of genetic events governing the phenotypic expression of a series of transformation steps leading to the development of metastatic cancer. In the present study, immortalized human bronchial (BEP2D) and breast (MCF-10F) cells were irradiated with graded doses of either 150 keV/micrometer alpha particles or 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions. Transformed cells developed through a series of successive steps before becoming tumorigenic in nude mice. Cell fusion studies indicated that radiation-induced tumorigenic phenotype in BEP2D cells could be completely suppressed by fusion with non-tumorigenic BEP2D cells. The differential expressions of known genes between tumorigenic bronchial and breast cells induced by alpha particles and their respective control cultures were compared using cDNA expression array. Among the 11 genes identified to be differentially expressed in BEP2D cells, three (DCC, DNA-PK and p21(CIP1)) were shown to be consistently down-regulated by 2 to 4 fold in all the 5 tumor cell lines examined. In contrast, their expressions in the fusion cell lines were comparable to control BEP2D cells. Similarly, expression levels of a series of genes were found to be altered in a step-wise manner among tumorigenic MCF-10F cells. The results are highly suggestive that functional alterations of these genes may be causally related to the carcinogenic process.     

Genomic instability and tumorigenic induction in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells by heavy ions

Carcinogenesis is postulated to be a progressive multistage process characterized by an increase in genomic instability and clonal selection with each mutational event endowing a selective growth advantage. Genomic instability as manifested by the amplification of specific gene fragments is common among tumor and transformed cells. In the present study, immortalized human bronchial (BEP2D) cells were irradiated with graded doses of either 1GeV/nucleon ⁵⁶Fe ions or 150 keV/μm alpha particles. Transformed cells developed through a series of successive steps before becoming tumorigenic in nude mice. Tumorigenic cells showed neither ras mutations nor deletion in the p16 tumor suppressor gene. In contrast, they harbored mutations in the p53 gene and over-expressed cyclin D1. Genomic instability among transformed cells at various stage of the carcinogenic process was examined based on frequencies of PALA resistance. Incidence of genomic instability was highest among established tumor cell lines relative to transformed, non-tumorigenic and control cell lines. Treatment of BEP2D cells with a 4 mM dose of the aminothiol WR-1065 significantly reduced their neoplastic transforming response to ⁵⁶Fe particles. This model provides an opportunity to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in malignant transformation of human epithelial cells by heavy ions.     

Radioprotection by polysaccharides alone and in combination with aminothiols.

We demonstrated that glucan, a beta-1,3 polysaccharide immunomodulator, enhances survival of mice when administered before radiation exposure. Glucan's prophylactic survival-enhancing effects are mediated by several mechanisms including (1) increasing macrophage-mediated resistance to potentially lethal postirradiation opportunistic infections, (2) increasing the D(o) of hematopoietic progenitor cells, and (3) accelerating hematopoietic reconstitution. In addition, even when administered shortly after some otherwise lethal doses of radiation, glucan increases survival. Glucan's therapeutic survival-enhancing effects are also mediated through its ability to enhance macrophage function and to accelerate hematopoietic reconstitution; glucan's therapeutic potential, however, is ultimately dependent on the survival of a critical number of hematopoietic stem cells capable of responding to glucan's stimulatory effects. Preirradiation administration of the traditional aminothiol radioprotectants WR-2721 and WR-3689 has been previously demonstrated to be an extremely effective means to increase hematopoietic stem cell survival. Therapeutic glucan treatment administered in combination with preirradiation WR-2721 or WR-3689 treatment synergistically increases both hematopoietic reconstitution and survival. Such combined modality treatments offer new promise in treating acute radiation injury.     

一种三维激光扫描系统的设计及参数标定

基于三维激光扫描系统的移动机器人动态环境地图构建技术是机器人智能感知技术的重要组成部分,而三维激光扫描系统的设计及标定技术对于地图构建的精度有决定性的影响。针对应用于小型移动机器人的三维激光扫描系统低成本、小型化的需求,设计了一套由高精度旋转云台和小型二维激光测距传感器组成的三维激光扫描系统,并提出了一种新的系统参数标定方法以提高三维扫描测量的准确度。该方法使用镂空圆孔标定板作为标定对象以完成对三维扫描特征自动准确获取,并根据非线性最小二乘法对三维激光扫描系统的参数进行优化计算。实验结果表明,所设计的三维激光扫描系统能够准确地测量周围环境的三维信息,实现了以低成本获得高质量环境建模的三维扫描数据技术。      

三维表面微观形貌的表征参数和方法

近几年,由于计算能力、速度和图像、数据处理技术的不断提高,极大地推进了３Ｄ表面微观形貌测量仪的实用化和商品化,同时也增加了研究者对３Ｄ分析的兴趣。总结了近期文献中出现的３Ｄ分析方法和表征参数,如：基准表面、图形（ 像） 表征、参数表征以及Ｍｏｔｉｆ 和分形表征方法,旨在促进我国对３Ｄ表面研究的发展。最后提出了３Ｄ表征技术的任务和发展方向。     

A/D和D/A转换特性参数测试方法

简要介绍了A/D、D/A转换器的主要测试参数,着重讨论转换特性参数的测试方法及其在混合集成电路测试系统上的实现;同时还介绍了A/D、D/A转换器的一些其他测试方法。     

无人直升机三维避障方法及仿真

自主避障是无人直升机（UH）在复杂未知环境中执行飞行任务所必须的能力。针对未知环境下UH避障飞行问题,提出了一种新的三维实时避障方法,通过将三维激光雷达探测视野划分成若干不同半径的扇形柱区和等角度分布的直方柱区,结合雷达探测数据判断障碍物分布情况,UH根据避障方法执行相应的规避动作来实现避障飞行。同时提出一种基于CATIA三维建模软件二次开发的三维仿真方法,该方法可以对未知的飞行环境进行三维建模,结合避障方法实现UH在其中的真实避障飞行模拟,并利用该仿真方法验证了三维避障方法的可行性。      

自动测试技术在备件研制中的应用

主要阐述了自动测斌技术住数字电路板备件研制方面的应用。通过对某型引俄设备数字电路板研制的验证事例，探索了ATE和LASAR仿真软件用于备件电路板研制与测试验证的方法。结合装备实验，证明了将仿真技术作为高效的电路设计验证手段，并将ATE作为通用测试验证平台的可行性和先进性。     

Long term effects of low doses of 56Fe ions on the brain and retina of the mouse: ultrastructural and behavioral studies.

Eight month old male C57BL6 mice were exposed without anesthesia to whole-body irradiation in circular holders. The mice were tested for behavioral decrements after 0.5 and 50 rads of Fe particle irradiation at 6 and 12 months post irradiation to obtain long term results. A standard maze was used and the animals were timed for completion thereof. A string test also was administered to the mice, testing their ability to grasp and move along a string to safety. The results from animals exposed to 50 rads were significantly different from [correction of fron] control results to p = < .001 in both systems of testing. The hippocampus (believed to be the location of environmental interaction in the brain) and the retina were examined for ultrastructural changes. The ultrastructural changes were similar to those we found in our Cosmos 782, 936 and in our Argon experiments. The mouse data indicate that iron particles were able to induce long term changes in the central nervous system which lead to behavioral impairment.     

一种保留几何及属性边界的网格简化方法

在实际应用领域,三维模型除包含由三角形网格构成的几何、拓扑信息外,还包含颜色、纹理、法矢量等属性信息,因此数据量较大,且不可避免地存在边界和孔洞.基于三角形折叠的方法,对误差矩阵的计算和误差控制方法进行了改进,并提出了几何及属性边界三角形的概念,给出了一种保留原始模型边界及属性信息的简化算法.该算法针对不同的边界情况将原始三角形网格划分为边界三角形、角点三角形、内部三角形及特征三角形,并采取相应的约束策略,在减小模型数据量的同时,较好地保留了边界和属性信息,并且生成递进网格文件,为包含属性的非封闭网格模型提供了连续多分辨率的模型重现.实验结果证明该方法快速有效,已成功应用于基于Web的三维递进传输和发布.      

冷而密的等离子体片及其对磁尾等离子体片分布特性的影响

地球磁尾等离子体片在太阳风-磁层耦合过程中起着重要的作用，其中冷而密的等离子体片是地磁活动平静期太阳风等离子体进入磁层的重要区域.以往的研究通常没有利用局地探测数据针对冷而密的等离子体片发生率在地心太阳磁层坐标系（GSM）中xy平面分布的统计分析.本文利用GEOTAIL卫星1996-2016年的局地测量数据，给出了等离子体片密度、温度及冷而密的等离子体片发生率的二维分布.与温度具有晨昏对称分布不同，等离子体片数密度呈现明显的晨昏不对称性，并且冷而密的等离子体片发生率在晨侧较高.      

空间小鼠实验有效载荷研究进展

啮齿动物是空间研究中常见的模型对象,已开展的空间生物实验中,小鼠表现出对飞行条件的有效适应.通过空间培养,研究者可对失重环境下小鼠的生理行为、骨骼和神经系统变化做进一步研究分析.本文对空间小鼠实验有效载荷的研究进展及其空间飞行实验进行了概述,为中国空间站上的小鼠培养箱设计提供参考.概述了地面小鼠培养技术和装置,为空间小...     

计量中A／D板的编程和标定

以ＰＣＬ８１４Ｂ１４位Ａ／Ｄ板为例,介绍了Ａ／Ｄ板编程的使用以及计量检定中为保证测量准确度所采取的方法。     

Protection by WR-2721 and WR-151327 against late effects of gamma rays and neutrons.

Two thiophosphoroate compounds WR-2721 and WR-151327 were assessed for their ability to modify the deleterious effects (life shortening and carcinogenesis) of fission-spectrum neutrons (kerma-weighted mean energy of 0.85 MeV) or gamma rays on B6CF1 hybrid mice. Male and female mice, 200 of each sex per experimental group, were irradiated individually at 110 days of age. Radioprotectors (400 mg/kg of WR-2721 or 580 mg/kg of WR-151327) were administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to irradiation. Neutron doses were 10 cGy or 40 cGy and gamma ray doses were 206 cGy or 417 cGy. Animals were housed five to a cage; cage locations in the holding rooms were randomized by computer. Animals were checked daily and all deceased animals were necropsied. WR-2721 afforded protection against both neutron- and gamma-ray-induced carcinogenesis and subsequent life shortening. Cumulative survival curves for unirradiated mice of either sex were unaffectecd by protectors. WR-2721 protected irradiated groups against life shortening by approximately 10 cGy of neutrons or 100 cGy of gamma rays. WR-151327 was as effective as WR-2721 against neutron irradiation.     

Radiation-induced apoptosis in scid mice spleen after low dose irradiation.

To assess the radioadaptive response of the whole body system in mice, we examined the temporal effect of low dose priming as an indicator of challenging irradiation-induced apoptosis through a p53 tumor suppressor protein- mediated signal transduction pathway. The p53 protein also plays an important role both in cell cycle control and DNA repair through cellular signal transduction. Using severe combined immunodeficiency mice defective in DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, we examined the role of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity in radioadaptation induced by low dose irradiation. Specific pathogen free 5-week-old female severe combined immunodeficiency mice and the parental mice (CB- 17 Icr +/+) were irradiated with X-ray at 3.0 Gy at 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks after the conditioning irradiation at 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 or 0.60 Gy. The mice spleens were fixed for immunohistochemistry 12 h after the challenging irradiation. The p53-dependent apoptosis related Bax proteins on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were stained by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. The apoptosis incidence in the sections was measured by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The frequency of Bax- and apoptosis-positive cells increased up to 12 h after the challenging irradiation in the spleen of both mice. However, these cells were not observed after a low dose irradiation at 0.15-0.60 Gy. When pre-irradiation at 0.45 Gy 2 weeks before the challenging irradiation at 3.0 Gy was performed, Bax accumulation and apoptosis induced by challenging irradiation were depressed in the spleens of CB-17 Icr +/+ mice, but not in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These data suggest that DNA-dependent protein kinase might play a major role in radioadaptation induced by pre-irradiation with a low dose in mice spleen. We expect that the present findings will provide useful information in the health care of space crews.     

辐照和EO灭菌对SIS材料免疫原性的对比研究

免疫反应大小是决定可植入生物材料能否开展临床应用的关键因素之一。研究评估了辐照和环氧乙烷（EO）两种灭菌方式处理后的小肠黏膜下层（SIS）脱细胞外基质材料在体内的免疫反应，旨在为其临床试验的开展提供可行依据。将两种灭菌方式处理的SIS脱细胞外基质材料皮下植入到BALB/c小鼠，第14和28天取样后，系统性地评估了其免疫反应。与仅手术不植入材料的阴性对照组相比，免疫器官（脾和淋巴结）的形态、质量、细胞数、淋巴细胞的体外增殖及酶联免疫吸附检测结果均无显著性差异，证明两种灭菌方式处理后的SIS脱细胞外基质材料都不会对小鼠引起明显的免疫排斥反应。流式细胞术分析及局部H&E染色结果表明，经EO灭菌处理的SIS脱细胞外基质材料对小鼠的免疫刺激更小，是更适用于此材料的灭菌方法。研究结果为SIS脱细胞外基质材料的灭菌程序及其临床应用提供了支持。      

三维五向编织复合材料的弹性性能

根据实际编织工艺和编织预制件的细观结构模型,利用刚度等效的思想,导出了三维五向编织复合材料的刚度矩阵并计算了其弹性常数.在此基础上,对比分析了三维五向和三维四向编织复合材料的弹性常数随编织角及纤维体积分数的变化规律,讨论了编织预制件的截面尺寸对三维五向编织复合材料弹性常数的影响.结果表明,三维五向编织复合材料在保持三维四向编织复合材料良好性能的同时对纵向力学性能进行了增强;编织预制件的截面尺寸只在较小的情况下才对编织复合材料的弹性常数影响较大.      

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的舰机相对位姿估测

通过将基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的长序列图像分析方法与单目视觉技术相结合,把无人机自主着舰视觉导引中舰机间相对位姿的估测,转化为机载摄像机对着舰靶标平面3D位姿的实时估测问题.首先根据透视投影理论,建立了以摄像机的透镜中心为原点且Z轴与光轴重合的摄像机坐标系和世界坐标系,然后利用机载摄像机连续拍摄的靶标图像序列,选择描述相对运动的3个欧拉角、平移向量及它们的速度作为状态变量;由靶标角点的提取和帧间匹配,建立了反映着舰靶标上特征点的图像坐标和状态变量之间关系的观测方程,带入扩展卡尔曼滤波器,估测出舰机的相对运动参数.计算机数据仿真和基于DSP平台的半实物仿真试验验证了算法的有效性和鲁棒性.