Keywords: Astrophysics; X-ray binaries; Neutron stars; Black holes 相似文献
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1.
W.N. Brandt C. Vignali D.P. Schneider D.M. Alexander S.F. Anderson F.E. Bauer X. Fan G.P. Garmire S. Kaspi G.T. Richards 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2478-2485
X-ray studies of high-redshift (z > 4) active galaxies have advanced substantially over the past few years, largely due to results from the new generation of X-ray observatories. As of this writing X-ray emission has been detected from nearly 60 high-redshift active galaxies. This paper reviews the observational results and their implications for models of the first massive black holes, and it discusses future prospects for the field. 相似文献
2.
P. Kaaret 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2662-2666
The great success of the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) has shown that X-ray timing is an excellent tool for the study of strong gravitational fields and the measurement of fundamental physical properties of black holes and neutron stars. Here, we describe a next-generation X-ray timing mission, the Relativistic Astrophysics Explorer (RAE), designed to fit within the envelope of a medium-sized mission. The instruments will be a narrow-field X-ray detector array with an area of 6 m2 equal to 10 times that of RXTE and a wide-field X-ray monitor. We describe the science made possible with this mission, the design of the instruments, and results on prototype large-area X-ray detectors. 相似文献
3.
ZHANG Shuangnan 《空间科学学报》2020,40(5):655-661
Insight-HXMT is China's first X-ray astronomy satellite. It was launched on 15 June 2017 and is currently in service smoothly. Insight-HXMT has been used to scan the Galactic plane repeatedly, making pointing observations to neutron stars and black holes, and monitor the whole sky continuously in the MeV band. Insight-HXMT is also very flexible in making ToO observations, with the response time from about 3 hours to within a day. So far more than 50 refereed publications have been made with data from its observations; many more publications have used the data or results of Insight-HXMT one way or another. The scientific impacts of Insight-HXMT have been growing rapidly since launch. We expect Insight-HXMT to continue to operate for several more years. 相似文献
4.
B.J. Carr J. McDowell H. Sato 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,3(10-12)
We examine whether the IR background reported by Matsumoto (1983) could have been generated by stars or black holes in the pregalactic era, z=10100. 相似文献
5.
M. van der Klis 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2646-2656
Millisecond X-ray time variability studies of accreting low-magnetic-field neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes in X-ray binaries probe the motion of matter in regions of strong gravity. In these regions, general relativity (GR) is no longer a small correction to the classical laws of motion, but instead dominates the dynamics: we are studying motion in strongly curved spacetime. Such millisecond X-ray variability studies can therefore provide unique tests of GR in the strong-field regime. The same studies also constrain neutron-star parameters such as stellar mass and radius, and thereby the equation of state (EOS) of ultradense matter. I briefly review the status, and discuss the prospects for mapping out space-time near accreting stellar-mass compact objects, and measuring the EOS of dense matter, through millisecond timing, particularly with an eye towards future missions. The overwhelming consideration for timing sensitivity is collecting area: contrary to most applications, the signal-to-noise ratio for the aperiodic timing phenomena produced by accretion flows increases proportionally with count rate rather than as the square root of it. A 10 times larger instrument turns 1σ effects into 10σ effects (or does as well in 1% of the time). With the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), using 0.6 m2 collecting area, we have found several timing diagnostics from the accretion flow in the strong field region around neutron stars and black holes, as well as signals from neutron star surface hot spots. Combined work between RXTE and the new sensitive X-ray spectrographs onboard Chandra and XMM can already begin to clinch the geometry and physical mechanisms underlying these signals. Future instruments, larger in area by an order of magnitude and in some cases with enhanced spectral capabilities, are expected to turn these diagnostics of GR into true tests of GR. They are also expected to put strong constraints on neutron-star structure, and thereby on the EOS of supranuclear density matter. 相似文献
6.
O. Citterio M. Ghigo F. Mazzoleni G. Pareschi B. Aschenbach H. Braeuninger P. Friedrich G. Hasinger G. Parodi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2637-2645
One of the main guidelines for future X-ray astronomy projects like, e.g., XEUS (ESA) and Generation-X (NASA) is to utilize grazing-incidence focusing optics with extremely large telescopes (several tens of m2 at 1 keV), with a dramatic increase in collecting area of about two order of magnitude compared to the current X-ray telescopes. In order to avoid the problem of the source's confusion limit at low fluxes, the angular resolution required for these optics should be superb (a few arcsec at most). The enormous mirror dimensions together with the high imaging performances give rise to a number of manufacturing problems. It is basically impossible to realize so large mirrors from closed Wolter I shells which benefit from high mechanical stiffness. Instead the mirrors need to be formed as rectangular segments and a series of them will be assembled in a petal. Taking into account the realistic load capabilities of space launchers, to be able to put in orbit so large mirror modules the mass/geometric-area ratio of the optics should be very small. Finally, with a so large optics mass it would be very difficult to provide the electric power for an optics thermal active control, able to maintain the mirrors at the usual temperature of 20 °C. Therefore, very likely, the optics will instead operate in extreme thermal conditions, with the mirror temperature oscillating between −30 and −40 °C, that tends to exclude the epoxy replication approach (the mismatch between the CTE of the substrate and that of the resin would cause prohibitively large deformations of the mirror surface profiles). From these considerations light weight materials with high thermal–mechanical properties such as glass or ceramics become attractive to realize the mirrors of future Xray telescopes. In this paper, we will discuss a segments manufacturing method based on BorofloatTM glass. A series of finite element analysis concerning different aspects of the production, testing and integration of the optics are also presented as well. 相似文献
7.
Beverley J. Wills Zhaohui Shang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2584-2587
The evolution of luminous QSOs is linked to the evolution of massive galaxies. We know this because the relic black-holes found locally have masses dependent on the properties of the host galaxy’s bulge. An important way to explore this evolution would be to measure dependences of black-hole masses and Eddington accretion ratios over a range of redshifts, i.e., with cosmological age. For low redshift QSOs (and their lower luminosity Seyfert galaxy counterparts) it has been possible to infer black-hole masses from the luminosities and velocity dispersions of their host-galaxy bulges. These masses agree with those virial black-hole masses calculated from the Doppler widths of the broad Hβ emission lines. The latter method can then be extended to more distant and luminous QSOs, up to redshifts of 0.6 with ground-based optical observations. We discuss ways to extend these explorations to higher redshifts – up to 3 using the widths of QSOs’ broad UV emission lines, and in principle, and to redshifts near 4 from ground-based infrared observations of rest-frame Hβ at 2.5 μm. We discuss the possibility of investigating the accretion history of the higher redshift QSOs using measures of Eddington accretion ratio – the soft X-ray spectral index and the eigenvectors of Principal Components Analyses of QSOs’ UV emission-line spectra. 相似文献
8.
Martin C. Weisskopf 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2953-2958
The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched on July 23, 1999. The first X-ray photons were detected on August 12 of that same year. Subsequently observations with the Observatory, which features sub-arcsecond angular resolution, have revolutionized our understanding of the X-ray emitting sky providing hosts of spectacular energy-resolved images and high-resolution spectra. Here we present a brief overview of Chandra X-ray Observatory observations of compact X-ray binaries. 相似文献
9.
Dipankar Bhattacharya 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2999-3001
The Scanning Sky Monitor aboard the Indian Multiwavelength Astronomy Satellite ASTROSAT will employ coded mask X-ray cameras, rotating continuously to scan the sky. This paper discusses a method of image reconstruction for such continuously moving coded mask cameras. 相似文献
10.
T. Okajima Y. Tawara Y. Ogasaka K. Tamura A. Furuzawa K. Yamashita H. Kunieda 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2682-2687
X-ray telescopes have been providing high sensitivity X-ray observations in numerous missions. For X-ray telescopes in the future, one of the key technologies is to expand the energy band beyond 10 keV. We designed depth-graded multilayer, so-called supermirrors, for a hard X-ray telescope in the energy band up to 40 keV using lightweight thin-foil optics. They were successfully flown in a balloon flight and obtained a hard X-ray image of Cyg X-1 in the 20–40 keV band. Now supermirrors are promising to realize a hard X-ray telescope. We have estimated the performance of a hard X-ray telescope using a platinum–carbon supermirror for future satellite missions, such as NeXT (Japan) and XEUS (Europe). According to calculations, they will have a significant effective area up to 80 keV, and their effective areas will be more than 280 cm2 even at 60 keV. Limiting sensitivity will be down to 1.7 × 10−13 erg cm−2 s−1 in the 10–80 keV band at a 100 ks observation. In this paper, we present the results of the balloon experiment with the first supermirror flown and projected effective areas of hard X-ray telescopes and action items for future missions. 相似文献
11.
S.G. Anokhin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
We present here new XMM-Newton observations of 3 relatively cool clusters at z ≈ 0.4, complemented by archival observations of 3 other clusters at similar redshift. We derived the M–T and R–T relations from the hydrostatic equation using an isothermal temperature distribution. 相似文献
12.
J. Braga R. Rothschild J. Heise R. Staubert R. Remillard F. D''Amico F. Jablonski W. Heindl J. Matteson E. Kuulkers J. Wilms E. Kendziorra 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2657-2661
We describe the “Monitor e Imageador de Raios-X” (MIRAX), an X-ray astronomy satellite mission proposed by the high-energy astrophysics group at the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) in Brazil to the Brazilian Space Agency. MIRAX is an international collaboration that includes, besides INPE, the University of California San Diego, the University of Tübingen in Germany, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Space Research Organization Netherlands. The payload of MIRAX will consist of two identical hard X-ray cameras (10–200 keV) and one soft X-ray camera (2–28 keV), both with angular resolution of 5–7′. The basic objective of MIRAX is to carry out continuous broadband imaging spectroscopy observations of a large source sample (9 months/yr) in the central Galactic plane region. This will allow the detection, localization, possible identification, and spectral/temporal study of the entire history of transient phenomena to be carried out in one single mission. MIRAX will have sensitivities of 5 mCrab/day in the 2–10 keV band (2 times better than the All Sky Monitor on Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer) and 2.6 mCrab/day in the 10–100 keV band (40 times better than the Earth Occultation technique of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory). The MIRAX spacecraft will weigh about 200 kg and is expected to be launched in a low-altitude (600 km) circular equatorial orbit around 2007/2008. 相似文献
13.
Akihiro Doi Yusuke Kono Kimihiro Kimura Satomi Nakahara Tomoaki Oyama Nozomi Okada Yasutaka Satou Kazuyoshi Yamashita Naoko Matsumoto Mitsuhisa Baba Daisuke Yasuda Shunsaku Suzuki Yutaka Hasegawa Mareki Honma Hiroaki Tanaka Kosei Ishimura Yasuhiro Murata Reiho Shimomukai Shoko Koyama 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2019,63(1):779-793
The balloon-borne very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) experiment is a technical feasibility study for performing radio interferometry in the stratosphere. The flight model has been developed. A balloon-borne VLBI station will be launched to establish interferometric fringes with ground-based VLBI stations distributed over the Japanese islands at an observing frequency of approximately 20?GHz as the first step. This paper describes the system design and development of a series of observing instruments and bus systems. In addition to the advantages of avoiding the atmospheric effects of absorption and fluctuation in high frequency radio observation, the mobility of a station can improve the sampling coverage (“uv-coverage”) by increasing the number of baselines by the number of ground-based counterparts for each observation day. This benefit cannot be obtained with conventional arrays that solely comprise ground-based stations. The balloon-borne VLBI can contribute to a future progress of research fields such as black holes by direct imaging. 相似文献
14.
15.
Shawqi Al Dallal 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
Diffuse Galactic gamma-ray flux resulting from the evaporation of primordial black holes has been the subject of intensive research work during the last few decades. Theoretical work addressing this issue started in the 1970s whereas data started pouring in only in the 1990s. We discuss in this paper a model of the potential contribution to the Galactic gamma-ray flux of primordial black holes in binary systems and extend the argument to include stable gravitational bound states called Holeums. The model has a predictive power and can be tested by looking for gamma-ray excess in the vicinity of violent events occurring in the Galaxy such as supernova explosions. 相似文献
16.
Alan M. Levine Hale Bradt Edward H. Morgan Ron Remillard The MIT/GSFC ASM Team 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2970-2975
Selected results from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer All-Sky Monitor are presented to illustrate the phenomenology of the light curves. The sensitivity to periodic intensity variations is indicated by the folded light curve of AM Her. The gray line between transient and persistent sources is emphasized. Light curves of a range of systems comprising black holes or neutron stars and low and high mass companion stars show that the behavior of these systems is often, but not always, characteristic. 相似文献
17.
分析了X射线脉冲星导航原理,发现脉冲星的位置和脉冲到达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)的测量误差直接影响导航精度.为优选导航脉冲星组合,在误差协方差分析的基础上,提出了一种导航脉冲星组合优选方法.该方法分别定义了优选指标位置精度因子(Positioning Dilution of Precision,PDOP)和脉冲星优选指标(Pulsars Select Criteria,PSC),不仅考虑了脉冲星空间位置分布,还考虑了测量噪声差异对导航误差的影响.最后以25颗信号品质较好的脉冲星为例,仿真验证了所提方法的有效性. 相似文献
18.
H. Raichur B. Paul S. Naik N. Bhatt 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2785-2787
High mass X-ray binary (HMXB) pulsars are of two types, persistent and transient. 4U1538−52 is a persistent HMXB whose orbit was previously measured to be circular but the RXTE observations revealed an eccentric orbit. We observed this system with RXTE-PCA in August 2003 and our timing analysis supports the eccentric orbit of the system. However, we do not find any evidence for orbital evolution.
Rotational and tidal interactions between the stars of a closed binary system result in apsidal motion which can be measured in systems with eccentric orbit. 4U0115+63 is a Be-transient HMXB whose eccentric orbit was well-determined during its 1978 outburst. We report preliminary results from analysis of data obtained during the 1999 outburst of this source with the RXTE-PCA. 相似文献
19.
G.G. Pavlov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,3(10-12)
A review is given of recent developments in the theory of emission from a magnetized plasma for accreting neutron star conditions. Some observational data on X-ray pulsars are discussed, and present problems are indicated. 相似文献
20.
E.P.J. van den Heuvel 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2667-2672
Three recent developments in the field of formation and evolution of neutron stars and black holes in binaries are addressed:
- • The finding that there is a class of neutron stars, formed in interacting binaries, that do not receive kick velocities in their birth events. This finding is particularly important for our understanding of the formation – and formation rates – of double neutron stars. It is argued that these low-kick neutron stars, which tend to have low masses, are formed by a different physical mechanism than the neutron stars that receive large kick velocities at birth.
• The occurrence of velocity kicks in the formation events of stellar black holes.
• The nature of the companions of millisecond X-ray pulsars.