Computer-Aided Design and Graphics Applied to the Study of Inductor-Energy -Storage Dc-to-Dc Electronic Power Converters

A series of nine programs are developed for the design of the inductors of single-winding flyback converters. Three converter types are considered: voltage step-up, current step-up, and voltage step-up/current step-up. For each of the converter types, three pulse modulators are considered: constant frequency, constant transistor on-time, and constant transistor off-time. Computer-graphics displays are used to assist in evaluating characteristics of the various converter-modulator combinations.     

Zero dynamics-based design of damping networks for switching converters

A new design technique of the input filter damping network for dc-to-dc switching converters of buck type is presented. This technique is derived by means of zero dynamics analysis of the switching converter and yields equivalent results to those obtained using the classical approach based on minimizing the filter output impedance. The new method can be applied in converters of buck type with two inductors, boost with two inductors and dual SEPIC. Simulation and experimental results corresponding to a boost converter with two inductors illustrate the procedure.     

功率MOSFET并联主动均流设计与仿真

功率MOSFET并联在低压大电流领域是一种常见而且有效的解决方案。但是,由于MOSFET器件参数、回路寄生参数以及栅极驱动参数的差异性等因素,功率MOSFET器件并联时常常出现电流不均衡现象。通过Multisim 仿真,分析了MOSFET器件参数因素以及外围电路特性对并联支路静态和动态电流的影响;根据法拉第电磁感应定律以及磁通约束原理,采用耦合电感的均流方法,在并联的各支路中串入共磁芯耦合线圈,实现了各并联支路的电流平衡;然后,通过建立耦合电感的电路以及数学模型,揭示了串入耦合电感实现均流的数学原理。最后,通过仿真验证了串入耦合电感实现并联功率MOSFET均流方法的有效性与可行性。     

Synthesis and analysis of inductor-isolated switched-mode converter

A procedure is developed for the synthesis and analysis of complete classes of inductor-isolated PWM (pulse width-modulated) converters. The procedure is useful in the identification of converters in which the isolation inductors can be integrated with the rest of the inductors on the same magnetic structures. The information obtained from the procedure is useful in the selection of the converter most suitable for a given application and in the design of this converter with minimum component stresses, high power density, and low cost     

电路分析语言ECAL

计算机辅助设计技术是计算机应用的重要发展,是计算机科学的一个重要组成部分。电路分析的专用语言是模拟电路的计算机辅助设计或辅助分析技术（简称为CACD和CACA）的基础。 电路分析语言ECAL是利用FORTRAN语言对语句进行解释执行的一种比较简单,而使用又比较方便的电路分析专用语言,它能对电路进行直流分析、交流分析和暂态分析,而且直流分析的结果可以直接作为交流或暂态分析的初始条件而转入交流或暂态分析。 ECAL语言用接近电路工程人员习惯的输入语句来描述电路,允许使用的元件除常规线性的如电阻、电容、电感、电流源、电压源等以外,还允许使用二极管、晶体三极管和非线性电阻等非线性元件,因此它可以对线性或非线性电路和系统进行分析。 ECAL语言用简单的输出语句来控制分析结果数据的输出形式,它可以是表格、也可以是图形以适应不同的需要。因此它对于工程技术人员来说是一种很有用的分析工具。     

Interleaved boost converter with zero diode reverse-recovery loss

A three-phase interleaved continuous-inductor-current-mode (CICM) boost converter with zero diode reverse-recovery loss is proposed. In the converter, the di/dt of the output rectifiers is controlled by an integrated magnetic component. All the output rectifiers can be turned off softly and a very high efficiency is obtained. The equivalent-circuit model of the integrated inductors, the operation principle of the converter, and the design issues are discussed. Simulation and experimental results are presented.     

Table-Aided Design of the Energy-Storage Reactor in DC-to-DC Converters

A new procedure for the selection of magnetic cores for use in energy-storage dc-to-dc power converters that eliminates the need for an automated computer search algorithm and stored data file is presented. The converter configurations included in the procedure are the three commonly encountered single-winding converters for voltage stepup, for current stepup and voltage stepup/current stepup, and for the two-winding converter for voltage stepup/current stepup. For each converter configuration, three types of controllers are considered: constant-frequency, constant on-time, and constant off-time. Using concepts developed from analyses of these converters by considering the transfer of energy by means of an energystorage inductor or transformer, a special table of parameters calculated from magnetic core data is constructed, which leads to a considerably simplified design procedure.     

Steady-State Analysis of the Series Resonant Converter

The series resonant converter is analyzed in steady state, and for constant switching frequency the output current and voltage characteristics are found to be ellipses. The converter operating point can then be easily obtained by superimposing a load line on these elliptical characteristics. Peak resonant capacitor voltage and inductor current are also plotted in the output plane and are dependent to first order only on output current. When peak voltage and current are plotted in this manner, the dependence of component stresses on operating point is clearly revealed. The output characteristics are modified to include the effect of transistor and diode voltage drops, and experimental verification is presented.     

双Buck半桥逆变器输入电容电压脉动的分析

双Buck逆变器(DBI)是航空静止变流器(ASIs)的常用拓扑,从双Buck半桥逆变器(DBHBIs)两直流电感中分离出交流电感使得体积、重量进一步减小。在正常工作,尤其是负载短路情况下,双Buck半桥逆变器输入侧电容上的电压产生与输出同频的脉动。以交流电感分立的双Buck半桥逆变器为例,分析了在额定负载、短路、级联工作等情况下输入电容电压脉动的产生原因,给出了该脉动的定量计算方法,并由此得出了输入侧电容容值的选择依据。最后通过仿真和实验,验证了文中分析的正确性。该分析方法同样适用于其他半桥型逆变器拓扑。     

Single-Stage Single-Switch Switched-Capacitor Buck/Buck-Boost-Type Converter

A new dc-dc converter featuring a steep step-down of the input voltage is presented. It answers a typical need for on-board aeronautics modern power architectures: power supplies with a large conversion ratio able to deliver an output voltage of 1–1.2 V. The proposed structure is derived from a switched-capacitor circuit integrated with a buck converter; they share the same active switch. The proposed solution removes the electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission due to the large di/dt in the input current of the switched-capacitor power supplies. Compared with a quadratic buck converter, it presents a similar complexity, a smaller reduction in the line voltage at full load (but less conduction losses due to smaller input inductor current and capacitor voltage), lower voltage stresses on the transistor and diodes, lower current stresses in the diodes, and smaller size inductors. A similar structure using a buck-boost converter as the second stage is also presented. The experimental results confirm the theoretical developments.     

Design of the Series Resonant Converter for Minimum Component Stress

For a given output voltage and power, the peak resonant capacitor voltage and peak inductor and switch currents of the series resonant converter depend strongly on the choice of transformer turns ratio and of tank inductance and capacitance. In this paper the particular component values which result in the smallest component stresses are determined, and a simple design strategy is developed. The procedure is illustrated for an off-line 200 W, 5 V application, and it is shown that an incorrect choice of component values can result in significantly higher component stresses than are necessary.     

耦合电感在正负输出开关电源中的应用

本文通过对正负输出电源特性的分析,阐述了耦合电感在解决正负输出电源交叉调节问题中的独特作用,并通过对耦合电感建立数学模型分析了耦合电感对正负输出电源电路性能的影响,通过对耦合电感的研究使我们掌握了实现正负输出电压稳定的开关电源设计方法,并在惯测系统配套的电源变换器中得以应用验证。     

Two-phase forward converter using an integrated magnetic component

An interleaved two-phase forward converter using an integrated magnetic component is proposed for telecommunication and computer applications. The integrated magnetic component consists of two step-down transformers and two output-filtering inductors on a single magnetic core. The z-parameter (gyrator) model and the equivalent-circuit model of the integrated magnetic component are presented. The circuit operation and design criteria of the proposed converter are described. All theoretical analyses are verified by simulated and experimental results.     

Computer-Aided Design and Weight Estimation of High-Power High-Voltage Power Conditioners

Aspects of high-power high-voltage power conditioner design and weight estimation relevant to space subsystems are discussed. Weight has become an increasingly important parameter with the advent of larger and more sophisticated spacecraft, especially those for high-power communication. A computer program for estimating the weight of a high-power dc-to-dc power conditioner as functions of output power, operating frequency, input voltage range, maximum input voltage, and efficiency, respectively, is described, including computer-aided design of inductors and transformers. Curves of typical power conditioner weight as functions of the preceding parameters, derived from the power conditioner weight program, are presented.     

LLC parallel resonant converter design by scaling the LC converter

An efficient and practical method for steady-state design of an LLC-type parallel resonant dc/dc converter (LLC-PRC) is presented. In general, the output characteristic curves of LLC-PRC can be obtained by multiplying the output curves of the LC-type parallel resonant converter (LC-PRC) by a ratio of the parallel and series inductances. The peak voltage and current stresses on the resonant elements also depend on the same ratio. The LLC-PRC with a filter inductor is examined for two conduction modes, continuous and discontinuous capacitor voltage conduction modes, to show the effect of the inductance ratio. A means to use the derived equations to obtain the zero current switching (ZCS) is given. Also, a design procedure, along with design examples, is given to illustrate the use of the equations and characteristic curves. An experimental LLC-PRC is built to ensure the validity of the equations and design examples     

PWM converter with low stresses and zero capacitive turn-on losses

A buck converter operating at constant switching frequency, whose active switches and recovery diode commutate at zero-voltage-switching (ZVS), with zero capacitive turn-on losses, is proposed. By using the parasitic capacitances of the switches as resonant capacitors, multiresonance is created. The resonant stage takes place only after the resonant inductor has been discharged, thus avoiding a resonant current peak; the devices are subjected to the same stresses as their counterparts in conventional hard-switching converters. A high efficiency is obtained.     

基于开放式知识表示的智能化产品设计

基于知识的智能化产品设计是CAD技术的发展方向之一,但现有知识表示方式缺乏对产品设计人员的开放性,不利于设计人员理解和维护设计系统中的知识。针对这一不足,研究机械产品设计领域常见的公式、表格、二维映射图、过程、规则等类型知识的开放式表示方法,给出了其BNF(Backus Naur Form)范式描述,并研究了各类知识的推理方法。所研究的开放式知识表示及相应推理方法具有以下优点:1)知识不再固化于设计系统;2)知识便于设计人员自行录入和维护。最后以基于知识的航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔设计为例,验证了该方法应用于工程实践的可行性。     

Magnetic energy storage devices for small scale applications

The author considers basic principles of magnetic energy storage, structure requirements and limitations, configurations of inductors, attributes of high-T_c superconducting materials including thermal instabilities, a relative comparison with the state-of-the-art high energy density power sources, and refrigeration requirements. A review of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology reveals that the advent of high-temperature ceramic superconducting materials and advances in high strength materials and refrigeration technology are likely to facilitate fabrication of smaller SMES units. The design parameters of a micro superconducting magnetic energy unit for Air Force application are presented and discussed     

定后掠角密切锥乘波体的生成和设计方法

对定后掠角密切锥乘波体（OCWRCAS）的生成方法和考虑黏性的设计方法进行了研究。定后掠角乘波体的前缘具有特定的后掠角,能够在上表面产生稳定分离涡从而改善乘波体的气动性能。本文首先在传统密切锥乘波体生成方法的基础上给出了定后掠角密切锥乘波体的生成方法;从前缘后掠的几何特征中提取了后掠角、激波角和前缘曲线程度等设计变量,并研究了设计变量的取值范围;以遍历设计空间的思路对两类定后掠角密切锥乘波体进行了设计分析,研究了升阻比、体积效率随设计变量的变化规律,然后在设计空间内进行了多目标寻优;最后使用计算流体力学方法对定后掠角乘波体的乘波特性和涡升力特性进行了验证。结果表明,由本文生成方法得到的定后掠角密切锥乘波体具有明显的乘波特性并且能够在较高的升阻比时保证一定的体积效率;定后掠角前缘能够在一定的迎角下在上表面产生稳定的分离涡,产生涡升力。