对称结构DBD等离子体激励器改善气膜冷却效率的数值模拟研究

基于等离子体简化唯象模型,采用大涡模拟方法研究了激励强度和电极间距对于对称结构DBD等离子体激励器气膜冷却效率的影响。结果表明:由于等离子体激励的下拉诱导作用和展向动量注入效应,发卡涡的上抛过程受到抑制,壁面附近的展向速度增大,并且诱导产生的反肾形涡对削弱了肾形涡对的强度和尺寸,阻碍了高温主流向冷却射流底部的流动,冷却射流的附壁性和展向扩张能力均增强,气膜冷却效率提高。此外,气膜冷却效率随激励强度的增大而增大,随电极间距的增大而减小。     

展向行波状Lorentz力的波数对壁湍流控制的影响

展向行波状Lorentz力可以有效调制湍流近壁流动及减少壁面摩擦阻力。为了解行波波数在壁湍流控制中的影响,并进一步揭示该方法的减阻机理,本文利用Fourier-Chebyshev谱方法,通过直接数值模拟（DNS）,对槽道湍流的展向行波状Lorentz力控制和减阻问题进行了研究,讨论了展向波数kz对近壁流动及壁面阻力的影响。结果表明,当展向行波状Lorentz力诱导的流场被用来调制固有的近壁湍流流场时,固有流场和诱导流场同时受到调制。Lorentz力的展向波数对流场调制效果具有显著影响。通过波数的选择,引进新的涡结构,可以调制条带结构的展向间距与强度,影响近壁流体的湍流猝发活动,从而调制壁面摩擦阻力的大小。     

颗粒相对固体火箭发动机稳定性影响的大涡模拟研究

为研究颗粒相对固体火箭发动机(SRM)稳定性的影响,在考虑颗粒燃烧和两相间耦合的条件下时模型固体火箭发动机内部多相湍流进行了大涡模拟.结果发现:在颗粒相的作用下,发动机上游形成了强度很小的小尺度湍流;在主燃烧室可观察到颗粒相具抑制大尺度湍流向流场核心区和近壁区渗透的作用,抑制作用受颗粒大小和含量的影响.颗粒相可增加小尺度的湍流扰动,但同时也抑制了主燃烧室内大尺度湍流的不稳定性.     

三维侧压高超声速进气道不启动流场试验与数值模拟研究

对某构型三维侧压高超声速进气道开展了Ma4的自由射流试验和数值仿真,研究 了低马赫数下不启动流场的流动机理。观测到了具有“对涡”结构的底板油流图案,并得到 了分离区的范围和内部流动特征。分析得出,“对涡”结构油流图案和流场中部分离区的形 成是唇口激波和内收缩形成的逆压梯度作用于侧板激波形成的流场中部低能流区的结果。根 据试验和数值模拟结果给出了流场结构示意图,并为下一步进气道构形设计和性能改善工作 提出了建议。     

悬臂斜坡喷注器流场结构与混合特性

为了探索高马赫数下激波诱燃冲压发动机前体/进气道燃料/空气混合的精细流场结构和混合增强机理,采用隐式方法,对悬臂斜坡喷注器进行了三维RANS仿真,得到了喷注器流场的精细结构。仿真结果表明,由于斜坡的作用,流场中产生了激波、膨胀波、流向旋涡等现象。气流经过斜坡时产生了斜激波,并在斜坡边缘处发生膨胀;斜坡侧壁附近在压差的作用下产生了流向旋涡,流向涡在向下游发展过程中卷吸空气,从而增强了混合,但斜坡的存在加大了流场的总压损失。     

轴对称后向台阶不稳定流动及压强振荡数值研究

使用翼柱形装药的战术发动机,在翼槽烧完时会出现轴对称的后向台阶结构,易产生转角涡脱落引起的声涡耦合现象。根据战术发动机中后向台阶流动特点设计简化模型,从线性稳定性理论出发,应用声涡耦合模态预测方法进行分析。采用湍流流动的大涡模拟(LES)方法,进行了较宽来流Re数条件下后向台阶不稳定流动的数值模拟,获得了转角涡脱落产生的一般过程,分析了不同来流条件下的旋涡多尺度运动规律。通过分析流场中关键位置的压强振荡,研究了气动声学现象。结果表明,声涡耦合模态预测方法可对不同速度下可能诱发的声场固有频率进行合理预测。流场头部压强波动的振幅最大,频率与声场轴向声模态相耦合。再发展区出现低于轴向基频的宽峰振荡主要受大尺度旋涡运动的影响,该频率与基频接近时,会造成基频的多峰现象。当近壁面小尺寸旋涡形成频率接近声场某阶固有频率时,该频率及更低阶频率就有可能被激发。     

等离子体喷嘴在超燃燃烧室中助燃的研究

为提高超燃冲压发动机燃烧效率,参考国内外研究给出了介质阻挡放电等离子体喷嘴基本构型并设计了电弧放电等离子体喷嘴基本构型,数值模拟了电弧(ARC)和介质阻挡放电(DBD)两种等离子体喷嘴安装在火焰稳定凹腔上游时的流场燃烧过程,研究了喷注氢气时等离子体对燃烧室各组分及温度、压力等关键参数的影响。结果表明:产物中水生成量有一定程度的增加,燃烧室压力、温度也有不同程度增长,起到了助燃效果,但电弧喷嘴的助燃效果更明显。     

单喷嘴燃烧流场仿真研究

运用CFD技术,采用涡扩散（EDC,eddy dissipation concept）模型对某发动机单喷嘴燃烧的稳态燃烧流场进行了数值模拟,得到了燃烧室内的压力、速度、温度及燃气组分等参数的分布情况,并对其混合程度进行了评估。结构改进前后的计算结果对比表明,适当增加中心喷嘴的壁厚和缩进长度有利于燃烧室火焰的附着和提高燃烧室流场的均匀程度。     

二次电子发射对稳态等离子体推进器加速通道鞘层的影响

稳态等离子体推进器(Stationary Plasma Thruster,SPT)工作时产生的高密度等离子体遇到其加速通道陶瓷器壁时,在陶瓷器壁与等离子体之间形成鞘层。离子会在鞘层电场作用下到达SPT加速通道器壁表面进而复合,而等离子体中的电子由于具有高能可跃过鞘层电场轰击器壁表面,从而产生二次电子发射效应。从器壁表面发射出的二次电子由于受到鞘层电场的排斥,导致其向等离子体源区移动,进而影响等离子体鞘层的特性。建立了考虑二次电子发射效应的无碰撞等离子体鞘层的一维流体模型,研究了二次电子发射对SPT加速通道鞘层特性的影响。计算结果显示,随二次电子发射系数增加,鞘层电势、离子密度、电子密度和二次电子密度增加,而离子速度降低,鞘层中离子密度始终大于电子密度。鞘层中二次电子绝大多数集中在器壁附近,随二次电子穿越鞘层厚度的增加,二次电子密度快速下降。     

多喷管燃气降噪方案可行性数值研究

根据燃气射流噪声的发声机理及辐射特性,提出了采用多喷管代替单喷管进行降噪的方案。以四喷管为例,构建相应的物理及计算模型,综合运用三维大涡模拟得到的近场瞬态流场数据与FW-H面积分相结合的计算气动声学方法,对射流流场及声学特性进行数值研究。通过与单喷管对比,得出多喷管结构在保证发动机质量流率及推力性能的前提下,降低了整个观测区域的噪声,尤其是射流下游,并且还改变了噪声辐射的指向性,起到了明显的降噪效果,验证了该方案的可行性。     

Dynamics of Temperature and Density of Cold Protons of the Earth's Plasmasphere Measured by the Auroral Probe/Alpha-3 Experiment Data during Geomagnetic Disturbances

We present the results of temperature and density measurement of plasmaspheric protons under quiet and disturbed conditions in the night and dayside sectors of the plasmasphere obtained with the Auroral Probe/Alpha-3 instrument during September 1996 and January 1997. According to the experimental data, the proton temperature in the night sector of the plasmasphere depends on the level of geomagnetic disturbance: it is found that at night hours the values of temperatures inside the plasmasphere at 2.4 < L < 3.5 decreased considerably after the commencement of a geomagnetic storm. The temperature decrease, as a rule, was accompanied by the formation of a flat plateau on the density distribution n(L) at 2.4 < L < 3.5. The above experimental facts (decreasing proton temperature and formation of a flat part on the n(L) distribution) allow us to conclude that the decrease in the proton temperature in the night sector of the plasmasphere connected with magnetic disturbances is caused by the filling of field tubes (depleted after the commencement of the storm) with colder ionospheric plasma. The proton temperature in the dayside sector of the plasmasphere virtually does not depend on the level of the geomagnetic disturbance.     

两种翼型螺旋桨ARA-D和S1223的等离子体增效实验研究

文章首先基于雷诺相似理论,在地面螺旋桨实验平台上开展ARA-D翼型螺旋桨微秒脉冲等离子体增效三维实验,结果表明,等离子体对螺旋桨拉力增效效果随着脉冲频率增加而减弱,而螺旋桨转矩受等离子体影响随拉力增效效果增加而减弱,拉力、效率最大增幅分别达到10.79%、11.56%。而后基于雷诺相似理论及叶素理论,在低湍流度风洞开展S1223翼型螺旋桨叶素微秒脉冲等离子体增效二维实验,结果表明等离子体激励提高了翼型各叶素拉力,其中根部与尖部叶素表现尤为明显。二维实验结果可为三维实验激励器展向排布方案提供理论依据。2种实验结果均表明,等离子体射流可以有效抑制翼型表面流动分离。     

Modeling the Modification of the Nighttime High-Latitude F-Region by Powerful HF Radiowaves

A mathematical model of the high-latitude F-region, taking the ionospheric plasma convection into account, is used for modeling a response of the auroral F-region to irradiation by powerful high-frequency (HF) radiowaves. The model enables us to calculate the time variations in the profiles of the electron concentration, the velocity of positive ions, and the ion and electron temperatures in the part of a magnetic-flux tube moving over an artificial ionospheric heater under the action of a convective electric field. The modeling was carried out for a part of the magnetic flux tube intersecting the F-layer irradiated by the Norwegian heater at Tromsö when it is located near the midnight magnetic meridian. The calculations were made for the equinox conditions under the high solar and low geomagnetic activity. The results of our modeling show that substantial variations in the profiles of the electron temperature, the velocity of positive ions, and the electron concentration can be produced in the nighttime high-latitude F-layer due to HF heating. The perturbation caused by a 20 s rectangular pulse should exist for about 20 min at the level of the F-layer maximum. The disturbed plasma volume can leave the region irradiated by the heater and move away for over 500 km within the above-mentioned time period.     

电弧放电等离子体对超声速边界层影响的数值模拟

基于电弧放电等离子体热阻塞机理,对等离子体超声速流动控制过程进行了数值模拟,研究了等离子体对边界层的影响,分析了放电区大小、温度等对其作用效果的影响。结果显示：在高温等离子体放电区的上下游近区发生了边界层分离及漩涡运动;在放电区内有两种边界层,即高温等离子体与外界低温气流之间的温度边界层和气流与壁面之间的粘性边界层;放电区内形成漩涡运动的原因有两个,即内外压差和边界层分离;上游边界层的分离点y轴坐标随温度的增大而减小;增大来流速度,放电区上游分离点y轴坐标呈先增大后减小的趋势、放电区内漩涡运动加剧、下游近区边界层分离点y轴坐标减小。     

Statistical Approach to the Evaluation of the Mean Correlation Length and the Propagation Velocity of Middle-Scale Plasma Structures in the Earth's Foreshock

Based on simultaneous measurements of ion fluxes made onboard the closely separated satellites Interball-1and Magion-4, the propagation velocity of middle-scale plasma structures in the Earth's foreshock relative to the solar wind flow is estimated. The derived value of this velocity allows these structures to be identified as a fast magnetosonic wave propagating upstream of the solar wind inflowing the Earth's bow shock. An evaluation is also made of the correlation length of these disturbances in the plane perpendicular to the Sun–Earth line. This length is approximately equal to 2R _E.     

Study and comparison of the parameters of five hot flow anomalies at a bow shock front

Five hot flow anomalies (HFA) recorded by the Tail Probe of the INTERBALL satellite in 1996 are analyzed in present work. For the five chosen events the authors determined the characteristics of current sheets whose interaction with the bow shock front led to formation of an HFA, as well as the directions of external electric fields and the directions of motion of these HFAs over a shock front. The analysis of plasma convection in an HFA body is carried out; the average velocities of plasma motion in the HFA are determined in a coordinate system linked with the normal to a current layer and with the normal to the bow shock. According to the character of plasma convection in an HFA body, these five events may be divided into two types, which also differ in the direction of the motion over the front of the bow shock. In the first-type HFAs, the convection of plasma has a component directed from the intermediate region confirming its identification as a source of energy for the formation of an HFA. In the second-type HFAs, plasma motion from the intermediate region in leading and trailing parts is less expressed. This fact, as well as the great variation of peculiar velocities in the body of anomalies, allowed the assumption that second-type anomalies are nonstationary. Evidence is presented that the anomalies considered in the paper are bordered with shocks formed in solar wind passing a large-scale, decelerated body of heated plasma.     

Low Altitude Cusp–Cleft Region Signatures of Strong Geomagnetic Disturbances

The polar cusp being a region of the free access of the solar wind into the inner magnetosphere is also the site of turbulent plasma flow. The cusp area at low altitudes acts like a focus of a variety type of instability and disturbances from different regions of the Earth. Daily f ₀ F2 frequencies are discussed regarding the cusp position. The high time resolution wave measurements together with electron and ion energetic spectra measurements registered on the board the Freja satellite and Magion-3 and the electron density at the peak of f ₀ F2 layers collected from ground-based ionosonde measurements were used to study the response of ionospheric plasma within the cusp–cleft region to the strong geomagnetic storm. In this paper we present the response of the ionospheric plasma to the disturbed conditions seen in the topside wave measurements and in the ionospheric characteristics maps obtained from the ground-based VI network. The need of the cusp feature model for radio communication purposes is advocated.     

MHD Simulations of the Dynamics of Sharp Disturbances of the Interplanetary Medium and Comparison with Spacecraft Observations

One-dimensional MHD simulations of solitary sharp and strong disturbances (impulses) of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma of the homogeneous solar wind were performed. The characteristics of a disturbance of this type, recorded onboard the WIND spacecraft (SC) rather far from the Earth, were taken as initial conditions. The results of numerical experiments simulating the evolution of this disturbance in the moving interplanetary plasma, whose parameters correspond to observations of the WIND and INTERBALL-1 SC, show the efficiency of the computer code developed with the special purpose of investigating low-frequency wave events in the space environment. The calculated characteristics of the impulse resulting from the evolution are in good agreement with parameters of the disturbance recorded by the INTERBALL-1 SC closer to the Earth. In particular, the impulse expands due to imbalance of thermal and magnetic pressures, but keeps its abrupt boundaries. It was demonstrated that stable plasma objects, corresponding to stationary MHD solutions, could really exist in the solar wind plasma for a long time.     

高超飞行器表面热效应地面模拟实验研究

文章深入分析高超飞行器与临近空间大气相互作用的基本物理过程,激波加热及粒子碰撞产生等离子体的物理机制,并利用磁热屏蔽效应在高超飞行器模拟器与高速定向流间建立磁化等离子体鞘层,大幅降低中性激波气体向飞行器的能流传递,从而为高超飞行器提供有效的热防护作用。通过两次比对实验验证了磁热屏蔽效应的有效性及工程实施的可行性,为今后研制高韧性、超轻质、可重复使用热防护复合材料提供了实验数据,奠定了技术基础。实验中利用层流等离子体源作为高能流密度热源是热防护实验装备上的创新,层流等离子体源能流截面大、能流密度高,可以针对高超飞行器表面热效应进行全尺寸的模拟实验。