Using land use change trajectories to quantify the effects of urbanization on urban heat island

This paper proposed a quantitative method of land use change trajectory, which means the succession among different land use types across time, to examine the effects of urbanization on an urban heat island (UHI). To accomplish this, multi-temporal images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) of Xiamen City in China from 1987 to 2007 were selected. First, the land use change trajectories were extracted based on the classified images from different years. Then the land surface temperatures (LST) were retrieved and the magnitudes of the UHI were evaluated using the UHI intensity (UHII) indicator. Finally, the indices of the contribution to UHI intensity (CUHII) were constructed and calculated to quantify the effects of each land use change trajectory on the UHI during urbanization. The results demonstrated that the land use change trajectories and CUHII are effective and useful in quantifying the effects of urbanization on UHI. In Xiamen City, a total of 2218 land use change trajectories were identified and 530 of them were the existing urban or urbanization trajectories. The UHII presents a trend of continuous increase from 0.83 °C in 1987 to 2.14 °C in 2007. With respect to the effects of urban growth on UHI, the contribution of existing urban area to UHI decreased during urbanization. Prior to 2007, the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 had the most significant effect on UHI with the greatest CUHII, while the value has decreased from 55.00% in 1987 to 13.03% in 2007 because of the addition of new urbanized area. In 2007, the greatest CUHII was replaced by a trajectory from farmland to built-up area (NO. 22224) with the CUHII of 21.98%, followed by the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 with the CUHII of 13.03%. These results provide not only a new methodology to assess the environmental effects of urbanization, but also decision-supports for the planning and management of cities.     

Modeling urban heat islands in heterogeneous land surface and its correlation with impervious surface area by using night-time ASTER satellite data in highly urbanizing city,Delhi-India

The present study is an assessment and identification of urban heat island (UHI) in the environment of one of the fastest urbanizing city of India, Delhi Metropolis, employing satellite image of ASTER and Landsat 7 ETM+ in the thermal infrared region 3–14 μm. Temporal (2001 and 2005) ASTER datasets were used to analyze the spatial structure of the thermal urban environment subsequently urban heat island (UHI) in relation to the urban surface characteristics and land use/land cover (LULC). The study involves derivation of parameters governing the surface heat fluxes, constructing statistics of ASTER thermal infrared images along with validation through intensive in situ measurements. The average images reveal spatial and temporal variations of land surface temperature (LST) of night-time and distinct microclimatic patterns. Central Business District (CBD) of Delhi, (Connaught Place, a high density built up area), and commercial/industrial areas display heat islands condition with a temperature greater than 4 °C compared to the suburbs. The small increase in surface temperature at city level is mainly attributed to cumulative impact of human activities, changes in LULC pattern and vegetation density. In this study the methodology takes into account spatially-relative surface temperatures and impervious surface fraction value to measure surface UHI intensity between the urban land cover and rural surroundings. Both the spatial and temporal variation in surface temperature associated with impervious surface area (ISA) has been evaluated to assess the effect of urbanization on the local climate.     

Modeling the effects of green alternative on heat island mitigation of a meso level town,West Bengal,India

Urban heat island (UHI) is emerged as a ubiquitous phenomenon that affects the outdoor thermal comfort. Hence urban microclimatic studies using numeric simulation software to find out adaption strategies are attracting the great attention of researchers and policymaker. Number of scientists carried out their research on this topic using different tools and technique whereas ENVI-met model is the most widely used simulation tools. The present study intended to examine the implication of green infrastructure of the town on enhanced microclimatic condition and to evaluate the best suitable mitigation strategy modelling cool city with ENVI-met software (V4). Five greening condition such as existing UHI condition (C1), 100% greening of roof (C2), 100% greening of roof and walls (C3), 50% greening of roof and walls (C4) and: Plantation at suitable area with 50% greening of roof and walls (C5) have been taken into consideration for the microclimate simulation for all three selected sites. Among these five conditions, C3 for the open mid-rise and compact low-rise, C5 for the open low-rise are identified as one of the most suitable strategies which can reduce the air temperature of peak hours by 2.6 °C, 1.33 °C and 1.87 °C respectively. These models are validated by simple linear regression between simulated and existing air temperature in case of existing UHI condition (C1) and in all the cases coefficient of determination value is high such as for open mid-rise, compact low-rise and open low-rise, it is 0.92, 0.92 and 0.75 respectively. Therefore it can be concluded that the application of those strategies can improve the urban thermal environment as well as the outdoor thermal comfort of English bazaar Town and its surroundings.     

基于最速下降法的可展开索网天线型面调整方法

考虑到索网结构的几何非线性和节点位移的高度耦合,为提高索网天线的型面调整效率,需设计合理的型面调整优化方法。文章根据双层索网结构的拓扑关系,将平衡矩阵和柔度矩阵分块化表示,通过偏导方法推导了任意平衡状态下型面误差对于张力阵拉力的梯度公式,利用型面误差梯度的无穷范数确定对型面误差影响最显著的张力阵单元。结合最速下降优化算法,采用型面误差负梯度方向作为优化路径。通过调节张力阵拉力,降低由于索网长度误差引起的型面误差。建立环形桁架天线的双层索网模型,进行型面调整数值试验,结果表明调整后的型面误差已趋近为零。     

航天器表面污染物质沉积变化和控制因子评估

航天器进入空间环境以后,空间环境分子污染和颗粒污染形成了航天器表面污染层,从而对航天器的各技术分系统产生不同的负面影响.介绍了中外中轨道航天器表面污染物质沉积变化在轨探测结果,并对污染物质沉积量变化和控制因子做初步评估.结果表明,污染物质沉积量在航天器入轨初期的1~2年内受航天器自身出气物质量、放气速率、表面温度及所处的气流方向等因子所控制.初期沉积量大,正是受到航天器入轨后自身出气量大、放气速率较高的控制,同时迎风面比背风面沉积量大.入轨后期表面沉积量长期变化呈现出明显的降变或缓慢涨落,而且具有全向性特征,因此探讨了具有全向性影响能力的控制因子相关特性,其中高能粒子通量和太阳紫外辐射通量变化可能是主要控制因子.      

基于结构光扫描数据点的内表面重建方法

提出基于结构光扫描获取的特征点重建物体内表面的方法.结构光扫描获取原始数据精度较高,但是存在数据密度不均的问题.通过剔除测量方向部分冗余数据点和插补扫描方向的稀疏数据,对原始三维数据密度进行适当调整,然后采用基于局部切平面簇的方法对调整后的数据点云进行表面重建.在某一特征点的邻域构造对应于该点的局部切平面,通过局部切平面簇逼近原始表面,采用Marching cubes算法提取等值面,得到三维表面重建的初始网格,根据优化算法简化网格,并采用Loop细分法平滑网格,获得描述物体表面特征的重建表面.该方法解决了由结构光扫描获取的不均匀原始数据点重建物体内表面的问题.      

基于BP神经网络的介质表面充电电位反演方法

为了实现全面、实时的在轨卫星充放电风险分析,基于在相同环境下,不同材料表面充电的关联性,利用BP神经网络建立了一种由Kapton材料表面充电电位反演卫星其他常用介质材料表面电位的模型。以Kapton材料的表面电位以及材料厚度为输入,其他介质材料的表面电位作为模型输出,使用COMSOL建立的表面充电模型对神经网络进行训练,将反演误差降低到10%以下,并利用Kapton与Teflon材料表面充电地面试验数据验证反演模型的准确性,结果显示Teflon表面电位的反演值与实测值间的相对误差小于16%。     

金刚石滚轮修整效果与修整机理

磨削钛合金时砂轮粘附严重,砂轮修整对磨削效果的影响尤为显著.采用金刚石滚轮修整新型陶瓷氧化铝SG砂轮并进行钛合金的磨削实验,通过改变修整参数(包括轴向速度、修整深度和修整速比)对磨削力、工件表面粗糙度及表面形貌进行测量,考察不同修整参数对磨削效果的影响.研究结果表明,减小轴向速度和修整深度均使磨削力增加,同时获得较好的工件表面质量.修整速比对工件表面粗糙度的影响比较复杂.研究发现,修整速比为0.4时修整出来的砂轮磨削后工件表面质量较好.在分析实验结果的基础上,深入探讨了砂轮修整机理和工件表面形貌形成机理.实验及分析结果为金刚石滚轮修整SG砂轮磨削钛合金的修整工艺提供了依据.      

杯形陶瓷CBN砂轮修整工艺及参数优化

针对金刚石滚轮修整杯形CBN砂轮时各修整工艺参数对砂轮修整后磨削TC 4时的磨削温度、磨削力和表面粗糙度的影响进行实验研究,并对磨削温度和表面粗糙度进行了多因素回归分析.在回归分析得到的数学模型基础上,进一步对磨削温度和表面粗糙度进行双目标加权优化,得到了粗磨和精磨钛合金时砂轮的最佳修整参数,并通过磨削实验对优化结果进行了验证.     

红外加热棒式空间外热流模拟器的数值研究

采用蒙特卡罗法跟踪能束的发射和吸收,提出了一种避免挡板表面能量方程计算的等效反射模型,模拟了红外加热棒式空间外热流模拟器模拟面上的能量分布及其他参数,比较了加热棒为直棒和曲棒时模拟面的热流模拟结果。研究表明,挡板内外表面置换后表面发射率的不同并没有导致模拟面上能量分布的明显变化;增加加热棒根数并不能一直明显地使模拟面的能量分布更趋于均匀;经形状优化后曲棒模拟的热流分布比直棒更均匀。     

制孔工艺对7075铝合金孔表面完整性的影响

从表面完整性角度研究了5种制孔工艺对7075铝合金板材紧固孔表面加工质量的影响,通过对不同种工艺所产生的紧固孔表面粗糙度、残余应力和显微硬度进行检测和比较,发现钻扩铰多步慢进给工艺和钻扩铰一步复合制孔工艺所达到的表面完整性指标优于其它加工工艺.另外分析了影响孔加工质量的因素,证明了一步复合制孔工艺是一种先进、快捷的高质量制孔方法.     

基于多工况的新型着陆器软着陆性能优化

以新型腿式着陆器为研究对象,建立其刚柔耦合动力学分析模型,实现着陆器软着陆过程的仿真。通过仿真计算,确定着陆器最易翻倒、底面最易与星球表面岩石碰撞、主体承受最大碰撞力的3组恶劣着陆工况。分析着陆器缓冲机构构型选取设计变量,基于仿真得到的3组恶劣工况,应用第二代非劣排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)实现着陆器软着陆性能的优化,优化目标为增强着陆器抗翻倒能力、降低着陆器底面与星球表面岩石碰撞的可能性、降低着陆器主体最大受力值。将优化所得参数代入模型重新进行仿真,着陆器不再发生翻倒,着陆平台底面与星球表面最小距离提高4.2%,主体最大受力值降低12.1%。     

喷管两相流耦合数值模拟与粒子热增量预测

含有氧化铝粒子的两相流是固体火箭发动机喷管流场的重要特征.在有限体积方法框架下,采用基于热增量试验数据的粒子壁面反弹模型以及基于粒子轨道的单元内颗粒源(PSIC,Particle Source in Cell)两相流耦合算法,对喷管内两相流流场及粒子撞击产生的壁面热增量进行了计算和分析,研究了氧化铝粒子尺寸对粒子轨道分布和喷管壁面热增量分布的影响规律.研究结果表明:喷管扩张段内粒子稀疏区域范围随粒子直径增加而增大;粒子热增量只分布于喷管收缩段内,粒子直径越大,产生的壁面热增量越强.     

The sticking probability of a hydrogen atom on icy mantle.

In the present work, we investigate the sticking process of a hydrogen atom on the surface of dust grains. As a realistic model for the icy mantle of dust grains, we produced slab-shaped amorphous water ice with infinite area by classical molecular dynamics (MD) computational simulation using two-dimensional periodic boundary condition. The resulting amorphous water ice slabs at 10 K and 70 K were found to be in good agreement with the experimental high-density and low-density amorphous water ice, respectively. Then, we investigated the dynamical behaviors of an impinging H atom on the surface of it by MD simulations. The sticking probabilities of incident H atoms with several initial temperatures on 10 K and 70 K ice were obtained. It was found that most of H atoms colliding with the 10 K ice stuck on the surface of it. After having stuck, the impinging H atoms diffused on the surface of ice and became trapped in one of potential wells on the surface. The mobility of a H atom on the surface of the amorphous water ice was found to depend only upon the temperature of ice.     

基于涂层传感器的金属结构疲劳裂纹监测

针对飞机金属结构在服役过程中的裂纹扩展实时监测需求,提出一种现代表面技术与电位法原理相结合的疲劳裂纹监测研究方案.在结构易出现裂纹的热点部位制备了一种具有绝缘隔离层、导电传感层和封装保护层3层结构的裂纹监测涂层传感器.然后进行了疲劳裂纹监测试验,结果表明:通过分析涂层传感器电阻(电位)的变化可以实现对2A12-T4铝合金连接结构多个部位的裂纹同时进行有效监测.此外,还对表面制备涂层传感器的试样与原始试样的疲劳特性进行了对比研究.结果表明:应用现代表面技术在2A12-T4铝合金表面制备涂层传感器,对其疲劳性影响甚微.     

Satellite remotely-sensed land surface parameters and their climatic effects for three metropolitan regions

By using both high-resolution orthoimagery and medium-resolution Landsat satellite imagery with other geospatial information, several land surface parameters including impervious surfaces and land surface temperatures for three geographically distinct urban areas in the United States – Seattle, Washington, Tampa Bay, Florida, and Las Vegas, Nevada, are obtained. Percent impervious surface is used to quantitatively define the spatial extent and development density of urban land use. Land surface temperatures were retrieved by using a single band algorithm that processes both thermal infrared satellite data and total atmospheric water vapor content. Land surface temperatures were analyzed for different land use and land cover categories in the three regions. The heterogeneity of urban land surface and associated spatial extents were shown to influence surface thermal conditions because of the removal of vegetative cover, the introduction of non-transpiring surfaces, and the reduction in evaporation over urban impervious surfaces. Fifty years of in situ climate data were integrated to assess regional climatic conditions. The spatial structure of surface heating influenced by landscape characteristics has a profound influence on regional climate conditions, especially through urban heat island effects.     

二次曲面拟合与拟合参数不确定度分析

由离散点进行二次曲面拟合问题可归结为存在约束条件的非线性优化问题,在总结了拟合参数初值计算和优化算法的基础上,研究了点位的坐标测量误差对拟合参数和曲面轮廓度评价的影响.给出了评价二者不确定度的解析方法和Monte-Carlo模拟方法,并指出,对于实际的测量数据,只有采用Monte-Carlo模拟方法进行拟合参数和轮廓度的不确定度评价才是可靠的.仿真实验和实物测量实验表明,给出的二次曲面拟合方法和不确定度估计方法是正确的.      

电沉积烧结薄膜高温氧化性能研究

用电沉积烧结方法在１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢表面形成铬、钇氧化物薄膜，通过研究比较不同沉积条件试样氧化层的高温氧化行为，发现１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ表面经铬、钇氧化物改性后抗高温氧化性能得到提高。     

基于疲劳寿命理论的膜盘联轴器型面设计

区别于传统的基于强度理论的膜盘联轴器型面设计方法,提出了一种基于膜盘联轴器动力学分析和疲劳寿命理论的型面设计方法.建立了分析膜盘联轴器应力及寿命的简化有限元模型,给出了作用在此模型上的边界条件和初始条件,建立了膜盘联轴器动静复合应力分析方法.根据动力学分析的结果,讨论了膜盘联轴器工作时,不同类型的载荷对其疲劳寿命的影响.计算对比了几种典型型面在不同复合载荷作用下的寿命;基于疲劳寿命理论对膜盘联轴器的型面设计给予评价,最后给出各典型型面的适用工况.     

飞机发动机进气道防冰系统的设计计算

针对某型具有分流隔板的发动机进气道进行热气防冰腔和管路系统的设计,在进气道的水滴撞击特性计算的基础上,对防冰系统进行热力计算,包括防冰表面的温度分布和系统压降及系统管路的流量分配,由此验证防冰系统正常工作时能否满足对表面温度的要求.此外,还分析了供气温度、供气压力、供气流量以及限流环孔径对防冰表面温度分布的影响.分析发现表面温度随供气温度、供气流量的增加而升高,限流环孔径的变化对前缘表面温度几乎没有影响,分流隔板的表面温度随孔径的增大而升高.