Numerical investigation on gas–particle flows in horizontal channel under the reduced gravity environments

A unified second-order-moment gas–particle two-phase turbulent model incorporated with kinetic theory of granular flows (USM-θ) is developed to study the particle dispersion behavior of dense gas–particle flows in horizontal channel with 6.96 μm wall roughness and with earth, lunar and microgravity environments, respectively. Anisotropy of gas and particle two-phase stresses and the interaction between two-phase stresses are fully considered by constructing two-phase Reynolds stress model and the transport equation of two-phase stress correlation. The flow behavior of particles in a horizontal channel of Kussin and Sommerfeld [12] experiments is numerically simulated. Results show that the reduced gravity conditions affect the particle concentration distribution, particle velocity and fluctuation velocity, particle temperature, axial–axial fluctuation velocity correlation of gas and particle and particle collision frequency. Under microgravity conditions, particle temperature and collision frequency are much less than those of earth and lunar gravity. Compared with earth gravity, anisotropic of two-phase flow and sedimentation are weaker.     

计算模拟月壤颗粒吸收及散射特性的一种球叠加模型

针对模拟月壤复杂的外形特征以及多相非均质的微观结构,提出了一种计算模拟月壤颗粒吸收及散射特性的球叠加模型。根据模拟月壤颗粒的形状指数和分形特征识别结果,归纳了4种主要的模拟月壤颗粒类型,并采用蒙特卡罗光线跟踪法研究了这4种颗粒在单色平行光照射下的吸收及散射特性。与已有的非球形颗粒辐射特性的算法比较显示,该模型具有良好的计算准确性。在数值计算的基础上,分析了颗粒尺度参数及光学常数对其自身辐射特性的影响,并通过改变平行光照下的光线入射角度,分析了非球形颗粒的朝向对其自身辐射特性的影响。由计算结果推断,该模型不仅可以应用于计算模拟月壤颗粒的辐射特性,还可以满足其他适用于几何光学近似的非球形粒子。     

模拟月尘制备及其物理和力学性质研究

在地球上进行的大量与月尘力学性质和机械性质相关的试验研究中,通常采用模拟月尘代替真实月尘。本研究制备了一种适用于月球探测工程试验的模拟月尘,制备工序依次为原材料选取、颗粒粗加工、颗粒精加工、颗粒级配、颗粒混合及预处理。该模拟月尘的颗粒粒径分布、颗粒相对密度、干密度、孔隙比、内聚力和内摩擦角等物理和力学性能参数经分析与国外典型模拟月尘相关参数相近,证明其可应用于月球探测工程试验。     

着陆作用下月尘激扬的三维离散元分析

基于模拟月尘的细观颗粒形状,采用刚性圆球单元重叠法建立了4种典型不规则模拟月尘颗粒的三维几何模型.根据月尘所处环境和颗粒间接触特性,建立了月尘离散元接触力学模型.通过三轴压缩实验离散元模拟的结果和模拟月尘的实际三轴压缩实验数据的对比,确定模拟月尘颗粒的三维离散元模型参数.采用建立的模型和获得的参数,进行了圆盘模拟体着陆...     

Analytical exact solutions for unsteady collisionless plume flows in a vacuum

This paper presents a set of gaskinetic solutions to the problem of unsteady collisionless round plume development: startup and development to a steady flow; steady flow; and shutting down from a steady flow. This can find applications in studying similar transient plume flows from space propulsion devices. Different from many past studies, here we consider the general situation that the average exit gas speed can be larger than zero, and detailed geometry of the nozzle exit radius is included. A fundamental space–velocity–time relation is adopted in this study and it plays a crucial role to obtain the complete flowfield properties of density, velocity, pressure and temperature. This study reveals that there are some internal complementary relations on density and momentum among these three processes. The results involve complex integrations involving factors of time, geometry, and specific speed ratio. Several numerical simulations with the direct simulation Monte Carlo method validate these analytical exact results.     

月球探测器着陆过程羽流热效应数值模拟研究

考虑到月球探测器着陆过程变推力发动机工作可能引发羽流热效应,通过差分求解N S方程与直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)耦合的方法,针对探测器变推力发动机羽流的连续流区与稀薄流区进行了数值模拟,获得了着陆过程不同状态探测器表面的羽流气动热流密度分布,分析了探测器在不同高度及坡度受到的羽流热效应,研究了探测器因落月惯性与发动机延时拖尾等特殊工况羽流气动热的影响程度。数值模拟结果表明,探测器受到的羽流气动热影响总体随着发动机出口与月面间距离减小而急剧增强,随着距离减小至0.434 m,热流密度最大值为429 kW/m 2 ,而且月面坡度对羽流热效应有减弱作用。研究结果可为探测器关机策略的制定提供支撑,为探测器关键部位的热防护提供输入,为探测器整体的设计优化提供服务。     

基于非结构网格的离子推力器羽流数值模拟方法研究

为适应复杂的航天器外形,文章采用基于非结构网格的数值模拟方法研究离子推力器真空羽流的基本特征。首先,介绍了非结构网格划分的方法,并分析了建模区域生成各种拓扑关系的特点;然后,提出了粒子穿越网格的具体算法,包括有利于减少计算量的结合矩阵重标号的带宽压缩算法;最后,开展了模拟结果和试验结果的对比研究,验证了以上数值模拟方法的可行性。     

Numerical investigation on hydrodynamics of gas-binary particles flows using a second-order-moment turbulent model

A binary-particles Reynolds stress equation is developed on the basis of single second-order-moment turbulence model. In this model, particle–particle two-phase fluctuation velocity correlation transportation is proposed to fully reflect their anisotropic characters, as well as each of particle interaction with gas phase is taken into account. Swirling gas-particle flow experiments data is used to validate this model simulation in term of the reduced codes of the mono-disperse particle gas-particle flows. Numerical simulations are performed for the gas-binary particles mixtures turbulent flows and results shows that the axial Reynolds stress in near wall regions is approximately 3.0 times greater than the tangential direction and the tangential Reynolds stress in central axial region is approximately 5.0 times greater than the axial direction. The Reynolds stress in the axial direction and tangential direction are redistributed due to binary particle–particle collision. The ratio kinetic to particles collision contributions in binary mixture system are varied with the different particle density and the diameter size compositions.     

基于地外天体起飞的真空羽流导引技术研究方案评述

随着载人航天、深空探测的发展,探测器的地外天体发射起飞越来越多。发动机喷射的羽流所诱发的冲击振动以及反溅气流对上升级的气动力干扰,均对探测器的起飞稳定性造成不利的影响,同时也对探测器产生一定的热冲击效应。文章结合真空羽流场的流动特点和目前的研究现状,提出了基于地外天体起飞的真空羽流导引技术的研究思路、研究方法和研究路线;针对羽流导引方案,采用数值仿真和地面模拟试验相结合的方法进行了评价分析,确定了最优方案。真空羽流导引技术研究方案在某型号项目中的实施取得了良好的效果,证明了本研究思路的正确性。     

PWS软件应用于探月着陆器羽流效应 数值模拟研究

文章使用自行开发的PWS计算软件就探月着陆器主发动机羽流对着陆缓冲机构产生的气动力和对流换热热效应问题进行了数值模拟研究。PWS软件是一个基于直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法的羽流计算通用软件,其松散的软件架构保证了各个计算模块的相对独立性,使用“与”、“或”逻辑法则的二级构造法来实现边界条件的通用性。软件的计算值与国外CUBRC实验测量值符合得很好。使用PWS软件对着陆器主发动机羽流进行数值模拟计算表明着陆缓冲机构所受的羽流气动压强最大达到2.4 Pa;缓冲机构底盘侧面的对流换热热流密度最大达到2 000 W/m2;当缓冲机构壁面温度从300 K增加到500 K时,其表面对流换热流密度值有所下降,其最大下降值不到5%。     

霍尔推力器等离子体羽流粒子模拟

建立了霍尔推力器羽流仿真模型,用单元粒子-直接模拟蒙特卡罗（PIC-DSMC）混合方法对SPT-7推力器的流场进行数值模拟,分析背压、扩张角和电子温度对流场的影响。结果表明：背压粒子增加了回流区内离子和高速粒子,加重羽流污染。SPT-70推力器羽流出口处扩张角约为30°。实验数据验证了仿真模型的正确和方法的可行,对电推力器及其羽流污染等的研究有一定的参考价值。     

驻波电帘除尘效率的实验研究

月尘将对在月球表面进行巡视探测的设备产生严重不利影响。文章分析了利用驻波电帘对探测器的太阳电池板进行尘埃清除和防护,给出了电帘表面的电场分布,颗粒在电帘表面的受力状态和起跳、跃移过程,通过实验测量给出了电帘结构各参数对除尘效率的影响,制备了自清洁演示系统,对电帘的能耗进行了测定;表明驻波电帘是月表探测任务中尘埃防护的有效方法。     

面向载人月球探测的月面环境模拟试验关键技术分析

文章针对未来有人参与的月球探测任务,首先开展了月球表面环境地面模拟试验验证需求分析,归纳总结了国内外技术发展现状。然后,提出并分析了载人月球探测地面模拟试验需重点研究的关键技术:真空热环境下月面移动式多体低重力模拟技术;复杂月面环境高精度热流模拟技术;大容量布尘条件下超高真空获得与保持技术;月面辐射与月尘环境模拟技术;月尘防护效能量化评估技术;月面综合环境试验验证技术等。最后,给出了面向载人月球探测的月面环境模拟试验技术研究总体方案,并对月面环境模拟试验技术的发展目标进行了展望。     

太阳电池月尘遮蔽模型分析及试验研究

扬起的月尘颗粒沉积在月球探测器的太阳电池表面,可导致其性能下降。文章基于层叠遮挡理论,建立了一种月尘遮蔽光线透射的理论模型,利用该模型开展了模拟月尘颗粒形状与粒径对遮蔽效果影响的分析和计算,并与NASA的同类模型进行了对比分析。分析结果显示:2种模型给出的相对透过率随沉积月尘面密度的变化趋势相同,均呈指数型衰减关系;在随月尘形状、粒径、透过率的变化方面,2种模型存在差异。利用月尘沉积与吸附试验装置实施了模拟月尘沉积试验,验证了所建立模型的正确性,其预测准确度优于NASA模型。     

一种微米级粒子的静电发射加速装置

为了研究空间微小碎片碰撞对航天器的影响,国内外研制了各种类型的微小碎片加速器。文章简要介绍了一种很有前景的静电式微小碎片加速器及其关键部件的工作原理、结构特点及适用范围等。     

月尘累积对太阳电池阵电帘除尘效率影响的实验研究

月尘在月球探测器太阳电池阵表面的累积将会导致其输出功率下降甚至功能失效。近年来,电帘除尘方法被认为是月尘清除防护的有效手段。文章实验研究了月尘累积对三结砷化镓太阳电池性能影响,拟合得到了月尘累积质量与太阳电池相对输出功率的数学模型;利用电帘除尘装置,研究了不同月尘累积质量下电帘的除尘效率。研究结果表明,6 mg/cm2月尘累积质量是太阳电池阵电帘除尘装置启动的最佳工作条件。该研究成果可为开发具有自适应除尘能力的太阳电池阵提供技术支持。     

Laminar dust flames in a reduced-gravity environment

The propagation of laminar dust flames in suspensions of iron in gaseous oxidizers was studied in a low-gravity environment onboard a parabolic flight aircraft. The reduction of buoyancy-induced convective flows and particle settling permitted the measurement of fundamental combustion parameters, such as the burning velocity and the flame quenching distance over a wide range of particle sizes and in different gaseous mixtures. Experimentally measured flame speeds and quenching distances were found in good agreement with theoretical predictions of a simplified analytical model that assumes particles burning in a diffusive mode. However, the comparison of flame speeds in oxygen–argon and oxygen–helium iron suspensions indicates the possibility that fine micron-sized particles burn in the kinetic mode. Furthermore, when the particle spacing is large compared to the scale of the reaction zone, a theoretical analysis suggests the existence of a new so-called discrete flame propagation regime. Discrete flames are strongly dependent on particle density fluctuations and demonstrate directed percolation behavior near flame propagation limits. The experimental observation of discrete flames in particle suspensions will require low levels of gravity over extended periods available only on orbital platforms.     

Further analyses of the slide lander and of drop delivery systems for improved lunar surface access

The paper discusses two methods for lunar surface access. One method is characterized by very little propellant consumption for landing (lunar slide lander, LSL); the other (drop delivery method, DDM) avoids release of propellant gases at the lunar surface. The LSL is of particular promise and importance. Its analysis and development introduces a new field of cosmic dynamics—harenodynamics, the science and technology of interaction of surfaces with dust and sand at near-orbital speeds down to low velocities. Although the data base is small so far and needs to be enlarged, analyses of the LSL so far indicate promise as to feasibility. Its realization will revolutionize present conventional concepts of lunar development. The DDM offers cost-effective alternatives to conventional lunar landing by retrothrust, but on a more selective basis, because propellant-savings are secondary to avoiding gas releases into the lunar high-vacuum environment. It was found that stationary energy absorption systems (EAS) are required, because vehicle-attached absorption systems are entirely inadequate. This requires large structures which can be built on the lunar surface only after a somewhat higher degree of industrial capability has been established. However, they can be built entirely of lunar materials. Altogether, the LSL is the more significant of the two both in terms of economy and of operational scope.     

光伏玻璃表面微织构柱体抗颗粒冲击性能研究

为分析光伏电池玻璃表面微织构形状和颗粒碰撞方式对表面微织构损伤的影响,建立模拟月尘颗粒碰撞表面微织构仿真模型,结合实验验证,探究表面微织构损伤情况。结果表明:30 μm直径的模拟月尘颗粒以5 m/s的速度撞击表面微织构时,损伤形式主要包括边缘破损、劈裂破损和断裂,损伤面积与表面微织构整体相比较小,损伤深度在0.06～0.29 μm之间,仅为表面微织构柱体高度的1%～4.8%;中心正碰时,四棱台表面微织构的抗冲击性最好,圆台表面微织构次之,六棱台表面微织构最差;颗粒以4种碰撞方式撞击圆台表面微织构时,损伤程度从大到小依次为边缘碰撞、45°边缘碰撞、中心正碰、45°中心碰撞。研究结果可为玻璃表面微织构的工艺改性提供参考。     

“资源”卫星轨控推力器羽流场数值模拟

文章以"资源"卫星敏感表面污染问题的实际研究为目的,针对该卫星20N轨控推力器为对象,采用轴对称分区和三维直接蒙特卡罗(DSMC)相结合的方法,模拟采用肼为推进剂的多组分羽流场,计算获得了敏感表面的羽流及其反流特性。模拟结果表明,分子量越小的分子越容易进入反流区,出现组分分离现象和非平衡效应。最后,与已有的文献试验结果相比较,表明模拟结果合理可信,为卫星敏感表面的污染模拟打下基础。