Evaluation of safety of hypobaric decompressions and EVA from positions of probabilistic theory

Formation and subsequent evolution of gas bubbles in blood and tissues of subjects exposed to decompression are casual processes in their nature. Such character of bubbling processes in a body predetermines probabilistic character of decompression sickness (DCS) incidence in divers, aviators and astronauts. Our original probabilistic theory of decompression safety is based on stochastic models of these processes and on the concept of critical volume of a free gas phase in body tissues. From positions of this theory, the probability of DCS incidence during single-stage decompressions and during hypobaric decompressions under EVA in particular, is defined by the distribution of possible values of nucleation efficiency in "pain" tissues and by its critical significance depended on the parameters of a concrete decompression. In the present study the following is shown: 1) the dimensionless index of critical nucleation efficiency for "pain" body tissues is a more adequate index of decompression stress in comparison with Tissue Ratio, TR; 2) a priory the decompression under EVA performed according to the Russian protocol is more safe than decompression under EVA performed in accordance with the U.S. protocol; 3) the Russian space suit operated at a higher pressure and having a higher "rigidity" induces a stronger inhibition of mechanisms of cavitation and gas bubbles formation in tissues of a subject located in it, and by that provides a more considerable reduction of the DCS risk during real EVA performance.     

求根传播算子方法及其在ARM抗诱偏中的应用

反辐射导弹（ARM）抗有源诱偏问题中,多源信号在空、频域的强相关性往往造成导引头对信源数目欠估计,从而导致传统超分辨算法的测向性能下降。针对这一问题,提出了一种求根的传播算子方法,该算法首先在信源数过估计情况下计算信号到达角,然后利用每个角度对应的信号功率来剔除虚假角度。求根传播算子方法不需要预先估计信号源数目,而且在信号高度相关的情况下具备很好的角度分辨性能,因此适用于解决ARM抗诱偏问题。仿真实验结果表明,求根传播算子方法在提高ARM抗诱偏能力方面的表现优于MUSIC算法。     

Algebra and statistics of the solar wind

Statistical studies of properties of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, based on an extended database for the period 1963–2007 including four solar cycles, show that the Gaussian approximation well suites for some parameters as the probability distribution of their numerical values, while for others the lognormal law is preferred. This paper gives an interpretation of these results as associated with predominance of linear or nonlinear processes in composition and interaction of various disturbances and irregularities propagating and originating in the interior of the Sun and its atmosphere, including the solar corona and the solar wind running away from it. Summation of independent random components of disturbances leads, according to the central limit theorem of the probability theory, to the normal (Gaussian) distributions of quantities proper, while their multiplication leads to the normal distributions of logarithms. Thus, one can discuss the algebra of events and associate observed statistical distinctions with one or another process of formation of irregularities in the solar wind. Among them there are impossible events (having null probability) and reliable events (occurring with 100% probability). For better understanding of the relationship between algebra and statistics of events in the solar wind further investigations are necessary.     

Relationship of psychological and physiological parameters during an Arctic ski expedition.

Considerable data (primarily physiological) have been collected during expeditions in extreme environments over the last century. Physiological measurements have only recently been examined in association with the emotional or behavioral state of the subject. Establishing this psychophysiological relationship is essential to understanding fully the adaptation of humans to the stresses of extreme environments. This pilot study investigated the simultaneous collection of physiological, psychological and behavioral data from a two-man Greenland expedition in order to model how specific relationships between physiological and psychological adaptation to a polar environment may be identified. The data collected describes changes in adrenal and other hormonal activity and psychological functioning. Levels of cortisol and testosterone were calculated. Factors influencing the plasma profiles of the aforementioned included 24-hour sunlight, high calorific intake of more than 28 000 kJ/day and extreme physical exercise. There was a difference between individual psychological profiles as well as self-report stress and physiological stress.     

雷达干扰条件下射击毁伤概率模型研究

基于雷达干扰原理,从信号层面分析了雷达干扰对活动目标侦察校射雷达效能的影响,并给出了干扰条件下的效能指标计算模型。结合典型战术背景,研究了雷达干扰条件下对单个运动目标射击毁伤概率模型,仿真实验表明,该模型有效、可靠。     

Suited crewmember productivity

Analysis of the extravehicular activity (EVA) sortie experience gained in the former Soviet Union and physiologic hygienic aspect of space suit design and development shows that crewmember productivity is related to the following main factors: -space suit microclimate (gas composition, pressure and temperature); -limitation of motion activity and perception, imposed by the space suit; -good crewmember training in the ground training program; -level of crewmember general physical performance capabilities in connection with mission duration and intervals between sorties; -individual EVA experience (with accumulation) at which workmanship improves, while metabolism, physical and emotional stress decreases; -concrete EVA duration and work rate; -EVA bioengineering, including selection of tools, work station, EVA technology and mechanization.     

一种分布式目标滑窗检测方法

随着成像雷达图像分辨率的不断提升,对分布式目标的探测性能指标要求越来越高,然而现有的恒虚警检测算法尚未形成适用于多分辨单元的目标检测性能评估理论体系。提出一种分布式目标滑窗检测方法。首先,基于待检测目标RCS(radar cross section, RCS)、平面尺寸以及雷达二维分辨率等先验信息对二维滑窗进行设计,实现了任意航向目标的最优匹配。接着,利用M/N准则对滑窗内目标占据的多分辨单元回波进行直接处理,避免了人为构建扩展检测量引起的检测性能损失。最后,从系统虚警指标要求出发,通过挖掘分布式目标与所占据单个分辨单元的检测性能关系,设计了一套分布式目标探测性能的定量评估方法,可在满足虚警性能前提下大幅提升分布式目标的检测概率。该算法不需要人为进行复杂的扩展检测量设计,为高分辨图像目标稳健检测和性能评估开辟了一种新途径。     

MIMO系统中迭代捕获算法的性能分析

基于迭代消息传递的伪码捕获方法能够在复杂度较低的情况下,极大的提高捕获速度,但在低信噪比下捕获性能下降很快。多输入多输出 (MIMO) 系统可以在不增加频谱资源和发射功率的条件下,削弱多径衰落,改善通信系统的性能。本文提出将迭代捕获算法应用于MIMO系统中,在接收端采用分集技术,运用最大比合并方法进行信号合并,然后用迭代算法进行捕获。仿真结果表明：将迭代捕获算法与MIMO系统结合,在不影响捕获速度的前提下能够有效提高信号的捕获概率,信噪比在-22dB条件下捕获概率达到90%以上,性能优于现有的迭代捕获算法。     

Transcultural group performance in extreme environment: Issues, concepts and emerging theory

A simulation for flight of international crew on space station took place in Moscow from July 1999 to April 2000 (SFINCS) at the State Biomedical Institute of Russia (IBMP) isolation chambers. Objectives of this study were to identify concepts of psychosocial adaptation and of social interactions to develop an explanation of the transcultural group performance. Method: constructivist epistemology with grounded theory research and fourth generation evaluation were used. Data on processes and interactions were gathered during 110 days of confinement as a subject and extended to 240 days as an outside scientist. Results indicate that coping is influenced by usual coping strategies and coping behaviors inside. Several stresses and human factor issues were identified altering well being and performance inside the chambers. Enabling and limiting forces are discussed. A theory on transcultural group performance is proposed. Issues are raised that appear critical to selection, training and group performance.     

情感因素对语言学习的影响

情感因素对语言学习具有重大的影响。在学生智商水平相当的情况下,情感差异会导致学生学习成绩的高低之分。情感差异是由家庭、环境、情趣、学习方法等综合因素造成的。积极的情感会对学生的学习起到促进作用；反之,消极的情感则会阻碍学生的学习。教师在教学中应善于引导学生,促进学生积极情感的产生,减少消极情感的作用,以提高教学效果。     

基于盲解卷的雷达信号分选

盲信号处理是近年来信号处理领域的热点研究课题,可以根据输入源信号的基本统计特征,由观测数据进行信号分离,最终恢复出源信号。深入分析了非平稳信号的盲解卷算法,并提出了将其用于雷达信号分选的新思路。计算机仿真表明,这种算法应用于雷达信号分选时可以获得较好的分离效果,从而为实现现代电子对抗中复杂的雷达信号分选提供了新的思路。     

GaAs PHEMT的I-V特性退化机理综述

新一轮信息技术发展背景下，砷化镓赝调制高电子迁移率晶体管在射频通信中的应用值得关注，文章对其I-V特性的主要退化机理进行综述并提出性能优化的方向和措施。文章通过分析晶体管的层结构及层功能，推导晶体管的I-V特性方程，建立器件物理层面的参量与电路层级的参数之间的映射关系，以此寻找其阈值电压、漏源电流及跨导等性能参数的退化规律。为使性能退化过程的叙述条理清晰，文章将主要退化失效机理划分为结构缺陷、电热应力和环境因素三个方面。为舒缓减轻晶体管的退化失效程度，文章从结构材料、加工工艺和电路设计等方面探讨性能的改进空间和优化途径。     

雷达侦察系统的自检方法

论述了雷达信号侦察系统的自检原理及过程。研究指出，侦收－处理系统的状态变化会对自检信号参数产生影响，信号通过系统的跨越门限会影响侦收信号概率。同时，通过自检可以估测系统当前的性能，采用时域或频域自检方法可测定自检信号的基本参数。     

基于FRFT的一类低截获概率雷达信号调制识别

线性调频信号、对称三角线性调频连续波信号与多相编码(Frank、P1、P2、P3与P4码)信号是一类具有线性调频特性的低截获概率雷达信号.为了识别这类信号的调制方式,分析了它们各自的时频分布特征,以及它们在分数阶Fourier域内的频谱分布特征.根据上述三种信号各自在参数(U,P)平面上的能量尖峰的分布特点,给出一种基...     

The visual stress model--a psycho-physiological method for the evaluation of operational reliability of pilots and cosmonauts.

An experimental psycho-physiological method is presented for the evaluation of visual-cognitive performance preconditions and operational reliability of pilots and cosmonauts. As visual-cognitive stress are used tachistoscopically presented instrument symbols under conditions of individual speed of work and time pressure. The results of the compared extreme groups consisting of pilots with good and insufficient flight performance showed that the pilots with impairments to the quality of flight activity differ already before the test in their individual habitual characteristics and actual motivation, during the stress in their operational parameters, in the dimensions of their cardiorespiratory activation as well as in their efficiency and after the stress in their subjective experience of the stress. Conclusions are drawn for the evaluation of the aptitude of pilots and cosmonauts.     

Information theory,animal communication,and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence

We present ongoing research in the application of information theory to animal communication systems with the goal of developing additional detectors and estimators for possible extraterrestrial intelligent signals. Regardless of the species, for intelligence (i.e., complex knowledge) to be transmitted certain rules of information theory must still be obeyed. We demonstrate some preliminary results of applying information theory to socially complex marine mammal species (bottlenose dolphins and humpback whales) as well as arboreal squirrel monkeys, because they almost exclusively rely on vocal signals for their communications, producing signals which can be readily characterized by signal analysis. Metrics such as Zipf's Law and higher-order information-entropic structure are emerging as indicators of the communicative complexity characteristic of an “intelligent message” content within these animals’ signals, perhaps not surprising given these species’ social complexity. In addition to human languages, for comparison we also apply these metrics to pulsar signals—perhaps (arguably) the most “organized” of stellar systems—as an example of astrophysical systems that would have to be distinguished from an extraterrestrial intelligence message by such information theoretic filters. We also look at a message transmitted from Earth (Arecibo Observatory) that contains a lot of meaning but little information in the mathematical sense we define it here. We conclude that the study of non-human communication systems on our own planet can make a valuable contribution to the detection of extraterrestrial intelligence by providing quantitative general measures of communicative complexity. Studying the complex communication systems of other intelligent species on our own planet may also be one of the best ways to deprovincialize our thinking about extraterrestrial communication systems in general.     

一种面向二维观测模型的压缩感知重构算法

针对目前二维信号压缩感知重构时,常采用的一维化手段效率低、重构性能有待提高等缺陷,基于二维观测模型,提出一种新的压缩感知重构方法,并证明了其有效性。算法通过两个独立感知矩阵对二维信号的行列同时进行压缩感知,并考察信号的整体重构,缓解了传统算法引入的重构人为效应以及问题规模扩张带来的重构压力。理论分析和实验表明,新算法成功重构概率、重构信噪比等性能优于现有典型二维信号重构方法,且其运算复杂度较之一维化方法有所降低。     

突发通信信号的降维检测方法及带宽参数分析

在突发通信信号检测中,在频率、带宽进行二维搜索的检测方法计算量大,提出了可减少计算量的降维检测方法,该方法在单一检测带宽下进行频率搜索检测突发通信信号。对其带宽参数选择进行了分析。理论计算和仿真表明,降维检测器用于单一速率信号检测时,当检测带宽与信号带宽一致时具有与二维检测器相同的检测性能,当检测带宽与信号带宽相差一倍时,信噪比损失2dB左右;用于混合速率突发信号检测时,最佳带宽与速率的概率分布、信噪比等多种因素有关;对发送功率不变的各速率均匀分布的混合速率突发信号,检测带宽匹配于最大信号带宽可在较高信噪比时获得最高的平均检测概率。这些分析为降维检测器的带宽参数选择提供了依据。     

Monitoring of facial stress during space flight: Optical computer recognition combining discriminative and generative methods

Astronauts are required to perform mission-critical tasks at a high level of functional capability throughout spaceflight. Stressors can compromise their ability to do so, making early objective detection of neurobehavioral problems in spaceflight a priority. Computer optical approaches offer a completely unobtrusive way to detect distress during critical operations in space flight. A methodology was developed and a study completed to determine whether optical computer recognition algorithms could be used to discriminate facial expressions during stress induced by performance demands. Stress recognition from a facial image sequence is a subject that has not received much attention although it is an important problem for many applications beyond space flight (security, human–computer interaction, etc.). This paper proposes a comprehensive method to detect stress from facial image sequences by using a model-based tracker. The image sequences were captured as subjects underwent a battery of psychological tests under high- and low-stress conditions. A cue integration-based tracking system accurately captured the rigid and non-rigid parameters of different parts of the face (eyebrows, lips). The labeled sequences were used to train the recognition system, which consisted of generative (hidden Markov model) and discriminative (support vector machine) parts that yield results superior to using either approach individually. The current optical algorithm methods performed at a 68% accuracy rate in an experimental study of 60 healthy adults undergoing periods of high-stress versus low-stress performance demands. Accuracy and practical feasibility of the technique is being improved further with automatic multi-resolution selection for the discretization of the mask, and automated face detection and mask initialization algorithms.     

基于多天线中继的卫星-地面混合无线通信系统上行链路性能分析

研究了Rayleigh Rician非对称衰落信道下,以基站作为固定增益放大转发(AF)中继的卫星-地面混合无线通信系统上行链路性能。首先利用信道状态信息(CSI)得到中继配置多天线时系统的最大输出等效信噪比(SNR)。基于特殊函数推导出系统中断概率(OP)和概率密度函数(PDF)的解析表达式,并进一步得到各种调制方式下系统平均误符号率(ASER)的理论计算公式。最后通过无穷级数展开推导出高信噪比时平均误符号率的渐近闭合表达式,分析系统能获得的分集增益和阵列增益。计算机仿真表明所提出的性能分析方法的正确性,分析了天线数量和信道参数对卫星-地面混合无线通信系统性能的影响,为实际系统设计提供了参考和依据。