Large angle pitch attitude maneuver of a satellite using solarradiation pressure

The force exerted by the solar radiation, though very small in magnitude, produces significant effects, especially in the case of high altitude satellites. The solar radiation pressure represents one freely available environmental force that may be put to use for various purposes. This may lead to enhancement of the life of the satellite since it consumes a very nominal amount of on-board energy. The advantages offered by the solar radiation pressure have drawn the attention of several researchers. Various controllers were proposed for many space missions, particularly for attitude control and stabilization of satellites. A controller for achieving large angle pitch attitude maneuver is described. The proposed control law is very simple in its form and requires a minimum number of on-board computations. Varieties of cases are tried and the effect of various parameters is studied     

Nonlinear adaptive spacecraft attitude control using solar radiation pressure

Spacecraft and interplanetary probes orbiting at high altitudes experience forces due to solar radiation pressure, which can be used for maneuvering. The question of large angle pitch attitude maneuvers of satellites using solar radiation torque is considered. For pitch axis maneuver, two highly reflective control surfaces are used to generate radiation moment. The solar radiation moment is a complex nonlinear function of the attitude and parameters of the satellite, the orbital parameters, and the deflection angles of the reflective control surfaces. It is assumed that the parameters of the satellite model are unknown. Based on a backstepping design technique, a nonlinear adaptive control law is derived for the control of the pitch angle. In the closed-loop system, the pitch angle asymptotically tracks prescribed reference trajectories. Simulation results are presented to show that the adaptive control system accomplishes attitude control of the satellite in spite of the parameter uncertainties in the system.     

Feedback linearization and solar pressure satellite attitudecontrol

The question of large angle pitch attitude maneuver of satellites using solar radiation pressure is considered. For pitch axis maneuver, two highly reflective control surfaces are used to generate radiation moment. Based on dynamic feedback linearization, a nonlinear control law is derived for large pitch attitude control. In the closed-loop system, the response characteristics of the pitch angle are governed by a fourth-order linear differential equation. Robustness of control system is obtained by the integral error feedback. Simulation results are presented to show that in the closed-loop system, attitude control of the satellite is accomplished in spite of the parameter uncertainty in the system     

民用飞机驾驶舱照明光辐射安全问题探讨The Discussion of Civil Aircraft Cockpit Lighting light radiation safety issue 魏培坤 吴春泽

民用飞机驾驶舱照明旨在为飞行员创造一个舒适安全的视觉环境,保证飞行员能准确地操作各种控制开关和清晰地判读仪表、显示器等的显示信息。照明的安全除了传统意义上的安全外也应包括光辐射安全,随着LED在驾驶舱照明中的应用,光辐射安全问题日益突出,必须制定出一种对驾驶舱照明环境中的光辐射危害水平进行评估的方法,以保证飞行员的眼睛和皮肤不受到潜在的光辐射伤害。     

辐射加热设备的开发及运用

介绍了中国航天空气动力技术研究院辐射加热设备的开发及运用情况.设备包括0-150 kW的石英灯加热器,试验舱,真空系统以及控制系统.在辐射加热设备上对低密度隔热材料在不同低压下的隔热性能进行了研究,所用模型横截面积为100 mmx100 mm,最长运行时间2000 s,低密度隔热材料的表面温度高达1000 K,试验舱最低压力为10 Pa.     

姿控发动机羽流的可见光/近红外特性

为了研究发动机羽流辐射特性对光学探测成像的影响,基于不同直径粒子散射理论、辐射传递方程和分子吸收线数据库,应用有限体积法,建立了火箭发动机羽流在不同波段的辐射特性计算程序.针对实际工作情况进行建模,开展某姿控发动机工作在环月球轨道时的可见及近红外波段羽流的辐射特性计算.在0.4~0.9μm波长范围内,针对羽流气体组分、波长、观察天顶角以及太阳辐射对羽流光谱的影响作了数值计算及分析.研究结果表明:应用有限体积法开发的程序较好地模拟火箭发动机羽流的辐射特性,并具有广泛适用性;在可见光和近红外波段,太阳辐射作用对火箭发动机喷流辐射特性影响最大.      

基于气体动理学方法的多尺度稳态热辐射计算

随着航空发动机燃烧室内燃气温度的提升,高温区域的热辐射问题将会变得更为重要,同时由于高温气体辐射导致辐射特性的剧烈变化,将会呈现出多尺度的现象,增加了辐射计算的难度。文章通过稳态离散统一气体动力学格式（SDUGKS,Steady Discrete Unified Gas Kinetics Scheme）的思路实现稳态辐射问题的求解,SDUGKS格式通过特征线差分离散的方法实现单元界面的重构,通过某种迭代格式来实现单元数据的更新,这一过程实现了对网格内部的辐射特性的有效模拟,该过程可适用于任何具体的辐射尺度。因此就可以在任意网格条件下实现多尺度问题的计算。文章引入了修正的延迟修正法（Deferred-correction,DC）实现单元数据更新,对单一尺度和多尺度问题进行了计算,在单一尺度问题中,验证了SDUGKS格式求解稳态辐射问题的正确性,进一步构造多尺度问题进行求解,论证了SDUGKS在多尺度问题计算中的渐近保持性质和准确性。     

低功率氩电弧喷射推力器中的辐射

为了研究低功率氩电弧喷射推力器中的辐射损失,采用辐射模型和非辐射模型对其工作过程进行了对比数值模拟分析。采用二阶精度无波动、无自由参数的耗散差分格式(NND格式)数值求解耦合电磁源项和辐射源项的N-S方程组,并采用隐式残差光滑法加速收敛;采用有限控制容积积分方法离散求解椭圆型偏微分电磁场方程,并采用逐点超松弛迭代方法加快收敛速度。数值模拟结果对比给出了辐射模型和非辐射模型流动分布情况,并比较了两种模型推力器推力、比冲和推进效率。研究结果表明,与非辐射模型相比,辐射模型比冲低0.137%,推进效率低1.03%,辐射对低功率电弧喷射推力器性能影响比较小。      

Cosmic ray Implications for Human Health

There appears to be concern among some people about the possible effects of cosmic radiation on everyday life. The amount of cosmic radiation that reaches the Earth and its environment is a function of solar cycle, altitude and latitude. The possible effect of naturally occurring cosmic radiation on airplane crews and space flight personal is a subject of current study. This paper discusses the variables controlling the cosmic ray flux in the atmosphere and describes models and software that have been developed that provide quantitative information about the cosmic radiation exposure at flight altitudes. The discussion is extended to include the cosmic radiation exposure to manned spacecraft. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A study of flight-critical computer system recovery from spaceradiation-induced error

It is well known that space radiation, containing energetic particles such as protons and ions, can cause anomalies in digital avionics onboard satellites, spacecraft, and aerial vehicles flying at high altitude. Semiconductor devices embedded in these applications become more sensitive to space radiation as the features shrink in size. One of the adverse effects of space radiation on avionics is a transient error known as single event upset (SEU). Given that it is caused by bit-flips in computer memory, SEU does not result in a damaged device. However, the SEU induced data error propagates through the run-time operational flight program, causing erroneous outputs from a flight-critical computer system. This study was motivated by a need for a cost-effective solution to keep flight-critical computers functioning after SEU occurs. The result of the study presents an approach to recover flight-critical computer systems from SEU induced error by using an identity observer array. The identity observers replicate the state data of the controller in distinct data partitions. The faulty controller can be recovered by replacing data image of the faulty data partition with that of the healthy data partition. The methodology of applying such an approach from the fault tolerant control perspective is presented. The approach is currently being tested via computer simulation     

Fifty Years of Cosmic Radiation Data

Cosmic radiation has been measured by a variety of techniques since 1933. This paper presents the evolution of data acquisition, processing, and availability of cosmic radiation data from the early years to the present time. Information on the worldwide network of neutron monitor stations and the availability of these cosmic radiation records is included. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Numerical study on similarity of plume infrared radiation between reduced-scale solid rocket motors

This study seeks to determine the similarities in plume radiation between reduced and full-scale solid rocket models in ground test conditions through investigation of flow and radiation for a series of scale ratios ranging from 0.1 to 1. The radiative transfer equation(RTE) considering gas and particle radiation in a non-uniform plume has been adopted and solved by the finite volume method(FVM) to compute the three dimensional, spectral and directional radiation of a plume in the infrared waveband 2–6 μm. Conditions at wavelengths 2.7 μm and 4.3 μm are discussed in detail, and ratios of plume radiation for reduced-scale through full-scale models are examined. This work shows that, with increasing scale ratio of a computed rocket motor, area of the hightemperature core increases as a 2 power function of the scale ratio, and the radiation intensity of the plume increases with 2–2.5 power of the scale ratio. The infrared radiation of plume gases shows a strong spectral dependency, while that of Al_2O_3 particles shows spectral continuity of gray media.Spectral radiation intensity of a computed solid rocket plume's high temperature core increases significantly in peak radiation spectra of plume gases CO and CO_2. Al_2O_3 particles are the major radiation component in a rocket plume. There is good similarity between contours of plume spectral radiance from different scale models of computed rockets, and there are two peak spectra of radiation intensity at wavebands 2.7–3.0 μm and 4.2–4.6 μm. Directed radiation intensity of the entire plume volume will rise with increasing elevation angle.     

飞机防撞灯设备改装设计

介绍了一种频闪式防撞灯改装设计的新方法,完成了具体的硬件电路设计与凋试,实现了真正的“频闪”,且发光管发光强度高。改装应用表明,新研制的产品不仅具有体积小、重量轻、长时间工作稳定可靠,抗干扰能力强的特点,而且由于内部控制电路信号传递关系简单,克服了引进产品由于机械传动关系复杂而引起的维修困难等,方便了部队技术保障人员的使用和维护,可在多型飞机上推广使用。     

直升机红外辐射的理论计算

选取了适当的理论计算方法,给出了计算公式和计算步骤,进而在所假设的飞行状态下计算了直升机的红外辐射,包括直升机发动机的排气管辐射和直升机蒙皮辐射的全辐射量和红外波段辐射量,最后对计算结果进行了分析。从分析来看,计算结果是可信的。     

红外抑制器缩比模型与原型件红外辐射特性关系的分析

本文运用红外辐射理论分析了红外抑制器缩比模型与原型件红外辐射特性的关系。通过对缩比模型与原型件的固体壁面和排气流定向红外辐射强度的分析,得出了缩比模型与原型件之间红外辐射强度的基本换算关系是尺寸比的平方关系,但应该乘上一个修正系数。     

Photocounting Receiver Performance for Detection of Multimode Laser or Scattered Radiation

Photocounting distributions, the decision threshold, and the probability of error are obtained for a binary optical communication system in which both the signal and background radiation are Gaussian processes. This would be the case, for example, when the radiation source is a nonlocked multimode laser or when the received radiation is scattered from a satellite. Dark current is considered. The results indicate that when possible, counting times should be adjusted to be large in comparison with the background radiation coherence time, and optical amplification before detection should be employed.     

考虑辐射效应的多孔材料传热有限元算法

应用有限元法求解一维半透明多孔介质辐射对流传热问题。通过对辐射传递方程与边界条件中积分项的离散 ,推导出有限元求解列式。对于多孔介质传热控制方程和气体传热控制方程的求解 ,采用时间积分技术对两相温度统一进行求解。而对于边界方程处理 ,则通过传热方程与边界方程的循环求解 ,求出任意时刻温度场的瞬态解。给出数值算例 ,得出了放置在通风口、同时受到伴随辐射作用的半透明多孔介质传热的瞬态解 ,讨论了部分参数对瞬态温度场以及换热效果的影响      

飞机环控系统管道气流温度的测量

根据实际使用中出现的问题，对各种实用的管道气流温度传感器的误差进行了计算，对电阻式和热电偶式温度传感器的误差原因作了定量分析。由于带密封罩的温度传感器在实际使用中存在着明显的缺点，建议今后使用热电偶测量飞机环控系统管道气流温度，并提出了一种实用热电偶温度传感器的结构形式，同时也介绍了如何减小由于热传导和热辐射引起的误差。     

双S弯喷管流动特性及红外辐射特性分析

基于分区控制技术,发展了型面易控的双S弯喷管型面设计方法,用CFD数值模拟技术,对双S弯喷管的流动特性进行了数值模拟.采用信息通道界面(MPI)并行算法编写了基于离散传递法的红外辐射特性计算程序,对双S弯喷管红外辐射特性进行了计算,并与具有相同进出口面积的轴对称收缩喷管的红外辐射特性进行了对比.研究表明:双S弯喷管宽边探测面红外辐射强度低于窄边探测面红外辐射强度,最大幅度为80%;与轴对称收缩喷管相比,双S弯喷管红外辐射强度明显降低,尤其在宽边探测面的30°~40°探测方向上,比轴对称收缩喷管的红外辐射强度低大约30%.      

管内高温介质流动入口段的辐射与对流耦合换热数值模拟

将求解辐射传递方程的离散坐标法与求解对流换热的控制容积法相结合 ,数值模拟了高温下圆管流动入口段参与性介质的辐射与对流耦合换热。考察了介质光学厚度及管壁温度对温度分布、壁面热流密度及局部努谢尔数分布的影响。结果表明 ,高温下介质辐射使介质的温度分布和对流换热状况发生较大改变 ,对管内流动入口段的换热起着重要作用