用PIV技术测量径向进气旋转盘腔内的流动

将PIV(particle image velocimetry,粒子图像测速仪)技术应用于多功能旋转换热实验台,测量了不同工作状态下径向进气旋转盘腔间的速度场.介绍了实验装置、实验方法和误差分析方法;给出了旋转盘腔间速度场的瞬时值和平均值,测量结果表明了PIV技术能够测量复杂旋转盘腔间的流场,并定量分析影响因素(旋转雷诺数和流量系数)对速度场的影响;同时,分析得出激光反光的控制和示踪粒子的均匀稳定散播是实验成功的关键因素.      

广播星历旋转误差对低轨星载BDS-3/GPS实时精密定轨影响分析

基于LT-01A卫星星载BDS-3/GPS观测值进行了星载实时精密定轨研究,并重点分析了广播星历旋转误差对实时定轨精度的影响。通过赫尔默特转换评估了所选时段内GPS和BDS-3广播星历轨道旋转误差,显示BDS-3广播星历旋转误差可达-8.7 mas,平均量级较GPS大约2.5倍。BDS-3广播星历经旋转改正后,轨道切向、法向均方根(RMS)误差从25 cm左右提升至10 cm量级,提升幅度超过50%。因此,基于星载BDS-3以及BDS-3/GPS联合的实时定轨精度受BDS-3星历旋转误差影响严重,且主要作用于切向和法向。经过旋转改正后,单独BDS-3实时定轨在切向、法向、径向RMS分别为21.0 cm、10.7 cm及11.2 cm,其切向和法向精度比改正前分别提升15.0%和31.8%;BDS-3与GPS联合定轨进一步提升切向精度至19.4 cm。得益于BDS-3广播星历较高的精度,单BDS-3以及BDS-3/GPS联合的实时定轨在旋转改正前的三维RMS分别为31.9 cm和29.2 cm,较单GPS实时定轨分别提升9.1%和16.8%;添加旋转改正后,其定轨精度分别提升至26.7 ...     

基于蜡式自驱动温控阀的在轨卫星热控方法分析

为了提高航天器热控系统的控温适应能力,介绍了一种基于蜡式自驱动温控阀的卫星单相流体回路热控方法,提出了蜡式自驱动温控阀控温和机械泵、蜡式自驱动温控阀联合控温两种控制策略.利用集总参数法建立蜡式自驱动温控阀、热源载荷以及辐射器等部件的数学模型,运用数值仿真方法计算了某卫星在轨飞行中外热流周期性扰动和电气设备热耗阶跃扰动下该热控系统的温度动态特性,分析了两种控制策略的控温效果.结果表明:机械泵、蜡式自驱动温控阀联合控温既能利用蜡式自驱动温控阀的优势,达到系统的可靠性要求以及减少能源消耗,又能够克服蜡式自驱动温控阀的温度限制以及稳态误差等不足,实现回路系统的精确控温.      

单组元发动机推力室在轨温度数值仿真

建立了单组元发动机推力室系统(包括结构部件如隔热框、催化床、喷管等)的传热模型。在此基础上，应用有限元数值计算的方法，将模型进行轴对称Delaunay非结构化网格剖分，并完成瞬态温度场的模拟计算，进行推力室在轨温度的数值仿真。结合计算结果分析了热回浸现象、催化床电加热效能以及外空间辐射换热等问题。最后指出，隔热框的防热设计和空间辐射散热有效地隔绝了热回浸对电磁阀和喷注器的不良影响，并论证了催化床的电热丝加热是保证催化床在工作前维持一定温度范围之内的可靠方法。     

The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) on the New Horizons Mission

The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) comprises the hardware and accompanying science investigation on the New Horizons spacecraft to measure pick-up ions from Pluto’s outgassing atmosphere. To the extent that Pluto retains its characteristics similar to those of a “heavy comet” as detected in stellar occultations since the early 1980s, these measurements will characterize the neutral atmosphere of Pluto while providing a consistency check on the atmospheric escape rate at the encounter epoch with that deduced from the atmospheric structure at lower altitudes by the ALICE, REX, and SWAP experiments on New Horizons. In addition, PEPSSI will characterize any extended ionosphere and solar wind interaction while also characterizing the energetic particle environment of Pluto, Charon, and their associated system. First proposed for development for the Pluto Express mission in September 1993, what became the PEPSSI instrument went through a number of development stages to meet the requirements of such an instrument for a mission to Pluto while minimizing the required spacecraft resources. The PEPSSI instrument provides for measurements of ions (with compositional information) and electrons from 10 s of keV to ～1 MeV in a 160°×12° fan-shaped beam in six sectors for 1.5 kg and ～2.5 W.     

GeV Particle Acceleration in Solar Flares and Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) Events

Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) events represent the most energetic class of solar energetic particle (SEP) events, requiring acceleration processes to boost ?1?GeV ions in order to produce showers of secondary particles in the Earth’s atmosphere with sufficient intensity to be detected by ground-level neutron monitors, above the background of cosmic rays. Although the association of GLE events with both solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is undisputed, the question arises about the location of the responsible acceleration site: coronal flare reconnection sites, coronal CME shocks, or interplanetary shocks? To investigate the first possibility we explore the timing of GLE events with respect to hard X-ray production in solar flares, considering the height and magnetic topology of flares, the role of extended acceleration, and particle trapping. We find that 50% (6 out of 12) of recent (non-occulted) GLE events are accelerated during the impulsive flare phase, while the remaining half are accelerated significantly later. It appears that the prompt GLE component, which is observed in virtually all GLE events according to a recent study by Vashenyuk et al. (Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans. 7(4):459–463, 2011), is consistent with a flare origin in the lower corona, while the delayed gradual GLE component can be produced by both, either by extended acceleration and/or trapping in flare sites, or by particles accelerated in coronal and interplanetary shocks.     

A new iterative algorithm for geolocating a known altitude target using TDOA and FDOA measurements in the presence of satellite location uncertainty

This paper considers the problem of geolocating a target on the Earth surface whose altitude is known previously using the target signal time difference of arrival(TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival(FDOA) measurements obtained at satellites. The number of satellites available for the geolocation task is more than sufficient and their locations are subject to random errors. This paper derives the constrained Crame′r-Rao lower bound(CCRLB) of the target position, and on the basis of the CCRLB analysis, an approximately efficient constrained maximum likelihood estimator(CMLE) for geolocating the target is established. A new iterative algorithm for solving the CMLE is then proposed, where the updated target position estimate is shown to be the globally optimal solution to a generalized trust region sub-problem(GTRS) which can be found via a simple bisection search. First-order mean square error(MSE) analysis is conducted to quantify the performance degradation when the known target altitude is assumed to be precise but indeed has an unknown but deterministic error. Computer simulations are used to compare the performance of the proposed iterative geolocation technique with those of two benchmark algorithms. They verify the approximate efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the validity of the MSE analysis.     

Experimental Aspects of Mid-Frequency Pulsations (f≈10–100 mHz) in the Southern Polar Cap

We review the results obtained in the frequency range of Pc3 (22-100 mHz) and Pc4 (7-22 mHz) pulsations at Italian Antarctic stations in the southern polar cap (“Mario Zucchelli”, at Terra Nova Bay, TNB, 80^˚.S; “Concordia”, the Italian/French base at Dome C, DMC, 89^˚.S). The absence of a midnight enhancement in the pulsation power suggests a negligible substorm influence at extreme latitudes, while the sharp noon enhancement, which appears only at TNB, is determined by the closer proximity of the station to cusp related phenomena. The relationship between the frequency of the band-limited signals and the interplanetary magnetic field strength, the cone angle influence, and the higher correlation of the Pc3 power with the solar wind speed in the morning hours suggest a global scenario in which upstream waves would be mainly responsible for the mid-frequency activity in the polar cap. However, the polarization pattern is odd with respect to the predictions for tailward propagating modes.     

喷管加装小突片强化射流混合的PIV测量

在常温、超声速流动状态下,采用PIV技术定量测量了收敛喷管和收扩喷管加装小突片时射流纵截面的速度场和涡量场,并对其速度场和涡量场进行了比较。结果表明,对于收扩喷管,虽然其速度边界层厚度明显大于收敛喷管,但加装小突片结构也能够明显的强化射流的混合。并且发现,小突片结构不仅能产生流向涡,而且对周向涡有明显的强化作用。     

离心叶轮出口与无叶扩压器内部流动特性的DPIV实验研究

在叶轮转速n＝1500rpm对应的设计工况下,利用两维数字式粒子图像速度场仪(DPIV)对风机模型从叶轮出口至无叶扩压器区域内部流动状态进行整场测量,在"锁相"状态下获得沿扩压器宽度方向上三个径向面的瞬态速度场、涡量场的分布,并进一步对时均流场的流动特性进行全面讨论.测量结果表明:设计工况下,叶轮出口流动呈现典型的"射流-尾迹"流动结构,其对无叶扩压器内部流动状态具有深刻的影响.旋涡由叶轮叶片表面边界层的粘性切应力产生,并随流动被输运至下游无叶扩压器,然后随着流动的均匀化而逐渐消失.涡量的分布及变化反映了无叶扩压器内部流体相互掺混和能量传递、重新分布从而达到均匀化的过程.随着半径的增加,尽管无叶扩压器内流动在圆周方向亦逐渐趋于均匀化,但沿宽度方向的差距未得到改善,这将导致沿轴向α不变原则设计的叶片扩压器的二元叶片无法避免冲击损失.     

单个柔性旗帜在均匀流中摆动的测力实验

利用自行研制的测力天平在低速风洞中对单个柔性旗帜失稳摆动的受力特性进行了测量,同时还测量了旗帜的振幅、频率等参数。实验结果表明：在实验条件下,宽长比H^＊接近1时,旗帜摆动的扭曲变形可以忽略;影响实验的无量纲参数主要是宽长比H^＊,质量比M^＊和无量纲速度V^＊;保持质量比M^＊不变、改变宽长比H。时,阻力系数C^＊、无量纲振幅A^＊和Sf数都随无量纲速度V^＊线性增大;保持H^＊不变、改变M^＊时,C^＊、A^＊和ST都随V^＊先增大后趋于定值。实验证明,在实验参数范围内旗帜受到的阻力与摆动振幅成正比。估算结果表明忽略惯性力对阻力的贡献对结果影响不大。     

管路连接中的约束设计(上)

论述了管路连接中约束设计的基本模型和基本方法,指出了现有减约束连接结构的局限性,为国内管路标准件的开发指出了发展方向。     

PIV测量非定常自由来流中的三角翼前缘涡

在南航非定常风洞中,运用PIV测量技术,研究了非定常自由来流下三角翼前缘涡瞬时涡结构的变化。通过分析三角翼前缘涡速度矢量、涡量以及流动拓扑结构的变化可知,在减速过程中,破裂的前缘集中涡重新卷起,形成涡量较强的集中涡,横截面流动拓扑结构显示,流动结构从不稳定的焦点变成稳定的极限环,这也就说明前缘集中涡的破裂点位置向下游移动;在加速过程中,集中涡很快破裂,涡量随之减小,流动拓扑结构从稳定的极限环变成不稳定的焦点,前缘集中涡的破裂点位置向上游移动。分析认为外部压力梯度的变化可能是导致涡破裂位置移动的原因。     

Particle acceleration and kinematics in solar flares – A Synthesis of Recent Observations and Theoretical Concepts (Invited Review)

We review the physical processes of particle acceleration, injection, propagation, trapping, and energy loss in solar flare conditions. An understanding of these basic physical processes is inexorable to interpret the detailed timing and spectral evolution of the radiative signatures caused by nonthermal particles in hard X-rays, gamma-rays, and radio wavelengths. In contrast to other more theoretically oriented reviews on particle acceleration processes, we aim here to capitalize on the numerous observations from recent spacecraft missions, such as from the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), the Yohkoh Hard X-Ray Telescope (HXT) and Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT), and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). High-precision energy-dependent time delay measurements from CGRO and spatial imaging with Yohkoh and TRACE provide invaluable observational constraints on the topology of the acceleration region, the reconstruction of magnetic reconnection processes, the resulting electromagnetic fields, and the kinematics of energized (nonthermal) particles. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

扩频通信系统伪码相位跟踪环性能研究

在现代通信系统中,对于全数字化扩频接收机来说,由于伪码跟踪环中鉴相器具有非线性特性,所以有可能使扩频通信环路工作在非线性区域。本文分析了一种非相干伪码跟踪环路的线性以及非线性跟踪性能,并得到了环路的收敛域与收敛条件,这些分析结果对环路参数的设计都是至关重要的。     

涡轮工作叶片表面气膜冷却效率的实验研究

在大尺寸低速线性叶栅风洞上进行实验,采用放大的叶片模型,测量了涡轮工作叶片表面不同位置单排气膜孔的气膜冷却效率,研究了孔排位置、吹风比及来流雷诺数的影响。试验叶片表面上开有8排气膜孔,其中吸力面2排,前缘区3排,压力面3排。实验的参数变化范围是:基于叶片弦长的来流雷诺数250000～450000,吹风比0 5～2 5。结果表明,由于气膜孔排位置的不同,其下游冷却效率受来流雷诺数及吹风比影响的变化趋势也有所不同,孔排位置一定时,冷却效率主要由吹风比决定。该实验结果对涡轮叶片型面气膜冷却的实际工程设计研究有重要意义。     

全球首位自费旅游者的太空之旅(上)

蒂托是美藉意大利人，他经营着资产超百亿美元的大型公司。今年４月２３日，蒂托花２０００万美元到国际空间站俄罗斯太空舱进行了７天的旅行     

国内民航维修企业及航空公司维修能力一览(上)

编者的话:2009年的全国民航维修能力调查活动已经告一段落.这是<航空维修与工程>杂志自1999年以来开展的第六次调查活动.感谢所有参加调查活动的单位,并期待未来会有更多公司加入.     

航空动力百年回顾（一）

1 引言 风筝在中国已有两千余年的历史,中世纪时传到了西方。后来,西方国家利用风筝飞行的原理发明了滑翔机。1903年12月17日,美国的莱特兄弟发明了“飞行者”1号实验飞行器——飞机。风筝、滑翔机和飞机都是重于空气的飞行器,必须借助于空气的相对运动才能升空。风筝靠拉线产生的风力飞上天,飞机则必须靠强大的动力装置的牵引才能飞行。动力装置或发动机对于飞机实在太重要了。正如在世界上颇负盛名的前苏联空气动力学家弗·谢·佩什诺夫所说:“飞机发展过程中的每一新成就首先是由新型发动机决定的,发动机是飞行必不可少的动力源。”世界百年航空史证明,正是动力装置的发展才促进了飞机的发展。