双模态超燃冲压发动机研究进展

通过对各种发动机性能的对比分析,认为双模态超燃冲压发动机非常适合作为高超声速飞行器的动力推进装置,国内外的实验研究和数值模拟的结果揭示了如何实现双模态超燃冲压的模态转换。     

国外TBCC关键技术及试验设备

<正>涡轮基组合循环(TBCC)发动机是涡轮发动机、亚燃/超燃冲压发动机组合的推进装置,能够实现变循环工作过程,使飞行器在不同飞行条件(亚声速、超声速、高超声速)下都能得到良好的推进性能,可作为超声速、高超声速巡航导弹和高速侦察机、远程高速攻击机的动力系统,以及轨道飞行器第一级理想动力系统,在安全性、经济性、可靠性、可行性方面具有独特的优势,拥有良好的应用前景。     

高超声速推进技术的新进展

随着超燃冲压发动机技术的逐步发展成熟,国外高超声速推进技术的研究重点已转向涡轮基组合循环推进技术上,高马赫数（马赫数4以上）涡轮发动机正在成为国外高超声速推进领域新的研究热点,弥补了涡轮发动机马赫数2～2．5上限和亚燃冲压／超燃冲压发动机马赫数3．5～6下限之间的空白。     

超燃冲压发动机性能初步研究

介绍了北京动力机械研究所进行的超燃冲压发动机初步研究。该方面研究包括超声速燃烧初步试验研究、双模态超燃冲压发动机燃烧室计算模拟和试验研究、高超声速进气道研究、超燃冲压发动机模型自由射流试验研究,获得了良好的高超声速进气道和超燃冲压发动机的工作性能。     

X-51A试飞受挫原因可能是密封失效

在5月25日X-51A“驭波者”高超声速试验飞行器的首飞试验中，超燃冲压发动机与尾喷管之间的密封故障可能是导致X-51A无法达到预定马赫数的原因。从超燃冲压发动机泄露出来的高温气体对飞行器产生了侧向力，从而导致加速减慢和续航时间变短。     

推力耦合的高超声速飞行器气动伺服弹性研究

对于采用吸气式超燃冲压发动机的高超声速飞行器,其发动机推力可能与机身弹性发生耦合影响,从而引起所谓的推力耦合气动伺服弹性(ASE)问题。为对其耦合原理及影响进行研究,以简化的飞行器纵向模型为对象,考虑结构弹性、非定常气动力、冲压发动机以及控制系统之间的相互耦合作用,建立了推力耦合的高超声速飞行器气动伺服弹性问题的一般建模框架和分析流程。采用牛顿冲击理论计算高超声速非定常气动力,基于准一维流动假设分析发动机性能。算例结果表明,考虑发动机推力的耦合影响后,飞行器的短周期特性和气动伺服弹性特性均有明显改变,气动伺服弹性稳定裕度下降可达16%,应当引起飞行控制系统设计部门的重视。     

超燃冲压发动机研究回顾与展望

自20世纪50年代以来,航空航天领域把超燃冲压发动机作为高超声速推进系统的一种追求目标,在理论和技术方面矢志不渝地开展了大量研究工作。21世纪初,美国取得了一系列接近实际应用的技术突破,将超燃冲压发动机技术的研究和应用推动至新阶段。简述了超燃冲压发动机工作原理,论述了双模态工作过程、高超声速压缩流动、超声速燃烧、超高温结构与热防护、地面试验与数值模拟等关键技术的难点和新进展,并针对超燃冲压发动机宽速域、可重复和更高马赫数等当前重点技术发展方向,阐述了认识和建议。     

超燃冲压发动机性能的初步分析

超燃冲压发动机是发展高超声速技术的关键,以其为动力装置的高超声速巡航导弹、高超声速飞机和空天飞机对于国防安全、未来空间作战和航天运输都有重要意义.用热力循环的方法对超燃冲压发动机的性能作了初步的分析,建立了超燃冲压发动机准一维性能计算分析模型,并分析了一些影响参数对发动机效率的影响.准一维的性能计算方法可作为多层次高超声速动力推进系统性能计算模型的第一层次的计算模型,具有简单、快捷的特点.影响参数的分析可应用于高超声速飞行器概念设计阶段飞行器主要的设计参数和飞行参数的计算和确定.     

基于超燃冲压发动机的HIFiRE项目飞行试验研究进展

飞行器在临近空间内的气动特性及发动机性能一直是各国高超声速项目研究的重点,为探索边界层转捩、激波边界层相互作用以及气动加热效应,美澳牵头于2006年联合启动了HIFiRE项目,采用探空火箭发射进行重点技术验证的模式开展了系列创新性研究。项目重点关注20~38km空域,4~8速域飞行马赫数,试验方案通过单项验证、系统集成的思路逐步深入,将一体化设计的乘波体从无动力滑翔推进到有动力巡航,最终完成带超燃冲压发动机高升阻比飞行器的总体性能测试。研究结果表明:①试验飞行器的边界层转捩高度在35~25km;②乘波体飞行器在飞行马赫数为7时最大升阻比为5.6;③超燃冲压发动机的飞行试验中,在86.2kPa的恒定动压下,飞行马赫数从5.5加速到8.5,试验中发动机实现了从亚燃到超燃的模态转换。      

非对称来流隔离段流动特性研究

1引言隔离段是超燃冲压发动机的一个重要气动部件,在进气道与燃烧室之间构建一气动热力缓冲区域,为进气道提供一个较宽的连续工作范围。通常超燃冲压发动机位于高超声速飞行器下表面的中后部,这样自由来流需要经过一段较长的前体后进入进气道,这就造成进气道进口靠近机体一侧存     

侧压式进气道动态攻角特性的风洞实验

为了研究攻角导致的来流条件非定常变化对高超声速进气道性能的影响,以一个设计马赫数为6的侧压式进气道为研究对象,结合数值模拟的方法,在马赫数为3.85条件下进行了攻角动态变化的风洞实验,攻角变化范围为0°~8.2°,最大频率达到10.4Hz.研究结果表明:工作在大攻角时,侧压式进气道出现不起动现象,流场特征出现很大变化;攻角动态变化时,进气道重复出现起动-不起动-再起动现象,由于受到壁面运动的影响,壁面点压力随攻角的变化曲线出现一定的迟滞现象,这在不起动时尤为明显;当进气道攻角动态频率增加时,进气道不起动时的攻角逐渐增加,而再起动时的攻角逐渐减小.      

Accurate attitude estimation of HB2 standard model based on QNCF in hypersonic wind tunnel test

The accuracy of the HB2 standard model attitude measurement has an important impact on the hypersonic wind tunnel data assessment. The limited size of the model and the existence of external vibrations make it challenging to obtain real-time reliable attitude measurement. To reduce the influence of attitude errors on test results, this paper proposes a Quaternion Nonlinear Complementary Filter (QNCF) attitude determination algorithm based on Microelectromechanical Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS-IMU). Firstly, the threshold-based PI control strategy is adopted to eliminate noise effect according to the Acceleration Magnitude Detector (AMD). Then, the flexible quaternion method is updated to carry out attitude estimation which is operational and easy to be embedded in the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Finally, a high-precision three-axis turntable test and a hypersonic wind tunnel test are performed. The results show that the pitch-roll attitude errors are within 0.05° and 0.08° in the high-precision three-axis turntable test in a calculation time of 100 s respectively, and the attitude error is within 0.3° after the elastic angle correction in the hypersonic wind tunnel test. The proposed method can provide accurate real-time attitude reference for the analysis of the actual movement of the model, exhibiting certain engineering application value with robustness and simplicity.     

Installation error calibration for MEMS angular measurement system in hypersonic wind tunnel

The accuracy of model attitude measurement has an important impact on wind tunnel test results. Microelectromechanical System Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS IMU) provides a feasible way to measure model attitudes with high accuracy. However, the installation error between MEMS IMU coordinate system and the body coordinate system of test models can make the accuracy of the model attitude measurement decrease. In wind tunnel tests, the installation error depends on the relationship between the IMU and the model mechanism before tests. Therefore, in-field calibration in wind tunnel tests is necessary to reduce installation errors. To improve attitude measurement accuracy, the least squares quaternion calibration method based on MEMS IMU and six-position calibration procedure are proposed. High-precision three-axis turntable tests are performed. The pitch accuracy after calibration is higher than that before calibration in the angle of attack sweeping tests. The Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSE) in the roll and yaw are within 0.01°, which are smaller than those before calibration. In the roll sweeping tests, RMSE of three attitude angles decrease significantly. In hypersonic wind tunnel tests, the pitch errors before and after calibration are within 0.05° and 0.02° in the angle of attack sweeping tests without wind. In five angle of attack sweeping tests with wind, the deviation between the mean of the pitch and the pitch after the elastic angle correction is within 0.03° and the standard deviation of five tests is within 0.01°. The proposed method is confirmed to enhance the accuracy of attitude measurement effectively, which is convenient for engineering applications.     

单模块超燃发动机推力测量天平研制

介绍了用于单模块超燃发动机推力测量的力传感器单分量天平的研制、应用,通过脉冲燃烧风洞和长时间风洞试验,天平/模型/支撑系统频率为20 Hz,在脉冲燃烧风洞有效试验时间内(约300 ms)可获得较为稳定的测力信号,基本满足脉冲燃烧风洞单模块发动机测力要求.在相同试验条件下,脉冲燃烧风洞和长时间风洞获得了相同的发动机推力收益,验证了天平测量数据的准确性.      

逃逸飞行器模型高超声速风洞自由翻滚动导数试验技术

高超声速风洞模型自由翻滚动导数试验技术是为满足航空航天飞行器 0°～ 360°全攻角范围内的动导数测量及产生极限环振动现象的研究之急需而研制。简要介绍了试验技术研制的自由翻滚试验装置、液体轴承、角度测试系统与系统建模的大攻角非线性数据处理技术。该项技术已成功地为逃逸飞行器模型提供了满意的试验数据     

攻角动态变化对侧压式进气道起动特性影响的风洞试验

为了探寻不同频率下攻角动态变化对进气道起动性能的影响,进行了攻角以不同频率调节的侧压式进气道Ma=3.85的风洞试验.对一个设计Ma=6、起动Ma=2.5的侧压式进气道完成了攻角从0°→8.15°→0°,频率分别为0.8,1.6,3.2 Hz和6 Hz的数次吹风试验.试验结果表明:四种频率状态下进气道在一个振荡周期中都能经历一个起动—不起动—再起动的过程;随着频率的增加,在进入振荡的第1个周期内不起动攻角缓慢增大,而在之后的周期性变化中不起动攻角急剧减小.      

Transfer learning: A new aerodynamic force identification network based on adaptive EMD and soft thresholding in hypersonic wind tunnel

The aerodynamic test in the pulse combustion wind tunnel is very important for the design, evaluation and optimization of aerodynamic characteristics of the hypersonic aircraft. The test accuracy even affects the success or failure of hypersonic aircraft development. In the aerodynamic test of pulse combustion wind tunnel, the aerodynamic signal is disturbed by the inertial force signal, which seriously affects the test accuracy of aerodynamic force. Aiming at the above problems, this paper innovatively proposes an aerodynamic intelligent identification method, that is the transfer learning network based on adaptive Empirical Modal Decomposition (EMD) and Soft Thresholding (TLN-AE&ST). Compared with the existing aerodynamic intelligent identification model based on deep learning technology, this study introduces the transfer learning idea into the aerodynamic intelligent identification model for the first time. The TLN-AE&ST effectively alleviates the problem of scarcity of training samples for intelligent models due to the high cost of wind tunnel tests, and provides a new idea for further implementation of deep learning technology in the field of wind tunnel aerodynamic testing. And this study designed residual attention block with soft threshold and dense block with adaptive EMD in TLN-AE&ST model. Residual attention block with soft threshold module can more effectively suppress the influence of instrument noise signal on model training effect. Dense block with adaptive EMD makes the deep learning model no longer a black box to a certain extent, and has certain physical significance. Finally, a series of wind tunnel tests were carried out in the Φ = 2.4 m pulse combustion wind tunnel of China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center to verify the effectiveness of TLN-AE&ST.     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

脉冲风洞热喷流实验方法初步研究

发动机燃气喷流对高超声速飞行器后体气动热环境有显著的影响,燃气喷流的物理模型对预测飞行器局部热环境有显著影响,为了利用脉冲风洞研究这类影响规律,研制了一套瞬态热喷流供气系统,建立了瞬态热喷流供气系统的工作方法。该系统的核心技术是利用氢氧燃烧驱动路德维希管（Ludwiegtube）,提供瞬态热喷流气源。本研究包括以下内容：不同氢氧比例对燃烧产物热力学状态及产生方式的影响;不同点火、破膜方式对气源产生及喷流流场稳定性的影响。本研究提出的热喷流供气系统可以提供满足缩比模型喷流实验所需喷流状态的热气源;可以在50ms内起动工作,满足与脉冲风洞同步工作的要求。     

一种高超声速进气道加速自起动的实验方法

为了探寻在地面常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验的可行性,提出了基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法。该实验方法通过将安装有前遮板的进气道模型在风洞实验段整体从极限正攻角旋转至极限负攻角,前遮板会产生激波对远前方气流减速,或产生膨胀波对远前方气流加速,而位于前遮板下游的进气道即可获得加速自起动过程所需连续加速的来流条件。通过数值仿真对所提出的加速自起动实验方法进行了验证。研究结果显示:以2(°)/s的角速度整体旋转基于前遮板的高超声速进气道模型,其起动马赫数与高超声速进气道自身加速自起动马赫数相差在1%以内,表明基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法能够被用于在常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验研究。