飞机蒙皮镜像铣加工稳定性分析

镜像铣技术是近年来提出的一种针对大尺寸薄壁件的加工方法,其加工环保、高效,具有逐步取代传统化铣加工的趋势。针对飞机蒙皮镜像铣加工过程中的颤振问题,首先,根据镜像铣加工特点,建立工艺系统颤振稳定性极限的预测模型;其次,通过有限元方法对蒙皮工件进行模态分析,分析蒙皮不同加工位置动力学特性变化导致的铣削稳定性变化,并通过实验测量获取工件动力学参数,对不同加工位置的稳定性做出预测;最后,开展加工实验,基于非接触测量方法,在线监测镜像铣加工区域的振动位移,通过时、频域信号对加工状态进行辨识,揭示了镜像铣加工过程的稳定性变化及失稳机制,验证了所提方法的准确性,在工程领域具有较高的实用价值。     

材料切除对机匣铣削动力学与稳定性的影响

在薄壁零件加工过程中,工件材料的连续切除会造成工艺系统动力学特性的不断变化,并对工艺系统的颤振稳定性产生显著影响。以航空发动机机匣为对象,研究了其铣削过程中工件材料切除以及切削位置变化对工件动力学特性与颤振稳定性的影响规律。首先,根据机匣的几何结构与铣削工艺特点,提出了按切削行及切削段进行材料切除过程细分的方法。其次,建立了工艺系统动力学特性演化的快速计算方法和颤振稳定性极限的频域预测方法,并在单个切削行内和不同切削行间分析了材料切除过程对工艺系统的影响。结果显示,在单个切削行内工艺系统的动力学特性会小幅度减小,稳定性极限图会向左下方小幅度偏移;在不同切削行间工艺系统的动力学特性变化幅度较大,稳定性极限图呈现出交错排列现象,难以针对整个铣削过程进行切削参数优选,因此提出了基于单行刀位轨迹的切削参数优选方法,保证了整个材料切除过程的稳定切削。最后,进行了机匣铣削与模态试验,验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性。     

Time-domain modeling of a cutter exiting a workpiece in the slot milling process

In a milling operation, there must be processes of a cutter entering and exiting the work-piece boundary. The cutter exit is usually in the feed direction and the dynamic response is different from that in the normal cutting process. This paper presents a new time-domain modeling of mechanics and dynamics of the cutter exit process for the slot milling process. The cutter is assumed to exit the workpiece for the first time with one tooth right in the feed direction. The dynamic chip thickness is summed up along the feed direction and compared with the remaining workpiece length in the feed direction to judge whether the cutter is ready to exit the workpiece or not. The developed model is then used for analyzing the cutting force and machining vibration in the cutter exit process. The developed mathematical model is experimentally validated by comparing the simulated forces and vibrations against the measured data collected from real slotting milling tests. The study shows that stable cutting parameters cannot guarantee stable cutting in a cutter exit process and further study can be performed to control the vibration amplitude in this specific process.     

A novel stability prediction approach for thin-walled component milling considering material removing process

The milling stability of thin-walled components is an important issue in the aviation manufacturing industry,which greatly limits the removal rate of a workpiece.However,for a thin-walled workpiece,the dynamic characteristics vary at different positions.In addition,the removed part also has influence on determining the modal parameters of the workpiece.Thus,the milling stability is also time-variant.In this work,in order to investigate the time variation of a workpiece's dynamic characteristics,a new computational model is firstly derived by dividing the workpiece into a removed part and a remaining part with the Ritz method.Then,an updated frequency response function is obtained by Lagrange's equation and the corresponding modal parameters are extracted.Finally,multi-mode stability lobes are plotted by the different quadrature method and its accuracy is verified by experiments.The proposed method improves the computational efficiency to predict the time-varying characteristics of a thin-walled workpiece.     

薄壁件周铣切削力建模与表面误差预测方法研究

薄壁件加工变形是影响加工精度与质量的关键因素,而切削力建模则是预测表面加工误差的基础。针对两种典型的切削力模型,系统地研究了薄壁件周铣加工过程中切削力变化及表面变形误差分布的有限元计算方法,提出了基于三维非规则网格的刀具/工件变形的耦合迭代格式以及恒定网格下材料去除效应的变刚度处理方法等关键技术,仿真过程充分考虑了切屑厚度变化及不同切削参数对预测结果的影响。以典型钛合金航空材料构件为例,数值计算结果与实验参考数据比较表明,两种切削力模型对同一切削过程的预测均具有很好的一致性。     

一种快速有效的薄壁件加工表面误差预测算法

 在切削力作用下,刀具/工件的变形是影响薄壁弱刚度件加工精度与质量的关键因素,快速有效地进行表面误差的预测是实现工艺参数优化及在线刀具路径补偿的前提。针对立铣加工过程,提出了一种考虑刀具/工件变形位置的快速柔性迭代算法,基于此建立了薄壁件加工变形预测的有限元计算模型,并通过等效集中力作用位置的确定、模型分割及最小化网格重划方法进一步提高了模型的计算速度。通过刀具/工件的瞬时接触区域的限定算法、实际切深的修正算法、材料去除效应的模拟等关键技术更提高了模型的计算精度。以典型航空铝合金材料为对象,合理安排试验,并通过数值计算结果和试验数据的对比,表明该方法计算精度高,计算速度较文献方法提高了近2倍。     

超高强度钢立铣工件温度分析及对加工表面质量的影响

以航空难加工材料300M钢为研究对象,基于立铣加工中的工件温度判断在铣削加工中是否出现了金相组织转变,进而分析不同工况下影响加工表面质量的因素。首先,将移动热源法应用于铣削加工中,计算考虑后刀面磨损的立铣加工工件温度,实验表明,计算值与实验值相比误差在10%以内。然后,分析了工件温度在时间上与空间上的分布,以及不同刀具磨损和加工参数条件下工件表面的温升规律,据此预测加工表面是否出现了组织转变,并结合金相组织观察进一步确认。最后,依据加工表面质量物理层面残余应力和显微硬度的检测数据,初步探讨了各因素对表面质量的影响。结果表明,在研究的加工参数范围内,并未达到金相组织转变温度,表面质量主要受铣削热力作用下的剪切面塑性凸出效应、后刀面挤光效应和热效应的影响。     

航空结构件铣削残余应力分布规律的研究

 采用三维有限元方法,模拟计算航空铝合金7050-T7451 材料在无内应力前提下数控铣削时产生的表层残余应力场。在综合考虑了现行的常规工艺方案基础上,从中选定4 种具有代表性的走刀路径分别进行分析计算,进而优选出最为合适的走刀工艺规则。走刀过程采用动态载荷步模拟,材料去除采用生死单元模拟,从而使计算结果更加精确、可信。通过本文的研究工作,可为提高该类材料数控铣削加工的尺寸稳定性确定合理的工艺策略。     

单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模

螺旋铣削加工工艺具有降低轴向力,改善排屑、散热条件等优点,螺旋铣削力是其重要过程指标之一。对单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模方法展开研究,预测给定加工参数下的螺旋铣削力。首先,通过对螺旋铣削过程进行运动学分析和切屑几何分析,建立了螺旋铣削过程中侧刃、底刃动态切屑层模型,纤维切削方向角度模型和动态切削力计算模型。然后,分别通过侧刃直线槽铣实验和底刃半齿插铣实验,对各个切削方向角度下侧刃、底刃切削力系数进行了标定,并利用人工神经网络对切削力系数进行拟合。最后,将标定所得的切削力系数代入动态切削力计算模型中,建立了单向CFRP螺旋铣削过程动态切削力预测模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性。与现有模型相比,该模型不仅能够预测刀具螺旋运动周期内的切削力变化情况,还可以对每个刀具自转周期内的细节进行预测,通过考虑纤维切削方向角度对切削力系数的影响,反映了单向CFRP材料的各向异性,较为准确地预测了螺旋铣削力。     

钛合金铣削刀具/工件接触区域温度预测

钛合金（Ti-6Al-4V）因其优良的综合性能广泛应用于航空航天领域中,然而由于其导热系数低、弹性模量低等特性,铣削加工过程中刀具/工件接触区域温度过高,从而导致刀具磨损严重,影响已加工表面质量。因此研究切削过程中刀具/工件接触区域温度具有重要意义。从切削机理出发,将切削区域的3个热源等效为螺旋线热源,其中热流密度计算类比铣削力预测模型中铣削力计算方法,提出包含铣削热系数的热流密度计算模型,并通过实验标定铣削热系数,结果表明热流密度随切削厚度增加接近于线性增加。建立刀具/工件接触区域温度预测模型,通过半人工热电偶测温实验对模型的可行性与准确性进行了验证,实验值与预测值的相对误差在10%之内。提高了刀具/工件接触区域温度的计算精度,并为切削参数的合理选择提供理论基础。     

SiC_p/Al复合材料高速铣削切削力模型建立

使用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具并采用正交试验设计法,对含不同体分比的碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiCp/2009Al)进行高速铣削试验。在测量切削力和切屑厚度的基础上,建立了剪切角、剪切应力和摩擦角的预测模型,并结合金属切削基本理论公式建立了切削力的预测模型。该模型包含铣削速度、每齿进给量、径向切宽、增强颗粒体分比等重要参数,模型对进给方向最大铣削力预测值的平均误差为5.9%,对铣刀径向切深方向最大铣削力预测值的平均误差为9.2%,皆高于普通经验公式的预测精度,从而可对SiCp/2009Al复合材料高速铣削时的铣削力进行有效预测。     

Vibration suppression of thin-walled workpiece machining considering external damping properties based on magnetorheological fluids flexible fixture

Milling of the thin-walled workpiece in the aerospace industry is a critical process due to the high flexibility of the workpiece. In this paper, a flexible fixture based on the magnetorheological(MR) fluids is designed to investigate the regenerative chatter suppression during the machining.Based on the analysis of typical structural components in the aerospace industry, a general complex thin-walled workpiece with fixture and damping constraint can be equivalent as a rectangular cantilever beam. On the basis of the equivalent models, natural frequency and mode shape function of the thin-walled workpiece is obtained according to the Euler–Bernoulli beam assumptions. Then,the displacement response function of the bending vibration of the beam is represented by the product of all the mode shape function and the generalized coordinate. Furthermore, a dynamic equation of the workpiece-fixture system considering the external damping factor is proposed using the Lagrangian method in terms of all the mode shape function and the generalized coordinate, and the response of system under the dynamic cutting force is calculated to evaluate the stability of the milling process under damping control. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach are validated by the impact hammer experiments and several machining tests.     

中低速数控铣削参数优化技术研究及应用

采用平均铣削力系数模型对数控加工过程中的铣削力进行仿真预测.在此基础上,综合考虑数控加工过程中机床、刀具以及工件3方面限制加工效率的因素,对主轴转速、进给速度、径向切宽以及轴向切深4个参数进行优化.利用VC与Matlab编程,开发了"中低速数控铣削过程力学仿真与参数优化系统".针对航空难加工材料GH4169,在SandviK推荐参数基础上进行仿真优化.结果表明,基于力学仿真的数控铣削参数优化技术在难加工材料加工中可提高加工效率12%～378%.     

Dynamic temperature prediction of electronic equipment under high altitude long endurance conditions

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is developing towards the direction of High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE). This will have an important influence on the stability of its airborne electronic equipment using passive thermal management. In this paper, a multi-node transient thermal model for airborne electronic equipment is set up based on the thermal network method to predict their dynamic temperature responses under high altitude and long flight time conditions. Some relevant factors are considered into this temperature prediction model including flight environment, radiation, convection, heat conduction, etc. An experimental chamber simulating a high altitude flight environment was set up to survey the dynamic thermal responses of airborne electronic equipment in a UAV. According to the experimental measurement results, the multi-node transient thermal model is verified without consideration of the effects of flight speed. Then, a modified way about outside flight speed is added into the model to improve the temperature prediction performance. Finally, the corresponding simulation code is developed based on the proposed model. It can realize the dynamic temperature prediction of airborne electronic equipment under HALE conditions.     

不分离型超声复合铣削系统稳定性研究

为研究不分离型超声复合铣削系统的稳定性,讨论了超声复合铣削运动特性,建立了不分离型超声复合铣削稳定性模型。利用半离散法对超声复合铣削稳定性进行研究,应用MATLAB软件进行数值分析并得出了超声铣削稳定性叶瓣图。研究表明,不分离型超声复合铣削能提高普通铣削系统的稳定性,最大极限切削深度提高约13.8%。利用钛合金材料进行超声复合铣削的试验验证,试验结果验证了理论模型与稳定性叶瓣图的正确性,同时也验证了利用半离散法分析超声复合铣削系统稳定性的可行性。     

A multi-order method for predicting stability of a multi-delay milling system considering helix angle and run-out effects

In this paper, a multi-delay milling system considering helix angle and run-out effects is firstly established. An exponential cutting force model is used to model the interaction between a work-piece and a cutting tool, and a new approach is presented for accurately calibrating exponential cutting force coefficients and cutter run-out parameters. Furthermore, based on an implicit multi-step Adams formula and an improved precise time-integration algorithm, a novel stability prediction method is proposed to predict the stability of the system. The involved time delay term and periodic coefficient term are integrated as a comprehensive state term in the integral response which is approximated by the Adams formula. Then, a Floquet transition matrix with an arbitrary-order form is constructed by using a series of matrix multiplication, and the stability of the system is determined by the Floquet theory. Compared to classical semi-discretization methods and full-discretization methods, the developed method shows a good performance in convergence, efficiency, accuracy, and multi-order complexity. A series of cutting tests is further carried out to validate the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the calibration process needs a time of less than 5 min, and the stability prediction method is effective.     

自由曲面侧铣刀具轮廓与轨迹同步优化方法

针对自由曲面侧铣加工中轨迹规划困难、加工精度难保证等问题，提出了一种自由曲线母线类刀具的外形轮廓设计方法。该方法在优化刀具轮廓的同时，充分考虑了加工过程中的工件精度和刀轴光顺性问题，实现了自由曲线母线类刀具的形状设计和对应侧铣加工轨迹的生成。首先，通过分别定义刀具轮廓母线和刀轴轨迹面实现对刀具形状和侧铣加工轨迹的表达，并由此计算切削行上刀具工件干涉量来评价加工误差，以刀轴轨迹面能量评价刀轴光顺性，建立了基于加工误差和刀轴光顺性的刀具轮廓与加工轨迹的同步优化模型；其次，为实现对同步优化模型的求解，给出了基于序列逼近法的求解策略，以及优化初值中刀轴轨迹面控制参数和刀具轮廓控制参数获取方法；最后，分别通过加工轨迹规划实验和刀具轮廓设计实验，验证了本文算法在在自由曲面四轴侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计与加工轨迹优化中的正确性及有效性。研究成果为提高自由曲面类零件侧铣加工精度、实现侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计及侧铣加工轨迹规划提供了一种有效的方法和手段。     

燃气涡轮盘/叶耦合系统振动特性分析

利用UG对两级涡轮轮盘/叶片进行三维实体建模,导入ANSYS构建其耦合振动分析的有限元模型,以静强度分析为基础,主要对比了有无温度场情况下,盘/叶耦合系统的振动特性差异,计算中考虑了温度场和离心载荷的影响,使计算结果更接近于实际情况,结果表明,温度不是影响涡轮盘/叶振动特性的主要因素。此外,从叶盘耦合谐振图可以看出,在工作转速下涡轮叶盘没有发生共振的危险;在起动时,只需快速的跨过一些共振区就能很好的避免耦合共振的情况发生,就振动设计而言,该型涡轮的设计是合理的。     

微小型车铣加工表面粗糙度分析及预测模型建立

随着尖端科学技术和国防工业的不断发展,微小型车铣加工技术作为一种先进的切削加工方法被广泛应用在军民制造领域。为获得微小型正交车铣加工参数引起的零件表面粗糙度的变化规律,以高效车铣复合加工机床正交车铣轴类零件的表面粗糙度为研究对象,采用三水平五因素正交实验分析法和多元线性回归预测法,重点研究了车铣加工参数与表面粗糙度之间的关系、车铣加工参数与表面粗糙度预测模型数值关系。结果表明,采用相同刀具下正交车铣加工轴类零件,其工件尺寸、车削主轴转速、工件进给量、铣削主轴转速和切削深度依次从大到小影响零件表面粗糙度质量,可指导高效车铣复合加工机床的加工工艺参数优化。     

Analytical model of cutting force in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al PRMMCs

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling has been widely applied in machining the difficult-to-cut materials owing to the remarkable improvements in reducing the cutting force. However, analytical models to reveal the mechanism and predict the cutting force of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling metal matrix composites are still needed to be developed. In this paper, an analytical model of cutting force was established for ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. During modeling, change of motion of the cutting tool, contact of tool-chip-workpiece and acceleration of the chip caused by ultrasonic vibration was considered based on equivalent oblique cutting model. Meanwhile, material properties, tool geometry, cutting parameters and vibration parameters were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the developed analytical force model was validated with and without ultrasonic vibration milling experiments on in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. The predicted cutting forces show to be consistent well with the measured cutting forces. Besides, the relative error of instantaneous maximum forces between the predicted and measured data is from 0.4% to 15.1%. The analytical model is significant for cutting force prediction not only in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling but also in conventional milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites, which was proved with general applicability.