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返回式卫星是在50年代末为军事照相侦察卫星而发展起来的。自70年代后期,返回式卫星在空间微重力试验以及为将来空间站的货物运输方面有着新的广泛的用途。西欧和日本自80年代后半期开始开展返回式卫星的研制,近些年来,获得了一些进展。本文介绍了近十年来,世界各国在研制返回式卫星方面取得的进展。 相似文献
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在地面上用磁性液体制造流体的超重、失重和微重力环境 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
磁力和重力均为非接触的力,当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相同时,磁性液体处于超重状态;当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相反时,磁性液体处于失重状态;当作用于磁性液体上磁力和重力相互抵消,磁性液体呈饱和磁化状态且处在均匀梯度磁场区域中时,磁性液体被表面张力约束成球体,磁性液体处于微重力状态。这一发现使我们在地面上能经济的、方便的、长时间的制造流体的小区域微重力环境,为研究微重力状态下的流体科学、生命科学,材料加工和器件开发等提供了新的方法。 相似文献
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Jenkin HL Dyde RT Zacher JE Zikovitz DC Jenkin MR Allison RS Howard IP Harris LR 《Acta Astronautica》2005,56(9-12):1025-1032
In order to measure the perceived direction of "up", subjects judged the three-dimensional shape of disks shaded to be compatible with illumination from particular directions. By finding which shaded disk appeared most convex, we were able to infer the perceived direction of illumination. This provides an indirect measure of the subject's perception of the direction of "up". The different cues contributing to this percept were separated by varying the orientation of the subject and the orientation of the visual background relative to gravity. We also measured the effect of decreasing or increasing gravity by making these shape judgements throughout all the phases of parabolic flight (0 g, 2 g and 1 g during level flight). The perceived up direction was modeled by a simple vector sum of "up" defined by vision, the body and gravity. In this model, the weighting of the visual cue became negligible under microgravity and hypergravity conditions. 相似文献
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Kaname Hirayanagi Toyoki Natsuno Tomoki Shiozawa Nobuhisa Yamaguchi Yoriko Watanabe Satomi Suzuki Satoshi Iwase Tadaaki Mano Kazuyoshi Yajima 《Acta Astronautica》2009,64(11-12):1298-1303
The present study examines the prevalence of subjective fatigue in young healthy males during 14 days of 6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) by using a multidimensional questionnaire. Forty-one subjects completed the Subjective Fatigue Scale questionnaire to assess the fatigue-related complaints and symptoms. The questionnaire is composed of three sections, with 10 items each. The sections measured drowsiness and dullness (Section 1), difficulty in concentration (Section 2), and the projection of physical disintegration (Section 3). The subjects answered simple questions between 1400 and 1700 on 6 measurement days before and during the HDBR period. The prevalence rate of low back pain was markedly high (80.5%) on the second day and more than 50% in the first half of the HDBR period, and any complaints related to either a lack of sleep or a deterioration in the quality of sleep continued until the end of the HDBR period. Our findings may be useful in developing preventive strategies against physical and mental fatigue associated with prolonged HDBR, horizontal bed rest, and microgravity environments. 相似文献
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The locomotor activity of young Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) was studied during a Nike-Orion sounding rocket flight, which included a short-duration microgravity exposure. An infrared monitoring system was used to determine the activity level, instantaneous velocity, and continuous velocity of 240 (120 male, 120 female) fruit flies. Individual flies were placed in chambers that limit their motion to walking. Chambers were oriented both vertically and horizontally with respect to the rocket's longitudinal axis. Significant changes in Drosophila locomotion patterns were observed throughout the sounding rocket flight, including launch, microgravity exposure, payload re-entry, and after ocean impact. During the microgravity portion of the flight (3.8 min), large increases in all locomotion measurements for both sexes were observed, with some measurements doubling compared to pad (1 G) data. Initial effects of microgravity were probably delayed due to large accelerations from the payload despining immediately before entering microgravity. The results indicate that short-duration microgravity exposure has a large effect on locomotor activity for both males and females, at least for a short period of time. The locomotion increases may explain the increased male aging observed during long-duration exposure to microgravity. Studies focusing on long-duration microgravity exposure are needed to confirm these findings, and the relationship of increased aging and locomotion. 相似文献
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The paper discusses six case studies of sleeping bag design, one used by astronauts onboard the Space Shuttle and another currently being used on the ISS, which was developed by a Russian company. Two inflatable designs, one by Wubbo Ockels for ESA and one by the University of Technology in Munich in cooperation with NASA are chosen as case studies as well. Two recent designs set a new paradigm and option of sleeping in zero-g. The cut of the sleeping bag of these two design case studies allows the person to relax and sleep in the neutral body position. They were developed by Toshiroh Ikegami from Kyoto City University of Arts and astronaut Chiaki Mukai for JAXA, and by the Vienna based team LIQUIFER Systems Group in cooperation with ESA-astronaut Gerhard Thiele.Currently there is an increased interest in astronauts' and cosmonauts' sleep quality and related comfort because analysis of their sleep quality showed that sleep during long exposure to microgravity does not always ensure good recovery of cognitive and functional capabilities. Present research in the area of sleep and performance preservation include studies by the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) in Moscow and the NASA-JSC study from the Behavioral Health and Performance Element Human Research Program about improving sleep quality on ISS.In the context of the paper the operational medical challenges of sleep quality will be described in order to establish the relevance of effective sleeping bag designs to support spaceflight crewmembers' well-being. 相似文献
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发射航天器与"国际空间站"进行交会对接是美国和俄罗斯两国常规性的航天活动,在每次这类飞行的全过程中因特网的有关网站都将北美航天防空司令部(NORAD)追踪测量得到的航天器的轨道根数予以公布。据此对2005年7月美国航天飞机与"国际空间站"的交会对接以及2006年3-4月俄罗斯的联盟TMA-8载人飞船与"国际空间站"的交会对接过程的轨道进行了分析。 相似文献
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The experience of human spaceflight has taught us that aging can be modulated, accelerated and decelerated. This is also confirmed by a number of experiments on animal models. However in order to be effective in managing aging and maintaining quality of life, a new approach needs to be adopted, one that many today call functional medicine or anti-aging medicine that in its essence is very similar to the medical approach provided to the astronauts by space agencies. Space medicine therefore can become a vehicle for the promotion of a new way of doing medicine on Earth. 相似文献
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A comprehensive goal of the Canadian Space Agency studies (CCISS, Vascular and BP Reg) has been to investigate the efficacy of current exercise countermeasures to maintain cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health on return to Earth after up to 6-months in space. Results from the CCISS experiments revealed no significant change of in-flight heart rate during daily activities or sleep, and small, but variable between astronauts, post-flight elevation. The between astronaut differences were exaggerated during measurement of spontaneous baroreflex slope, which was reduced post-flight (P<0.05) during paced breathing with 3 astronauts having significant correlations between reduced baroreflex and reduced RR-interval (consistent with reduced fitness). Cerebrovascular autoregulation and CO2 response were mildly impaired after flight. Some loss of in-flight fitness of astronauts in Vascular was reflected by the increase in HR at a work rate of 161±46 W of 12.3±10.5 bpm, 10.4±5.9 bpm and 13.4±5.7 bpm for early-flight, late-flight and R+1, respectively. On return to gravity, changes in resting heart rate for supine (5.9±3.5 bpm), sit (8.1±3.3 bpm) and stand (10.3±10.0 bpm) were small but variable between individuals (from −5 bpm to +20 bpm in post-flight standing) and not related to the change in exercise heart rate. In Vascular astronauts, pulse wave transit time measured to the finger tended to be reduced post-flight and carotid artery distensibility was significantly reduced (P=0.03, and n=6). The heart rate and baroreflex data suggest that some astronauts return with cardiovascular deconditioning in spite of the exercise regimes. However, greater arterial stiffness is common among all astronauts studied to date. The new CSA project, BP Reg, will monitor inflight blood pressure in an attempt to identify astronauts in greater need for countermeasures. Future research should focus on whether Vascular changes in astronauts might make them an appropriate model to study the mechanisms of arterial aging on Earth. 相似文献
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针对空间蒸汽压缩热泵系统中压缩机的润滑问题,对不依赖重力回油的汽车涡旋压缩机进行改变倾角的实验,研究重力方向对涡旋压缩机及热泵系统运行的影响。结果表明压缩机在0°~360°范围内改变角度时,热泵系统均能正常工作;当吸热量为2500~3500W时,蒸发温度最大变化量为1.3℃,蒸发冷凝温差以及热泵系统性能系数(COP)的最大变化量分别为3.2%和6.3%,重力无关性较好。压缩机的性能与循环油量有关,本实验中压缩机在倒置的角度下,沉积的润滑油与冷却剂一起进入热泵系统参与循环,使其性能略有提高。 相似文献