圆柱体弹丸超高速斜撞击薄板的碎片云特征仿真分析

为研究圆柱体弹丸超高速撞击薄板的碎片云特征,基于仿真软件AUTODYN-3D的光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）方法,模拟圆柱体弹丸不同长径比、不同攻角条件下超高速撞击薄板的过程。设圆柱体弹丸撞击速度为5 km/s,长径比分别为0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0,攻角为15°～75°,数值模拟结果分析表明:圆柱体弹丸超高速斜撞击薄板形成的碎片云中,大部分是小质量碎片;大碎片的质量和动能占比较大,是造成后墙损伤的主要原因。同时,当弹丸长径比为0.5和1.0时,15°攻角下的碎片云侵彻能力最弱;长径比为2.0和4.0时,75°攻角下的碎片云侵彻能力最弱。研究结果可为航天器防护结构设计优化提供参考。     

球形弹丸超高速斜撞击薄板的碎片云和侵彻特征仿真分析

低地球轨道航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击。相较于正撞击,斜撞击现象更加普遍、更具研究价值。文章采用Autodyn-3D数值模拟软件,利用光滑粒子流体动力学（smooth particle hydrodynamics, SPH）方法,模拟Al2017-T4球形弹丸超高速斜撞击Al2A12薄板的过程,开展弹丸撞击速度为3～6 km/s、撞击角度为0°～60°时的撞击特征仿真分析。结果表明:撞击角度对碎片云形貌与几何尺寸,以及穿孔大小和形状特征有显著影响;当撞击角度为30°～45°时会发生滑弹反溅现象,造成弹丸侵彻能力下降。研究结果可为超高速撞击防护结构的设计和改进提供支持。     

数字全息测量超高速撞击碎片云实验研究

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)超高速碰撞中心(HIRC)7.6 mm超高速碰撞设备的基础上，搭建纳秒级脉冲激光数字全息系统。提出滤波片和衰减片组合布置，减弱超高速碰撞等离子体自发光、提高信噪比的方法。实验获得了2.25 mm铝球弹丸以4.0 km/s的速度撞击0.5 mm厚铝板形成碎片云的全息图。采用小波变换算法对碎片云全息图进行重建，得到超高速撞击碎片云的三维结构和碎片大小。碎片云的轮廓呈椭球型，分为碎片云的前端、核心和外壳，碎片主要分布在弹丸破碎形成的碎片云核心，存在大碎片，且分布较集中，对后板的损伤也严重     

Fragmentation of hypervelocity aluminum projectiles on fabrics

This paper presents work performed for a study investigating the ability of different flexible materials to induce fragmentation of a hypervelocity projectile. Samples were chosen to represent a wide range of industrially available types of flexible materials like ceramic, aramid and carbon fabrics as well as a thin metallic mesh. Impact conditions and areal density were kept constant for all targets. Betacloth and multi-layer insulation (B-MLI) are mounted onto the targets to account for thermal system engineering requirements. All tests were performed using the Space light-gas gun facility (SLGG) of the Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI. Projectiles were aluminum spheres with 5 mm diameter impacting at approximately 6.3 km/s. Fragmentation was evaluated using a witness plate behind the target. An aramid and a ceramic fabric lead the ranking of fabrics with the best projectile fragmentation and debris cloud dispersion performance. A comparison with an equal-density rigid aluminum plate is presented. The work presented can be applied to optimize the micrometeoroid and space debris (MM/SD) shielding structure of inflatable modules.     

基于PVDF敏感器的空间碎片撞击航天器感知定位技术

从理论和实验两个方面开展了基于PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride)压电薄膜敏感器的空间碎片撞击航天器感知定位技术研究,分析了基于双曲线理论的定位方法,并在理论分析的基础上,利用气枪和超高速弹道靶分别开展了平面铝板、曲面铝板等单层结构和Whipple结构下的验证实验。弹丸速度范围100m/s-3km/s,实验靶材为2mm厚的单层铝板和铝板厚为1mm、前后间距为10cm的Whipple结构,靶材上安装了4个PVDF传感器。研究结果表明：基于PVDF传感器的感知定位技术可实现空间碎片撞击航天器的位置定位,是一种可应用于航天器在轨感知空间碎片撞击系统的可选技术。     

Hypervelocity impact testing of advanced materials and structures for micrometeoroid and orbital debris shielding

A series of 66 hypervelocity impact experiments have been performed to assess the potential of various materials (aluminium, titanium, copper, stainless steel, nickel, nickel/chromium, reticulated vitreous carbon, silver, ceramic, aramid, ceramic glass, and carbon fibre) and structures (monolithic plates, open-cell foam, flexible fabrics, rigid meshes) for micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) shielding. Arranged in various single-, double-, and triple-bumper configurations, screening tests were performed with 0.3175 cm diameter Al2017-T4 spherical projectiles at nominally 6.8 km/s and normal incidence. The top performing shields were identified through target damage assessments and their respective weight. The top performing candidate shield at the screening test condition was found to be a double-bumper configuration with a 0.25 mm thick Al3003 outer bumper, 6.35 mm thick 40 PPI aluminium foam inner bumper, and 1.016 mm thick Al2024-T3 rear wall (equal spacing between bumpers and rear wall). In general, double-bumper candidates with aluminium plate outer bumpers and foam inner bumpers were consistently found to be amongst the top performers. For this impact condition, potential weight savings of at least 47% over conventional all-aluminium Whipple shields are possible by utilizing the investigated materials and structures. The results of this study identify materials and structures of interest for further, more in-depth, impact investigations.     

Debris area distribution of spacecraft under hypervelocity impact

Cross-sectional area is an important parameter for spacecraft breakup debris as it is the directly measured data in space observation. It is significant for observing and analysing the spacecraft breakup event to accurately modelling the area distribution of the breakup debris. In this paper, experimental study has been performed on debris area distribution characteristics of spacecraft under hypervelocity impact. The tests are carried out at the ballistic ranges of CARDC. Aluminium projectiles are launched to normally impact the simulated spacecrafts at about 3.0 km/s. The simulated spacecrafts are made up of aluminium plates, filled with some simulated electronics boxes, each of which was installed with a circuit board. “Soft-catch” devices are used to recover the breakup fragments. The test results show that: 1) the relationship between the cross-sectional area and the characteristic length of debris, which can be obtained in the logarithmic coordinates by linear fitting, represents the debris shape characteristic in a certain extent; 2) the area-to-mass ratios of fragments show normal distributions in the logarithmic coordinates; 3) debris made of different materials can be distinguished by different peaks on the distribution curves; 4) the area-to-mass ratio distributions can be expressed by a linear superimposition of several normal functions which represent the main materials of the spacecraft.     

多孔铝板高速撞击声发射定位方法

目前,声发射定位技术在空间碎片撞击航天器事件中的撞击源定位问题中得到了广泛研究。在定位算法上,声发射信号传播机理的复杂性表现为输入量的随机性;多次撞击的复杂性则表现为声发射信号传播的弯曲路径。文章针对多孔铝板声发射定位问题进行研究,采用伽马分布对声发射信号传播的弯曲效应进行建模,采用相对时间差方法对声源进行定位,最后通过仿真分析对所提供的模型与算法性能进行了数值演示。该方法可应用于空间碎片撞击航天器的撞击源定位与损伤评估。     

利用等离子体加速器发射超高速 微小空间碎片的研究

文章介绍了国内外微小空间碎片超高速撞击地面模拟实验研究的现状,描述了国内等离子体微小空间碎片加速器的研制进展和初步实验结果,分析了该加速器在空间碎片防护研究工作中的应用。在初步调试阶段,在系统设计满负荷储能6%和35%的条件下,分别将100 ?m和200 ?m的玻璃微粒加速至5.5 km/s和9.3 km/s。利用该加速器可以模拟研究10～1 000 ?m的微小空间碎片对卫星功能材料的撞击损伤特性,可以加速模拟研究卫星关键部件或分系统在大量微小空间碎片撞击下的失效机理和失效模式,为卫星防护微小空间碎片的设计提供技术支持。该加速器还能为国内发展星载空间微小碎片探测仪器的设计和标定提供模拟实验条件。     

Hypervelocity fragment formation technology for ground-based laboratory tests

Cumulative jet formation was regarded aimed at the formation of hypervelocity fragments up to 14 km/s for the investigation of space debris effects on shielding screens. The basic physical problems of jet formation process are analyzed. It is shown that in process of realization of hyper-cumulation conditions for jet formation without complete stagnation point involving formation of the inner zone of constant pressure (dead zone), the flow mass is always greater than slug mass. That opens wide the possibilities for increasing fragment mass in laboratory tests.     

铝合金弹丸超高速撞击玄武岩纤维布损伤分析

高强度、高模量纤维防护材料是航天器空间碎片超高速撞击防护结构材料的发展趋势之一。开展弹丸超高速撞击高强纤维材料时的损伤分析是空间碎片防护结构研究开发设计的重要环节。玄武岩纤维是近年来受到人们关注的一种高强度、高模量纤维。文章对铝合金弹丸超高速撞击玄武岩纤维布的损伤特性进行了分析研究,观察到了弹丸前部的损伤形态。根据试验结果拟合得到了铝合金弹丸后部产生初始破坏的临界破碎速度方程。分析表明:在试验范围内,铝合金弹丸撞击玄武岩纤维布的临界破碎速度低于撞击铝合金板的,即玄武岩纤维布对铝合金弹丸的破碎能力优于铝合金板。     

超高速撞击中的弹丸形状效应数值模拟研究

文章用AUTODYN仿真软件对球形、圆锥形、圆柱形和盘形4种不同形状弹丸超高速撞击Whipple防护结构所产生的碎片云形貌特征及对后墙的毁伤程度进行了数值仿真研究。对比分析结果指出:质量与速度相等的4种不同形状弹丸撞击缓冲屏所产生的碎片云有明显差异;弹丸长径比越小,穿过缓冲屏后的破碎程度越大;在5 km/s撞击速度下,球形弹丸对后墙的毁伤程度最小,而圆柱形弹丸的毁伤程度最大。这说明弹丸的形状对超高速撞击结果有显著影响,在航天器超高速撞击风险评估和防护工程设计中应充分考虑弹丸的形状效应。球形弹丸的弹道极限曲线在防护结构的碎片防护能力评价时存在高估的问题,在实际工作中要特别注意这一点。     

L׳ADROIT – A spaceborne ultraviolet laser system for space debris clearing

Small (1–10 cm) debris in low Earth orbit (LEO) are extremely dangerous, because they spread the breakup cascade. Pulsed laser active debris removal using laser ablation jets on target is the most cost-effective way to re-enter the small debris. No other solutions address the whole problem of large (~100 cm, 1 t) as well as small debris. Physical removal of small debris (by nets, tethers and so on) is uneconomical because of the energy cost of matching orbits. In this paper, we present a completely new proposal relative to our earlier work. This new approach uses rapid, head-on interaction in 10–40 s rather than 4 minutes, using 20–40 kW bursts of 100 ps, 355 nm UV pulses from a 1.5 m diameter aperture on a space-based station in LEO. The station employs “heat-capacity” laser mode with low duty cycle to create an adaptable, robust, dual-mode system which can lower or raise large derelict objects into less dangerous orbits, as well as clear out the small debris in a 400-km thick LEO band. Time-average laser optical power is less than 15 kW. The combination of short pulses and UV wavelength gives lower required fluence on target as well as higher momentum coupling coefficient. An orbiting system can have short range because of high interaction rate deriving from its velocity through the debris field. This leads to much smaller mirrors and lower average power than the ground-based systems we have considered previously. Our system also permits strong defense of specific assets. Analysis gives an estimated cost less than $1 k each to re-enter most small debris in a few months, and about 280 k$ each to raise or lower 1-ton objects by 40 km. We believe it can do this for 2000 such large objects in about four years. Laser ablation is one of the few interactions in nature that propel a distant object without any significant reaction on the source.     

三层铝板结构高速撞击损伤与极限特性

利用二级轻气炮发射铝球弹丸,在真空环境下高速撞击双层铝板和三层铝板结构,研究撞击速度、板间距、铝板厚度对结构撞击损伤的影响。然后分析三层铝板结构的撞击极限速度,并与相同面密度的双层铝板结构的试验结果进行比较。结果表明,当面密度相同时,三层铝板结构比双层铝板结构具有更强的高速撞击防护能力,增加首层铝板厚度有助于提高三层铝板结构高速撞击防护性能,当第二层铝板位于首层铝板与舱壁中间位置时,三层铝板结构的高速撞击防护性能趋于最佳。     

Assessing the Impact Risk of Orbital Debris on Space Tethers

Tethers are being proposed for a growing number of space applications. However, they may be particularly vulnerable to orbital debris and meteoroid impacts. In order to provide useful reference data for tether systems design, detailed analytical and numerical computations were carried out to assess the average impact rate of artificial debris and meteoroids. The specific geometric properties of tethers as debris targets, when compared to typical satellites, are discussed, and the results obtained are presented in tabular form, as a function of debris size and tether diameter.The computations were carried out for six circular orbits, spanning three altitudes (600, 800 and 1000km) and two inclinations (30° and 50°). Tether diameters in between 1mm and 2cm and debris larger than 0.1mm were considered in the analysis. The collision risk of tethers with spacecraft and upper stages in orbit was estimated as well.In the debris interval and orbital regimes considered, artificial debris represent the dominant contributor to the impact rate. At 600km and in the 0.1–10mm size range, the meteoroid and orbital debris impact rates are still comparable; however, at higher altitudes and in the 1–10cm size range, meteoroids contribute 20–30 times less to the collision probability.The results obtained confirm that for single-strand tethers in low Earth orbit the probability to be severed by orbital debris and meteoroid impacts is quite significant, making necessary the adoption of innovative designs for long duration missions.     

High velocity impact characterization of Al alloys for oblique impacts

This paper describes the experimental and computational analyses of a high velocity aluminum projectile impact on an Al6061-T6 spacecraft inner wall at different oblique angles. Al2017-T4 spherical projectiles of 5.56 mm in diameter and 0.25 g in weight were chosen within the velocity range of 1000±200 m/s due to the limitation of the light gas gun. The energy absorbed was calculated by measuring the velocities before and after impact on the inner wall. The energy absorbed by the wall and the remaining energy carried by the projectile helped to estimate the severity of further damage to inner components. Afterwards, validation was done by using the commercially available software LS-DYNA with a dedicated SPH. On average, a 10% energy absorption difference between experimentation and simulation was found. By using C-SCAN, the damage area proportion of the total inner wall to impact penetration hole area was found to be on average 6%, 26% and 53% greater than the projectile cross sectional area for the oblique angle impacts of 30°, 45°, and 60°, respectively. These findings helped to understand the relationship between the oblique impact event and the damage area on a spacecraft inner wall along with space debris cloud propagation and comparison with experimental results using LS-DYNA.     

CAST激光驱动微小飞片及其超高速撞击效应研究进展

激光驱动飞片技术(LDFT)在模拟微米级空间碎片对航天器的超高速撞击效应方面具有独特的优势。文章全面介绍了北京卫星环境工程研究所在激光驱动飞片技术与微米级空间碎片超高速撞击效应地面模拟研究中取得的若干进展,包括激光驱动飞片的理论计算、超高速飞片的稳定发射技术、超高速飞片速度瞬态测量技术、航天器外露表面的超高速撞击特性、超高速撞击累积损伤评价方法,以及微米级空间碎片超高速撞击防护技术探索等研究。同时,展望了激光驱动飞片技术以及微米级空间碎片累积撞击实验研究的发展方向。     

球形弹丸超高速撞击铝靶的分子动力学模拟

基于开源分子动力学程序LAMMPS建立球形铝弹丸超高速撞击铝靶的计算模型,模拟弹丸以10 km/s的速度超高速撞击单层靶、双层靶和半无限厚靶;获得了超高速碰撞靶板的物理过程及靶板损伤特性,与超高速碰撞宏观现象相似;厚靶成坑坑深与宏观经验公式计算结果基本一致。模拟结果初步表明,分子动力学方法可以对弹丸超高速碰撞薄靶和半无限厚靶进行模拟,为揭示碰撞过程中的微观机理提供了一种新的研究方法。     

粉尘静电加速设备原理及发展现状

微米级空间碎片数量巨大,与航天器的碰撞概率很高,其累积效应会影响航天器的性能.国外已发展了粉尘静电加速设备用于模拟微米级空间碎片的撞击效应.文章对粉尘静电模拟加速设备的原理和发展现状进行了介绍,并对该种设备的优缺点进行了分析讨论.     

A direct fusion drive for rocket propulsion

The Direct Fusion Drive (DFD), a compact, anuetronic fusion engine, will enable more challenging exploration missions in the solar system. The engine proposed here uses a deuterium–helium-3 reaction to produce fusion energy by employing a novel field-reversed configuration (FRC) for magnetic confinement. The FRC has a simple linear solenoid coil geometry yet generates higher plasma pressure, hence higher fusion power density, for a given magnetic field strength than other magnetic-confinement plasma devices. Waste heat generated from the plasma?s Bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation is recycled to maintain the fusion temperature. The charged reaction products, augmented by additional propellant, are exhausted through a magnetic nozzle. A 1 MW DFD is presented in the context of a mission to deploy the James Webb Space Telescope (6200 kg) from GPS orbit to a Sun–Earth L2 halo orbit in 37 days using just 353 kg of propellant and about half a kilogram of ³He. The engine is designed to produce 40 N of thrust with an exhaust velocity of 56.5 km/s and has a specific power of 0.18 kW/kg.