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1.
    
Various spacecraft have been and will be sent to asteroids to characterize them. Generally, an asteroid's gravity field is very irregular and not accurately known when compared to the gravity field of a major planet, Earth in particular. It has been well studied that the irregularity significantly affects the trajectory of an orbiting spacecraft, and causes it to impact or to escape from the asteroid. Complementary to that, this paper focuses on the influence of the limited knowledge of this gravity field on the evolution of the spacecraft's orbit. It develops a general method by which this influence can be quantified. This method comprises specific Monte Carlo simulations with a discrete set of low-altitude orbits, taking into account the uncertainties in the gravity-field parameters. For illustration purposes, it is applied to two different asteroids. Already after three revolutions, the gravity-field uncertainties propagate to significant position uncertainties; this specifically holds for prograde orbits, and around the smaller asteroid. Applying this robust and accurate method helps mission designers and planners to assess the risk posed by gravity uncertainties, and take appropriate measures such as choosing the most favorable orbital geometries and/or lowering the orbit more slowly.  相似文献   

2.
以近地小天体防御为背景,介绍了近地小天体的基本概念和物理特性,分析了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体的研究进展。讨论了超高速动能撞击近地小天体表面成坑形貌、相似律以及成坑过程中抛射物产生机制、演化过程和抛射物质量速度分布相似律。总结了基于结合点源假设、实验和数值模拟结果建立的超高速动能撞击小天体动量传递理论模型和相似律。分析了近地小天体的物理特性和撞击条件对动量传递系数的影响规律。归纳了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究中存在的问题,对超高速动能撞击防御小天体的发展趋势提出了若干建议。  相似文献   

3.
An intercept mission with nuclear explosives is the most effective of the practical mitigation options against the impact threat of near-Earth objects (NEOs) with a short warning time (e.g., much less than 10 years). The existing penetrated subsurface nuclear explosion technology limits the intercept velocity to less than approximately 300 m/s. Consequently, an innovative concept of blending a hypervelocity kinetic impactor with a subsurface nuclear explosion has been developed for optimal penetration, fragmentation, and dispersion of the target NEO. A proposed hypervelocity asteroid intercept vehicle (HAIV) consists of a kinetic-impact leader spacecraft and a follower spacecraft carrying nuclear explosives. This paper describes the conceptual development and design of a baseline HAIV system and its flight validation mission architecture for three mission cost classifications (e.g., $500 M, $1 B, and $1.5 B).  相似文献   

4.
针对行星大气进入、动力下降过程动力学环境及约束条件等进行了分析,回顾了近年来行星着陆轨迹优化的研究现状.在此基础上,结合行星着陆轨迹优化技术在动力学特征、约束条件、不确定环境方面的特点,从非线性动力学的等价/近似变换技术、复杂约束条件下的最优轨迹快速求解技术、不确定条件下的能控/能达性分析技术三个方面,对行星着陆轨迹优...  相似文献   

5.
在小行星动量偏转任务中,溅射效应的存在导致系统动量的“放大”效应。现有研究几乎都集中在航天器撞击小行星几何中心的情境上。通过简要的理论推导表明,当航天器的速度矢量与小行星的速度矢量不平行时,若撞击点位于非几何中心位置,则偏转距离将显著高于几何中心撞击的情况。针对一颗潜在威胁小行星Apophis,开展了动能偏转防御的数值模拟,并对比了最佳双脉冲转移轨道下几何中心与非几何中心撞击产生的偏转效果。结果显示:几何中心撞击的偏转距离平均值为923.59 km,标准差为273.29 km;而非几何中心特定表面撞击的偏转距离平均值为1 328.57 km,标准差为48.61 km,相比几何中心撞击效果偏转距离增加 ,标准差降低约5.6倍,验证了该方法的有效性。针对小行星姿态信息的不足,采用蒙特卡洛方法生成10万个随机姿态样本进行仿真,以处理不确定性因素。结果表明:该方法不仅验证了理论的可行性,同时有效降低了小行星动能撞击防御任务中的不确定性。在保持撞击条件不变的情况下,非几何中心撞击可进一步放大偏转距离,具有重要的研究价值。  相似文献   

6.
现代小卫星的重力梯度姿态稳定系统   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文首先论述现代小卫星重力梯度稳定系统组成,其次建立数学模型,最后进行计算机仿真,研究初始姿态角速度、惯量比、飞轮角动量和伸杆时间等因素对姿态动态特性的影响。  相似文献   

7.
张熇  郭璠  于洋  孙启臣  赵曾  金敬福  吕雷 《宇航学报》2022,43(11):1575-1586
为研究小行星星壤在低速侵入过程中的力学响应,利用落塔实验舱构建微重力环境,制备典型的无黏性星壤模拟物,利用恒速加载方式模拟采样器等装置侵入星壤的过程,测量了模拟物的承载强度和边界应力随沉降深度的变化,并记录了模拟物表面形貌的变化过程。实验结果表明,微重力下星壤的承载能力较地球重力环境下大大降低,其响应特性更接近于流体,且与侵入速度、星壤孔隙率、颗粒粒径级配、侵入体尺寸等因素相关联。实验结果可为小行星表面着陆和采样装置的设计与验证提供重要数据支撑。  相似文献   

8.
《Space Policy》2014,30(4):193-196
On June 10, 2014, a bill proposing to establish and protect (private) property rights on asteroid resources was introduced in the US House of Representatives.Regardless of its effective chances to become law, the presentation of the Bill raises numerous legal questions, particularly concerning the status of extraterrestrial natural resources and the consistency of what the Bill suggests with international space law.The purpose of the present viewpoint is to address and clarify the above questions.  相似文献   

9.
美国现任总统奥巴马已于2009年9月17日宣布了对“欧洲导弹防御系统”计划进行重大调整。简要介绍了美国前任总统布什和现任总统奥巴马的欧洲导弹防御系统方案,并根据美国国会预算局关于“在欧洲部署导弹防御的选择方案报告”的有关情况,从多个方面对美国前任总统布什和现任总统奥巴马的欧洲导弹防御系统方案进行了对比研究。  相似文献   

10.
Extrapolating from the technique of gravitational assist via chaotic trajectories of binary objects, this paper considers how such techniques might be used in other systems. We examine which types of systems are the best candidates for harvesting gravitational energy for payload ejection. We also consider what signatures might be present in either the asteroid orbits or radiation of the central body if extraterrestrial intelligences were to use such techniques about these candidate systems.The simulation studies show that current technology cannot approach the sensitivity needed to detect either of these signals. Instead, we provide these results as guidance to studies in coming decades on patterns that may indicate the use of an asteroid ejection system.  相似文献   

11.
将小行星Ivar近似为三轴椭球体,给出了非球形引力势函数,建立了航天器环绕小行星Ivar的轨道动力学方程。利用Jacobi积分常数绘制了航天器在Ivar周围的零速度曲线,并分析了航天器的可能运动区域,给出了航天器不碰撞小行星Ivar的边界条件及不同偏心率下的近拱点半径。分析了小行星Ivar扁率和椭率对环绕轨道的影响,数学仿真结果表明:在一个轨道周期内,顺行轨道的开普勒能量、轨道角动量、偏心率和近拱点半径变化较大,而逆行轨道的相应参数变化较小。  相似文献   

12.
较详细地评述了美国导弹防御系统五个发展阶段的演化发展情况,重点介绍了各阶段的研究进展和所取得的主要成果;简要介绍了导弹防御系统的试验结果与最新动态。最后,探讨了这些关键技术对我军武器装备发展的影响。  相似文献   

13.
黄美伊  梁子璇  崔平远 《宇航学报》2021,42(12):1550-1558
针对不规则小行星表面附着任务需求,提出了一种基于动态邻域搜索的可达区生成方法.首先,建立了可达区数学模型,并采用质心距映射函数对非定点附着的终端位置约束进行了处理.在此基础上,将可达区的优化问题转化为附着基准点计算、边界起始点计算和边界点搜索三个子问题.针对附着基准点与边界起始点,分别通过最小燃耗轨迹优化与极限燃耗轨迹...  相似文献   

14.
飞行器围绕小行星的轨道运动   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
分析了飞行器围绕小行星轨道运动的特点,介绍了所建立的表述这一问题的理论基础。采用三种不同方法从几个侧面揭示了这一问题的本质特征。给出了所完成的研究这一问题的进展、结果和相互联系,其中包括轨道摄动、共振运动和周期轨道运动。这一问题的核心和难点是轨道的稳定性问题。  相似文献   

15.
王云飞  张尧  李谋  张景瑞 《宇航学报》2021,42(5):572-580
以小行星表面着陆探测为背景,提出一种动量驱动机器人(MoRo)以满足弱引力复杂环境下的探测需求。该机器人利用弱引力环境下的摩擦和碰撞特性,通过主动辨识环境参数,规划和控制动量轮以产生期望的驱动力矩,完成可控性跳跃及腾空后的稳定拍照等任务。首先,基于MoRo的动量轮刹车机构特性,分析了MoRo在弱引力环境下的跳跃机理并对其跳跃方式进行了规划;接着考虑动量轮驱动机构三闭环伺服系统的非线性特性,基于Herze碰撞模型和Karnopp摩擦模型建立了MoRo在小行星表面的跳跃行为动力学模型;其次,使用机器学习算法建立环境参数和MoRo运动的函数关系,并基于环境参数规划动量轮转速实现跳跃距离和腾空高度的可控。最后,通过数值仿真校验了MoRo跳跃规划方法和控制方法的可行性。  相似文献   

16.
《Space Policy》2014,30(3):163-169
The planning of human spaceflight programmes is an exercise in careful rationing of a scarce and expensive resource. Current NASA plans are to develop the new capability for human-rated launch into space to replace the Space Transportation System (STS), more commonly known as the Space Shuttle, combined with a heavy lift capability, and followed by an eventual Mars mission. As an intermediate step towards Mars, NASA proposes to venture beyond Low Earth Orbit to cis-lunar space to visit a small asteroid which will be captured and moved to lunar orbit by a separate robotic mission. The rationale for this and how to garner support from the scientific community for such an asteroid mission are discussed. Key points that emerge are that a programme usually has greater legitimacy when it emerges from public debate, mostly via a Presidential Commission, a report by the National Research Council or a Decadal Review of science goals etc. Also, human spaceflight missions need to have support from a wide range of interested communities. Accordingly, an outline scientific case for a human visit to an asteroid is made. Further, it is argued here that the scientific interest in an asteroid mission needs to be included early in the planning stages, so that the appropriate capabilities (here the need for drilling cores and carrying equipment to, and returning samples from, the asteroid) can be included.  相似文献   

17.
On 16 July 2011, after completing nearly four years of interplanetary flight, Dawn entered orbit around (4) Vesta, the second most massive body in the main asteroid belt. Dawn used solar electric propulsion to spiral to six different orbits to accomplish its science campaign. Although the transfers to progressively lower orbits presented significant challenges, all were executed smoothly. During its nearly 14 months in orbit, Dawn spiraled down to 210 km above the surface and back up before initiating the gradual departure to travel to dwarf planet (1) Ceres for a 2015 rendezvous. Dawn′s exploration of Vesta has shown it to be geologically complex and fascinating, resembling terrestrial planets more than typical asteroids. Among the principal features is a 500-km-diameter impact basin within which is the second tallest mountain known in the solar system. This paper presents Dawn′s operations at Vesta and summarizes the principal findings.  相似文献   

18.
王亚敏  乔栋  崔平远 《宇航学报》2012,33(12):1845-1851
从月球逃逸探测小行星的发射机会搜索因需考虑日、地、月引力的影响而使问题变得复杂。针对该多体系统的发射机会搜索问题,提出了一种分层渐近的搜索方法。该方法首先通过分析地月系质心与小行星的几何关系,搜索从地月系质心到小行星的发射机会,进而以地月运动为研究对象,推导出了从月球轨道切向逃逸机会的判别条件,并基于此判别条件及等高线图法对逃逸机会进行了搜索。同时,为提高所得发射机会在多体模型下的轨道修正收敛性,给出了基于月心逃逸轨道参数为终端约束的日-地与日-地-月动力学模型的轨道渐近修正方法。最后,以近地小行星(3908)Nyx和(190491)2000 FJ20为例,搜索其从月球逃逸的发射机会,仿真计算表明了该方法的有效性。  相似文献   

19.
世界防空反导武器系统发展综述   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
介绍了世界各国防空反导武器系统近期的发展动向,并据此总结了这些防空反导武器系统在发展过程中体现出的一些特点与趋势。不远的将来,来自空中的威胁会越来越大,防空反导武器也必将获得更大的发展。  相似文献   

20.
针对行星着陆动力下降段视觉导航自然路标匮乏的问题,提出了一种相对视觉导航方法。该方法利用相机和雷达的测量信息构建相对导航坐标系并求解随机视觉特征点在该坐标系下的位置矢量,利用求解得到的特征点为导航参考,设计相对导航系统,估计着陆器在相对导航坐标系下的位置、速度及姿态信息。同时,构建可观性矩阵,解耦分析位置和姿态的可观性。通过可观性分析可知利用相对导航坐标系下的一个随机特征点即可实现着陆器全状态可观。最后通过仿真分析着陆器状态误差,验证了可观测度理论分析及导航性能。该相对导航方法无需行星地形数据库,且可以实现着陆器全状态的高精度估计,满足行星精确软着陆的需求。  相似文献   

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