微型扑翼的推进特性实验研究

为了研究微型扑翼的推力和推进效率特性,研制了基于虚拟仪器（VI）的微型扑翼风洞实验系统。该系统以西北工业大学现有微型风洞为基础,采用了高精度六分量天平、角度传感器、新型机翼扑动机构、可编程电源、工控机等设备,利用基于虚拟仪器（VI）的LabView软件对上述设备进行集中控制与数据处理。利用上述实验系统研究了风速、扑动频率、展弦比、根稍比及机翼扑动幅度对微型扑翼推力和推进效率的影响,总结出了微型扑翼推力及推进效率的基本规律,为微型扑翼飞行器机翼设计及飞行控制方式提供了参考。     

Review on ultra-lightweight flapping-wing nano air vehicles:Artificial muscles,flight control mechanism,and biomimetic wings

Flying insects are capable of flapping their wings to provide the required power and control forces for flight. A coordinated organizational system including muscles, wings, and control architecture plays a significant role, which provides the sources of inspiration for designing flapping-wing vehicles. In recent years, due to the development of micro-and meso-scale manufacturing technologies, advances in components technologies have directly led to a progress of smaller Flapping-Wing Nano Air V...     

A review of bird-like flapping wing with high aspect ratio

Bird-like flapping-wing vehicles with a high aspect ratio have the potential to fulfill missions given to micro air vehicles, such as high-altitude reconnaissance, surveillance, rescue, and bird group guidance, due to their good loading and long endurance capacities. Biologists and aeronautical researchers have explored the mystery of avian flight and made efforts to reproduce flapping flight in bioinspired aircraft for decades. However, the cognitive depth from theory to practice is still very limited. The mechanism of generating sufficient lift and thrust during avian flight is still not fully understood. Moving wings with unique biological structures such as feathers make modeling, simulation, experimentation, and analysis much more difficult. This paper reviews the research progress on bird-like flapping wings from flight mechanisms to modeling. Commonly used numerical computing methods are briefly compared. The aeroelastic problems are also highlighted. The results of the investigation show that a leading-edge vortex can be found during avian flight. Its induction and maintenance may have a close relationship with wing configuration, kinematics and deformation. The present models of flapping wings are mainly two-dimensional airfoils or three-dimensional single root-jointed geometric plates, which still exhibit large differences from real bird wings. Aeroelasticity is encouraged to consider the nonignorable effect on aerodynamic performance due to large-scale nonlinear deformation. Introducing appropriate flexibility can improve the peak values and efficiencies of lift and thrust, but the detailed conclusions always have strong background dependence.     

带弹性元件扑翼机构的动力学分析及实验

为研究扑翼飞行器传动机构的能量特性，以特拉华大学机械系统实验室所研制样机为原型进行了建模。引入气动项和拉力弹簧建立了完整的动力学模型。分析发现，气动项的力矩峰值为惯性项的4.8倍，对电机的转矩峰值的影响起主要作用。运用正交法进行仿真发现，引入拉力弹簧可以使电机转矩峰值最大降低77.5%，与理论分析相符合。进一步的物理实验验证了理论分析和仿真结果的正确性，并得到了当弹簧的连接点位置为185 mm、原长为200 mm及刚度为0.1 N/mm时实验结果取得最优值，可为扑翼机传动机构的优化设计提供依据。此外，引入弹性元件也可有效降低电机的转速波动，进而为仿生扑翼飞行器的生产和实践应用提供理论指导。     

微型扑翼飞行器的升力风洞试验

针对微型扑翼飞行器在专门的低雷诺数试验风洞中进行了扑翼的升力风洞试验, 测试出了微型扑翼飞行器在正常飞行以及向上爬升状态时的升力特性曲线, 并且探讨了扑翼频率、飞行速度以及扑翼的迎角对扑翼飞行升力的影响, 在此基础上, 还分析了扑翼升力的组成部分以及相互关系.实验结果为微型扑翼飞行器总体、气动的进一步设计提供了依据.      

扑翼微飞行器飞行时的数值模拟与分析

采用数值方法求解三维非定常不可压缩的N-S方程,生成了相应的扑翼微飞行器的三维动网格;模拟了扑翼微飞行器在不同频率、不同攻角、不同振幅、不同飞行速度、不同的翅膀初始位置下的非稳态流场;计算了扑翼微飞行器在不同运动模态下的升阻力系数;分析了影响扑翼微飞行器空气动力学的特性的不同因素;为扑翼微飞行器的飞行机制和建造提供了理论依据。     

柔性扑翼微型飞行器升力和推力机理的风洞试验和飞行试验

为探讨柔性扑翼微型飞行器产生升力和推力的机理,在研究考虑柔性大变形扑翼气动力计算方法基础上,利用南京航空航天大学低速风洞进行了不同扑动频率、迎角、速度下微型扑翼升力、推力的变化和动态流场显示等风洞实验,并与计算结果进行了比较分析,为微型扑翼机的设计提供了的参考依据.自行研制的微型柔性结构扑翼机成功地进行了飞行试验.      

蝉翅翼的运动研究与三维数值分析

以蝉为研究对象,首先通过分析蝉翅翼在高速摄像机下的运动影像获得了其运动方程,然后建立了蝉翅翼的三维模型,并研究了基于Fluent软件的蝉翅翼周围流场数值模拟方法,最后模拟分析了三维蝉翅翼模型在不同运动参数(拍动频率、拍动幅值和最大扭转角度)下的平均升力系数和平均阻力系数.研究结果表明最大扭转角度对蝉翅翼气动力影响较大,因此在仿蝉扑翼飞行器的设计与操控中必须考虑扭转运动.      

柔性扑翼非定常涡格法气动计算的改进与实现

旨在快速、准确地模拟微型扑翼飞行器(Flapping-wing MAV)周边流场,根据柔性扑翼的扑动特点,提出了微型飞行器(MAV)气动力计算的一种改进非定常涡格法(UVLM)模型,该模型中充分考虑机翼的瞬时柔性变形、诱导阻力、尾迹涡环畸变以及黏性耗散等因素对气动力的影响;给出了该模型的一个可视化实现,并通过实例验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。算法仿真表明,采用该模型可使平均升力和平均推力计算精度分别提高20%和70%左右。为了提高运算效率,还研究了剔除尾涡对UVLM性能的影响,计算结果显示,剔除距翼面适当距离处的尾涡后,可在保证算法计算精度基本不下降的前提下使运行时间减少2/3,这表明改进的UVLM可作为MAV的一种快速气动力估算工具,在MAV的优化中存在显见的应用价值。     

Analysis of pressure characteristics under laminar and turbulent flow states inside the pilot stage of a deflection flapper servo-valve: Mathematical modeling with CFD study and experimental validation

Electro-hydraulic servo-valves are widely used components in the mechanical industry, aerospace and aerodynamic devices which precisely control the airplane or missile wings. Due to the small size and complex structure in the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valves, accurate mathematical models for the flow and pressure characteristics have always been very difficult to be built. In this paper, mathematical models for the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valve are investigated to overcome some gaps between the theoretical formulation and overall performance of the valve by considering different flow states. Here, a mathematical model of the velocity distribution at the flapper groove exit is established by using Schlichting velocity equations for in-compressible laminar fluid flow. Moreover, when the flow becomes turbulent, a mathematical model of pressure characteristics in the receiving ports is built on the basis of the assumption of the collision between the liquid and the jet as the impact of the jet on a moving block of fluid particles. To verify the analytical models for both laminar and turbulent flows, the pressure characteristics of the deflection flapper pilot stage are calculated and tested by using numerical simulation and experiment. Experimental verification of the theory is also presented. The computed numerical and analytical results show a good agreement with experimental data.     

Three-dimensional numerical studies of a jet airflow around the duct platforms of the turbine nozzle clusters

This paper presents the results of three-dimensional numerical studies of hydrodynamics and heat exchange on the models of flat plates in the jet airflow. These results are compared with the experimental data. A three-dimensional model for determining the thermal condition of the nozzle clusters in the conjugated formulation is proposed. Also presented are the data on optimization of the system used for the jet airflow around the duct platforms of the nozzle clusters.     

基于Rao方法的二维单壁膨胀喷管优化设计

针对高超声速飞行器后体尾喷管的优化设计问题,发展了与多目标优化程序NSGA-Ⅱ相结合的自动优化流程。利用Rao喷管的近似方法建立喷管优化模型,采用区域推进求解PNS方程的流场解算器和网格自动化生成技术获得尾喷管的性能;引入目标约束设计和自适交叉技术,自动加速目标空间的搜索,大幅度提高了多目标优化设计效率;获得了给定来流和喷流条件下的一种具有良好性能的二维后体尾喷管设计方案。     

跨流域高超声速绕流Boltzmann模型方程并行算法

通过对Boltzmann方程碰撞积分进行模型化处理,提出了统一描述各流域复杂高超声速流动输运现象的气体分子速度分布函数控制方程,使用离散速度坐标法对分布函数方程所依赖的速度空间离散降维,构造出直接求解分子速度分布函数的气体动理论耦合迭代数值格式,研制了复杂飞行器高超声速绕流气动热力学计算模型。基于对气体动理论数值计算方法内在并行性、变量依赖关系、数据通信与并行可扩展性的分析研究,使用区域分解并行化方法提出了新型的气体动理论数值算法并行方案;研究了数据的并行分布与并行执行特征,开展了大规模的并行化程序设计,构造了可稳定运行于成千上万CPU的高性能并行算法,用以模拟各流域复杂飞行器的高超声速绕流问题。以稀薄流到连续流环境下不同Knudsen数、不同马赫数的可重复使用类球锥卫星体及翼身组合复杂飞行器等气动力、热绕流问题为研究对象展开大规模并行计算,并进行算法验证,所得计算结果与理论分析、直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)的模拟值及有关实验数据吻合较好,揭示了飞行器跨流域高超声速下的复杂流动机理与变化规律,提供了一条能够可靠模拟高超声速飞行器跨流域气动力及热问题的统一的算法应用研究途径。     

在非定常气动力作用下弹性飞行器的动稳定性及主动控制

首先导出了在非定常气动力作用下的弹性飞行器纵向运动方程。而后就简化的非定常气动力数学模型提出了分析气动弹性对飞行器稳定性影响的方法。并从有效抑制飞行器的弹性振动角度研究主动反馈控制、操纵面及陀螺位置合适选择的最优综合设计问题。     

Vortex sensor of aerodynamic angle and true airspeed

In this paper, we describe some principles of construction, algorithms for data processing, and a functional scheme of the vortex sensor for aerodynamic angles and true airspeed measurements in subsonic flight vehicles. Also presented are some relations for determining the ranges of measurements and indicated errors of this sensor and its design peculiarities and advantages are considered.     

高超声速飞行器表面温度分布与气动热耦合数值研究

针对高超声速飞行器热防护设计中的高温气体非平衡效应问题和气动热环境精确预测问题,基于流场的非平衡Navier-Stokes方程、表面的能量守恒方程和内部的热传导方程,考虑流场的非平衡效应、表面的热辐射效应、催化效应和烧蚀效应以及热防护层内部的热传导效应,建立了初步的表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算方法,完善了高超声速飞行器气动物理流场计算软件(AEROPH_Flow)。在表面材料为碳-碳(C-C)条件下,对飞行高度为65km和飞行速度为8,10km/s的半球以及飞行高度为50km和飞行速度为8km/s的球锥模型,开展了表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算,验证了计算方法和计算软件,分析了表面温度分布对气动热环境的影响。研究结果表明:表面温度分布对气动热的计算结果有较大影响,在气动热环境的预测中,不仅要考虑热化学非平衡效应和表面催化效应的影响,还要考虑表面温度分布的影响,最好是采用表面温度分布与气动热耦合计算的方法,以减小表面温度分布对气动热计算结果的影响。为此,需要发展完善非平衡流场/表面催化和烧蚀/热传导温度场(气/表/固)的计算模型、耦合求解技术和计算软件,实现对高超声速飞行器的真实飞行条件下高温气体非平衡效应和气动热环境的精确模拟。     

单曲柄双摇杆扑翼驱动机构的优化设计

微扑翼飞行器在试飞过程中时常发生向左或者向右倾斜栽落的现象,这是由于左右扑翼动作的不完全对称性引起的.由此建立了驱动机构在一个运动周期内左右扑翼角之差和角速度之差的数学模型,并在机械学、仿生学等约束条件下利用模式搜索法对目标函数进行了优化设计.优化前后的参数对比分析和试飞试验均表明:该优化显著增强了微扑翼飞行器的运动对称性.      

航天器轨迹优化的通用数值方法

给出了航天器轨迹优化的一种通用数值仿真方法，该方法是由静态参数优化和动态参数优化构成，其中，静态参数优化采用可变误差多面体算法，动态参数优化采用基于最优控制理论的共轭梯度方法。     

回流环形燃烧室反应流场数值模拟

采用自编计算程序,在任意曲线坐标系下对带扩压器、涡流杯、火焰筒、内外环冷却通道与弯管的回流环形燃烧室三维两相化学反应整体流场进行计算.数值预测火焰筒头部结构参数对燃烧流场的影响.所得计算结果与实验数据符合较好,结果表明:采用的数学模型和计算方法合理,该软件可供回流燃烧室优化设计与研制使用.      

扑翼非定常气动特性的实验研究

扑翼的动态特性使其具有与固定翼完全不同的飞行模式,为了研究扑翼在扑动周期内的非定常气动特性,建立基于虚拟仪器的扑翼风洞实验测控系统,能够实现对气动力、扑动角度、功率等物理量的实时测量;以斯特劳哈尔数作为扑翼非定常程度的度量标准,并根据斯特劳哈尔数的定义完成扑翼在不同扑动幅度、扑动频率和来流速度条件下的风洞实验;分析扑翼在不同条件下的升力、推力及推进效率,进而得出斯特劳哈尔数对扑翼气动特性的影响规律。结果表明:扑翼的气动力随斯特劳哈尔数的增大而显著增大;当斯特劳哈尔数处于特定范围内时,扑翼具有较高的推进效率。