飞机着陆时的容错导航

研究了飞机在微波着陆环境中的传感器容错系统。该系统的主要目的是检测辅助导航设备和机载传感器的故障,并在这些传感器可能发生故障时提供可靠的飞机状态估计值。自动导航和控制系统利用这些状态估计控制和引导飞机按预定路线降落。     

High accuracy navigation and landing system using GPS/IMU systemintegration

In this paper, the accuracy, integrity and continuity of function requirements for automatic landing systems using satellite navigation systems are discussed. Such a landing system is the integrated navigation and landing system (INLS) developed by Deutsche Aerospace (DASA/Ulm, Germany). The system concepts of the INLS are presented. It is shown how an INLS, based on system integration of a satellite navigation system (e.g., GPS) in realtime differential mode with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in the accuracy class of an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), can meet the requirements: the results given are mainly devoted to the accuracy issues. Using Kalman filter techniques, an in-flight calibration of the IMU is performed. The advantage of system integration, especially in dynamic flight conditions and during phases of flight with satellite masking, is explained. The accuracy, integrity and continuity of function of the INLS were proven by means of flight tests in a commuter aircraft using a laser tracker as a reference. These flight tests have shown that the short-term accuracy (<60 seconds) of the AHRS used within the INLS has been improved from low cost sensor quality to the accuracy of a high quality laser inertial navigation system (LNIS). With the presented INLS, a landing at any airfield, not equipped with conventional Instrument Landing System (ILS) or Microwave Landing System (MLS), is possible by using a very cost effective system. The INLS is a high accuracy navigation and landing system designed to be used instead of conventional landing systems at small airfields and to fill operational gaps of conventional navigation and landing systems in cruise and approach on large airports     

Preliminary Evaluation of GPS Performance for Low-Cost General Aviation

Preliminary results of a simulation effort to evaluate the requirements and feasibility of the global positioning system (GPS) as a civil air navigation system are presented. Evaluation is made of GPS requirements, from operational considerations, such as application to nonprecision approaches. The conceptual low-cost GPS receiver simulated here does not correct for the ionospheric or trophospheric delay, is sequential in nature, tracks only four satellites, and is not mechanized to make independent range rate measurements based on the Doppler shift of the GPS carrier frequency. The proposed GPS system has significantly different performance characteristics from the presently used VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) solidus distance-measuring equipment (DME) system. The GPS is a low signal level system and many have a relatively slow data rate due to the low-cost sequential receiver design. The results indicate that although the conceptual low-cost GPS receiver/ navigator is potentially more accurate than a VOR, the accuracy may degrade during aircraft turns and satellite shielding periods.     

GPS Aided Inertial Navigation

The Global Positioning System is an extremely accurate satellite-based navigation system which, after its completion in 1989, will provide users worldwide, 24 hour. all weather coverage. A joint research project among Boeing, Rockwell-Collins, and Northrop has been completed in which a GPS receiver was integrated with a low-cost strap-down inertial navigation system and a flight computer. A Kalman filter in the latter allows in-fight alignment and calibration of the INS. In addition, feedback from the INS to the GPS receiver improves the system's ability to reacquire satellite signals after outages. The resulting system combines the accuracy of GPS with the jamming immunity and autonomy of inertial navigation. System tests were conducted in which a Boeing owned T-33 jet aircraft was flown through known test pattern to align and calibrate the INS. Earlier tests, including tests against an airborne jammer, were conducted in a modified passenger bus.     

基于交互式多模型的飞机编队相对导航算法研究

在飞机编队飞行时,成员间的相对位置信息是实现系统协同作战的重要保证,为了提高机群编队飞行的相对导航定位精度,在无地面基准的机群编队飞行JTIDS/GPS/TACAN/IFDL组合的相对导航系统中,采用交互式多模型扩展卡尔曼滤波(IMM-EKF)算法,设计实现了多传感器相对导航系统,克服了飞机动态模型参数变化导致使用单一动态模型滤波精度下降的问题。仿真分析结果表明,交互式多模型算法可以提高相对导航系统的定位精度和可靠性,特别在GPS可见卫星很少的情况下,依然能够具有良好的定位性能。     

GPS/惯性组合方式讨论与导航精度分析

 本文讨论GPS/惯性组合两种方式的优缺点。并以GPS伪距和伪距率与惯导组合为例,按GPS测量误差的不同,以及使用差分机等情况,仿真计算了机载使用的组合导航性能,进行了详细的精度分析。结果表明,这种组合的导航精度比GPS和惯导各自的导航精度高。在采用差分GPS机与惯导组合后,位置误差将进一步减少,使组合导航具有开辟例如飞机进场着陆等新的使用领域的可能性。     

基于极限学习机的黑障区智能导航算法

在黑障区飞行阶段中,惯性导航系统会因缺少辅助导航系统而持续累积误差,导致飞行器导航系统可靠性下降。针对这一问题,提出了一种新的基于极限学习机的黑障区智能导航算法,通过极限学习机(ELM)对GPS正常工作的导航信息进行学习。在黑障区,利用学习得到的模型对惯性导航系统进行误差补偿,较好地修正了当GPS失锁时惯性导航系统的误差,避免了因误差累积而导致的导航信息发散。仿真结果表明,该算法能够保证在GPS失锁的黑障区中导航系统输出的信息有较好的可靠性和精度,能够为接下来的姿态调整和着陆准备提供良好的基础。     

Orbit ephemeris monitors for local area differential GPS

Methodologies sufficient to monitor GPS satellite orbit ephemeris for category I aircraft precision approach navigation are described. In the absence of a satellite maneuver, it is shown that a monitor based on the projection of previously validated ephemeris parameters is adequate to meet navigation integrity and availability requirements. After scheduled stationkeeping maneuvers, no previously validated ephemerides are available, so a measurement-based method is required. The feasibility of such a monitor is also established.     

基于Starlink机会信号/INS的组合导航方法

针对全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)因频点单一、落地功率低、易受电磁干扰以及存在覆盖较差区域等潜在的被拒止或被干扰导致的导航系统性能降低甚至失效的问题,提出了一种基于星链(Starlink)机会信号融合惯性导航系统(INS)的飞行器动态组合导航方法。首先分析了星链信号体制,建立了基于星链星座卫星下行机会信号的瞬时多普勒定位观测模型,设计了一种基于频率细分的快速最大似然多普勒频率估计方法,然后建立了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的Starlink机会信号/INS的组合导航模型,并对该导航方法进行了实验及分析。结果表明,该方法可为飞行器提供长航时、连续、高精度的导航。动态飞行情况下,该方法可实现平均优于25 m的三维定位精度和平均优于0.1 m/s的速度估计精度,比相同观测时间下的惯导精度提高了1～2个数量级,显著提高了飞行器的导航精度,可为战略导航提供方法和技术支撑。     

Ensembling clocks of Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite navigation system capable of providing 15-m position accuracy. Its system time reference is currently one of the monitor station clocks. Using a simple two-clock example, it is shown analytically that improved reference time stability and overall state estimation accuracy can be achieved by constructing GPS time as an ensemble of all system clocks and that the problem of covariance divergence can be handled by the introduction of pseudomeasurement processing     

Integration of GPS and low cost INS for pedestrian navigation aided by building layout

In outdoor environments, GPS is often used for pedestrian navigation by utilizing its signals for position computation, but in indoor or semi-obstructed environments, GPS signals are often unavailable. Therefore, pedestrian navigation for these environments should be realized by the integration of GPS and inertial navigation system （INS）. However, the lowcost INS could induce errors that may result in a large position drift. The problem can be minimized by mounting the sensors on the pedestrian＇s foot, using zero velocity update （ZUPT） method with the standard navigation algorithm to restrict the error growth. However, heading drift still remains despite using ZUPT measurements since the heading error is unobservable. Also, tbot mounted INS suffers from the initialization ambiguity of position and heading from GPS. In this paper, a novel algorithm is developed to mitigate the heading drift problem when using ZUPT. The method uses building lay- out to aid the heading measurement in Kalman filter, and it could also be combined for the initial- ization. The algorithm has been investigated with real field trials using the low cost Microstrain 3DM-GX3-25 inertial sensor, a Leica GS10 GPS receiver and a uBlox EVK-6T GPS receiver. It could be concluded that the proposed method offers a significant improvement in position accuracy for the long period, allowing pedestrian navigation for nearly40 min with mean position error less than 2.8 m. This method also has a considerable effect on the accuracy of the initialization.     

Navigation system of pilotless aircraft via GPS

The pilotless aircraft has wide applications in measuring earth, surveying mineral sources, fireproofing in the forest, observing floods and so on. In this paper, after briefly introducing positioning and navigation technologies for pilotless aircraft-a new kind of navigation system for pilotless aircraft using GPS (Global Positioning System) is presented. An overall plan of the navigation system is discussed, and its technology cruxes are analysed. Its hardware and software are designed and implemented, and experimental results are given. The navigation system not only has autonomous navigation capability, but can also achieve navigation aided by telecontrol system. It can supervise flying by telemetering system and displaying predetermined air line and flight path maps on the computer monitor. It can run in simple GPS receiver mode or in the differential GPS mode by means of available telecontrol channel. These are, no doubt, of great value for the navigation of pilotless aircraft     

Carrier phase navigation architecture for shipboard relative GPS

Carrier phase differential GPS (DGPS) navigation architectures and algorithms for automatic shipboard landing of aircraft are described. Processing methodologies are defined to provide high integrity carrier phase cycle estimation and positioning by optimally exploiting the complementary benefits of measurement filtering and satellite geometric redundancy for the terminal navigation problem. Navigation performance sensitivity to the standard deviations of raw carrier and code phase measurement errors, measurement error correlation times, and the filtering duration is quantified. Necessary conditions to ensure acceptable terminal navigation availability are specifically defined.     

GPS modeling for designing aerospace vehicle navigation systems

The complexity of the design of a Global Positioning System (GPS) user segment, as well as the performance demanded of the components, depends on user requirements such as total navigation accuracy. Other factors, for instance the expected satellite/vehicle geometry or the accuracy of an accompanying inertial navigation system can also affect the user segment design. Models of GPS measurements are used to predict user segment performance at various levels. Design curves are developed which illustrate the relationship between user requirements, the user segment design, and component performance     

User-level reliability monitoring in urban personal satellite-navigation

Monitoring the reliability of the obtained user position is of great importance, especially when using the global positioning system (GPS) as a standalone system. In the work presented here, we discuss reliability testing, reliability enhancement, and quality control for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning. Reliability testing usually relies on statistical tests for receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) and fault detection and exclusion (FDE). It is here extended by including an assessment of the redundancy and the geometry of the obtained user position solution. The reliability enhancement discussed here includes rejection of possible outliers, and the use of a robust estimator, namely a modified Danish method. We draw special attention to navigation applications in degraded signal-environments such as indoors where typically multiple errors occur simultaneously. The results of applying the discussed methods to high-sensitivity GPS data from an indoor experiment demonstrate that weighted estimation, FDE, and quality control yield a significant improvement in reliability and accuracy. The accuracy actually obtained was by 40% better than with equal weights and no FDE; the rms value of horizontal errors was reduced from 15 m to 9 m, and the maximum horizontal errors were largely reduced.     

基于Simulink的组合导航系统的FDIR技术仿真分析

为解决组合导航系统子系统故障时导航精度降低这一问题,根据事先制定的重构规则进行系统重构,使得导航系统发生故障时仍能正常工作地思想,制定了INS/GPS/ADS组合导航系统的重构规则,并采用Simulink进行了仿真。结果表明,在发生故障时,基于联邦滤波组合导航系统的重构技术能保证系统在故障时仍能以一定的精度进行导航。     

Exploiting GNSS signal structure to enhance observability

There are a number of different error sources, such as multipath and thermal noise, which corrupt satellite navigation waveforms from their theoretical structure. However, even under ideal conditions the broadcast signals have some degree of deformation as a result of the practical individual hardware implementation. For the most demanding users of satellite navigation, such as aircraft navigation and landing systems, it is important to characterize the nominal signal structure in order to detect minimal variations resulting from hardware-based errors. Thus far such precorrelation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal quality monitoring has been performed through high gain antennas, which allow for raising the GNSS spectrum above the thermal noise floor and observing the structure of the signal directly at the front end output. This paper describes a new approach to achieve such observability based on signal processing techniques, such as dithering and averaging, which leverage the repetitive nature of the GNSS signal. The paper presents how these techniques can drastically improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in postprocessing, allowing for the direct analysis of GNSS signals using traditional front end designs and conventional antennas. Results are predicted using the appropriate theory and validated using data collected from the Global Positioning System (GPS).     

INMARSAT integrity channels for global navigation satellite systems

The transmission of integrity information using a signal format compatible with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and relayed through a geostationary satellite repeater, which will be critical in achieving high integrity and availability of global navigation by satellite is discussed. The inclusion of navigation repeaters designed to fulfil this function, the next generation of INMARSAT spacecraft, INMARSAT-3 is examined. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) integrity channel (GIC) will employ pseudorandom codes in the same family as, but distinct from, the codes reserved by GPS. The data format of the basic integrity channel is designed to convey user range error information for 24 to 40 satellites. A closed-loop timing compensation technique will be used at the uplinking Earth station, to make the signal's clock and carrier Doppler variations identical to those that would result from an onboard signal source. Therefore, the INMARSAT-3 satellites will increase the number of useful navigation satellites available to any user, and can also function as sources of precise timing. There is also a possibility that wide area differential corrections can be carried on the same signal     

基于差分卫星导航的着舰引导技术分析

着舰引导技术是航母/舰载机系统的核心技术,差分卫星导航相对定位精度高,广泛应用于近距离相对定位,基于差分卫星导航的着舰引导技术是当前着舰引导技术研究的热点.载波相位周跳是影响差分卫星导航相对定位精度的关键因素.本文在分析基于差分卫星导航的着舰引导系统架构的基础上,提出一种改进的包含周跳的卡尔曼滤波模型.该模型能够削弱差...     

Navigation message designing with high accuracy for NAV

Navigation message designing with high accuracy guarantee is the key to efficient navigation message distribution in the global navigation satellite system（GNSS）. Developing high accuracy-aware navigation message designing algorithms is an important topic. This paper investigates the high-accuracy navigation message designing problem with the message structure unchanged.The contributions made in this paper include a heuristic that employs the concept of the estimated range deviation（ERD） to improve the existing well-known navigation message on L1 frequency（NAV） of global positioning system（GPS） for good accuracy service; a numerical analysis approximation method（NAAM） to evaluate the range error due to truncation（RET） of different navigation messages; and a basic positioning parameters designing algorithm in the limited space allocation. Based on the predicted ultra-rapid data from the ultra-rapid data from the international GPS service for geodynamic（IGU）, ERDs are generated in real time for error correction.Simulations show that the algorithms developed in this paper are general and flexible, and thus are applicable to NAV improvement and other navigation message designs.