V-22后继者:四倾转旋翼机

在美国陆军"联合重型旋翼机"(JHL)项目的资助下,贝尔/波音直升机公司目前正在开展一种被称为四倾转旋翼机(QTR)的未来重型垂直起降运输机的研制工作。四倾转旋翼机的运载能力强于现在的 C-130运输机,并具有短距垂直起降能力,如果研制成功,将大大增强美军的战术运输能力。     

美国海军陆战队V-22“鱼鹰”飞机维修中自然语言处理技术的应用

项目概述
　　美军目前的视情维修（CBM）主要使用振动数据、发动机润滑油残片检测和其他状态指示器分析复杂动部件的健康状况,为制订维修计划和确定维修过程提供依据。如何分析识别众多指示器的海量数据,从中获取有用的准确信息,对于维修决策至关重要。这些数据有时以传感器收集的数字信号的形式存在,有时也以手工输入文本的形式存在,在很大程度上,文本档案大小以及反复书写文本带来的人力成本,使这些数据源不可能被完全利用。自然语言处理（NLP, Natural Language Processing）使用计算机处理技术,为处理这些维修数据提供了潜在的手段,是一种极具时间和成本效益的处理方式。     

V-22“鱼鹰”倾转旋翼机研制历程与关键技术

倾转旋翼机具有速度快、噪声小、航程远、载重大和耗油率低等优点,本文介绍了贝尔直升机公司V-22"鱼鹰"倾转旋翼机从原理验证阶段的XV-3机到方案验证阶段的XV-15机,再到实用工程研制阶段的V-22"鱼鹰"机循序渐进的研制历程,并叙述了倾转旋翼机研制中的几项关键技术。     

Portable approach landing system design

This paper presents a design concept for an azimuth and an elevation antenna suitable for the light weight Portable Approach Landing System (PALS). The proposed design complies with the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 10. Based on a proven technology, the proposed design offers a low risk and a cost effective approach     

基于仿真的机械产品设计系统

分析了现有CAD/CAE方法与产品设计的需求差异,指出:首先,性能分析与设计是机械产品设计的核心;其次,集成了CAD/CAE技术的产品设计应该是以CAE为中心的设计过程。提出了基于仿真的产品设计方法,构造了一种面向性能的产品设计系统。     

Frequency domain approach to guidance system design

The frequency domain approach to guidance system design is presented. The model of the guidance control system reflects the most important characteristics of the flight control system that combines airframe and autopilot dynamics (damping, natural frequency, time constant, and airframe zero frequency). The analytical expressions for frequency response and related expressions for missile system performance are given. The analytical results obtained can be utilized for missile system design.     

Multi-objective approach in GNSS code discriminator design

In spread spectrum ranging system receivers such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, a discriminator is used in the code tracking loop to provide an error signal for the tracking of incoming signals. Typically, the discriminator manipulates several correlator outputs to form the correction signal. A multi-objective approach is adopted here to design the coefficients associated with a multi-correlator-based discriminator to lead to a better performance tradeoff in large tracking range, acceptable multipath-induced bias, high sensitivity, free of ambiguity, and small variance. It is shown that the multiple-objective problem can be tackled via a quadratic/linear programming method, rendering the optimal coefficient vector for the implementation of the discriminator. In addition, as the discriminator design is often subject to conflicting requirements, it is shown that the proposed design approach is capable of establishing bounds on achievable performance. Examples with respect to BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero), and BOC (binary-offset carrier) signals are given to illustrate the design approach.     

A cost effective critical space systems design approach

NASA-ISC requires avionics platforms capable of serving a wide range of applications in a cost-effective manner. In part, making the avionics platform cost effective means adhering to open standards and supporting the integration of COTS products with custom products. Inherently, operation in space requires low power, mass, and volume while retaining high performance, reconfigurability, scalability, and upgradability. The Universal Mini-Controller (UMC) project is based on a modified PC/104-Plus architecture while maintaining full compatibility with standard COTS PC/104 products. The architecture consists of a library of stackable building block modules, which can be mixed and matched to meet a specific application. A set of NASA developed core building blocks, (e.g. processor card, analog input/output card, high level analog card, and a Mil-Std-1553 card) were constructed to meet critical functions and unique interfaces     

An integrated systems engineering approach to aircraft design

The challenge in Aerospace Engineering, in the next two decades as set by Vision 2020, is to meet the targets of reduction of nitric oxide emission by 80%, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide both by 50%, reduce noise by 50% and of course with reduced cost and improved safety. All this must be achieved with expected increase in capacity and demand. Such a challenge has to be in a background where the understanding of physics of flight has changed very little over the years and where industrial growth is driven primarily by cost rather than new technology.The way forward to meet the challenges is to introduce innovative technologies and develop an integrated, effective and efficient process for the life cycle design of aircraft, known as systems engineering (SE). SE is a holistic approach to a product that comprises several components. Customer specifications, conceptual design, risk analysis, functional analysis and architecture, physical architecture, design analysis and synthesis, and trade studies and optimisation, manufacturing, testing validation and verification, delivery, life cycle cost and management. Further, it involves interaction between traditional disciplines such as Aerodynamics, Structures and Flight Mechanics with people- and process-oriented disciplines such as Management, Manufacturing, and Technology Transfer.SE has become the state-of-the-art methodology for organising and managing aerospace production. However, like many well founded methodologies, it is more difficult to embody the core principles into formalised models and tools. The key contribution of the paper will be to review this formalisation and to present the very latest knowledge and technology that facilitates SE theory. Typically, research into SE provides a deeper understanding of the core principles and interactions, and helps one to appreciate the required technical architecture for fully exploiting it as a process, rather than a series of events.There are major issues as regards to systems approach to aircraft design and these include lack of basic scientific/practical models and tools for interfacing and integrating the components of SE and within a given component, for example, life cycle cost, basic models for linking the key drivers. The paper will review the current state of art in SE approach to aircraft design and identify some of the major challenges, the current state of the art and visions for the future. The review moves from an initial basis in traditional engineering design processes to consideration of costs and manufacturing in this integrated environment. Issues related to the implementation of integration in design at the detailed physics level are discussed in the case studies.     

A localizer design to improve missed approach guidance

A novel VHF localizer system has been designed, built and successfully tested to provide increased reliability and safety of commercial and general aviation air transportation. Additional benefits are more precise tracks for aircraft executing a missed approach, reduced volume of the airspace needed for missed approaches, and reduced sizes of areas affected by noise. The design uses contemporary instrument landing system (ILS) hardware to provide dual independent front and back course directional localizer operation with two carriers in the receiver passband offset 4 kHz from the nominal carrier frequency. An example is given of an application and solution to an ILS problem at Reno, NV. Relevant data are presented     

A minimax approach to the design of Doppler filters

The detection of a target in correlated clutter, thermal noise, and extraneous interference is considered. The amplitude, phase and Doppler frequency of the signal are not known a priori. A general criterion is presented which measures the performance of a suboptimal test relative to an optimal test. The criterion is encompassed into a design procedure used to design Doppler filters. The procedure allows many design considerations to be taken into account, and results in a design which attempts to minimize the number of filters required. For low dimensionality the procedure results in single filter designs; for higher dimensionality multiple filters are designed. The performances of these systems are compared with the results obtained by Emerson (1978) and Andrews (1974). It is found that the procedure yields good filter designs under general conditions and may reduce the number of filters required compared with classical designs     

A unified approach to the design of decentralized detection systems

A unified approach to the design of decentralized detection networks with arbitrary topologies is proposed and analyzed. In this approach, a decentralized detection system of arbitrary topology is represented by a communication matrix that specifies the interconnection structure of the detection network. This matrix is used to derive the general decision rule using the person-by-person-optimal (PBPO) solution methodology. It is shown that the PBPO decision rule is a likelihood ratio test for statistically independent observations. The threshold of the test is shown to be a function of the decision input vector of the detector under consideration. This unified approach is used to obtain the PBPO decision rules of decentralized detection systems with various topologies. Various results in the literature are verified. In addition, the PBPO decision rules for a decentralized detection system with peer communication are presented. Numerical examples are presented for illustration     

Assessment of converting approach to efficient design of micro-turboprop engines

The design,manufacture and experiment of a shaft power unit for converting a microturbojet engine to a micro-turboprop in the class of less than 20 kW with the aim of obtaining maximum shaft power were described in this study.For this purpose,a Wren 100 micro-turbojet engine was used as the gas generator,and the specifications of its outflow were measured.The optimal configuration of the inter-stage diffuser,which was an annular S-type diffuser,was selected based on its small total pressure drop and outlet flow uniformity.The power turbine was a single stage axial turbine that was designed based on the fixed nozzle angle assumption without any taper or twist in its stator.The turbine rotor was a bladed disk (Blisk) in which its unique blade profiles were designed based on the Wilson method.Subsequently,the shaft power unit was completed by designing and manufacturing an exhaust complex and gearbox.Finally,the micro-turboprop engine was tested with an overloading propeller.The results show a significant increase in the extracted power,an acceptable efficiency of the power turbine,and a significant reduction in the Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) compared to other engines that use similar gas generators.     

基于多准则决策的作战飞机顶层方案优选

提出了综合应用灰色关联投影法、加权求和法、加权求积法和基于理想点决策法来实现对无人作战飞机顶层方案的优选,并着重介绍了多准则决策方法及实施过程。该方法采用不同的公度化方法处理相应的评价指标,对多目标、多层次指标体系进行赋权,利用权重将评价指标联系在一起,并将四种准则决策法进行综合,依据决策者的偏好,最终实现顶层方案的优选。最后,通过制空无人作战飞机顶层方案优选的例子,证实了所提方法是可行且有效的。     

Empirical virtual sliding target guidance law design: an aerodynamic approach

We present a novel empirical virtual sliding target (VST) guidance law for the midcourse phase of a long range surface-to-air missile that uses the simplicity of the conventional proportional navigation (PN) guidance law while exploiting the aerodynamic characteristics of a missile's flight through the atmosphere to enable the missile to achieve superior performance than that achieved by conventional PN guidance laws. The missile trajectory emulates the trajectory of an optimal control based guidance law formulated on a realistic aerodynamic model of the missile-target engagement. The trajectory of the missile is controlled by controlling the speed of a virtual target that slides towards a predicted intercept point during the midcourse phase. Several sliding schemes, both linear and nonlinear, are proposed and the effect of the variation of the sliding parameters, which control the sliding speed of the virtual target, on the missile performance, are examined through extensive simulations that take into account the atmospheric characteristics as well as limitations on the missile in terms of the energy available and lateral acceleration limits. Launch envelopes for these sliding schemes for approaching and receding targets are also obtained. These results amply demonstrate the superiority of the proposed guidance law over the conventional PN law.     

Aerodynamic optimization design for high pressure turbines based on the adjoint approach

A first study on the continuous adjoint formulation for aerodynamic optimization design of high pressure turbines based on S2surface governed by the Euler equations with source terms is presented.The objective function is defined as an integral function along the boundaries,and the adjoint equations and the boundary conditions are derived by introducing the adjoint variable vectors.The gradient expression of the objective function then includes only the terms related to physical shape variations.The numerical solution of the adjoint equation is conducted by a finitedifference method with the Jameson spatial scheme employing the first and the third order dissipative fluxes.A gradient-based aerodynamic optimization system is established by integrating the blade stagger angles,the stacking lines and the passage perturbation parameterization with the quasi-Newton method of Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno(BFGS).The application of the continuous adjoint method is validated through a single stage high pressure turbine optimization case.The adiabatic efficiency increases from 0.8875 to 0.8931,whilst the mass flow rate and the pressure ratio remain almost unchanged.The optimization design is shown to reduce the passage vortex loss as well as the mixing loss due to the cooling air injection.