柔性绳网动力学建模与天地差异性分析

采用有限元模型研究了柔性绳网系统的动力学特性。针对空间绳网直接弹射展开方式,首先将绳网离散为若干单元,各单元处理为非线性“半阻尼弹簧”模型,然后分别计算各单元所受气动力和重力,最终建立绳网系统多柔体动力学模型。基于所建立的动力学模型分别对柔性绳网在地面和太空展开的动力学过程进行了仿真分析,研究了绳网在展开面积、空间位形和飞行距离等方面的天地差异性及其动力学机理,为未来空间绳网系统的分析设计提供理论参考。     

Orbit and attitude control of a geostationary inertially oriented large flexible plate-like spacecraft

The paper presents design of a near optimal orbit and attitude control system for a very large flexible rectangular flat plate-like spacecraft in geostationary orbit, with its normal kept in the orbital plane in an inertial orientation. First, assuming the plate to be rigid, an optimal control system is designed. Two control systems are needed: one to balance the gravity gradient torque and the other to control the plate's orbit and attitude against disturbances. The interaction of the structural dynamics with the control system is investigated next. It is shown that the structural dynamics destabilizes the control system. The control design is modified to reduce the interactions, by including just a couple of flexural modes into the control logic and by optimally locating the thrusters a little away from the corners. The control structure interaction which is measured by the residual flexural energy after an orbit or attitude correction, is shown to be reduced by several orders of magnitude by the simple modifications. An approach to find an optimal location of actuators and a concept of “associated modes” are also proposed to help the designer evolve a very simple coupled orbit and attitude controllers with minimum control/structure interactions for very large flexible space systems of the future. This configuration considered represents the proposed solar power satellite, solar reflectors, communication platforms, etc.     

非质心特征点相对位置和姿态估计方法研究

卫星编队飞行中,从星星体上偏离质心的任意特征点,其相对位置和相对姿态运动耦合。本文针对任意点的相对状态估计问题,推导了耦合相对轨道动力学方程和无陀螺相对姿态动力学方程,并且基于PSD敏感器对主星上点光源的视线测量值,提出了基于特征点耦合动力学和质心传统动力学的两种相对状态估计策略。针对每种策略分别设计了EKF和UKF两种滤波算法对相对状态进行估计。最后通过数学仿真对算法的有效性进行了验证,并对其计算量进行了分析。结果表明,四种算法均能对特征点的相对状态进行较高精度的估计。     

三体随动跟踪式重力卫星姿态与无拖曳控制方法

采用非接触洛伦兹力执行器代替微推进系统,提出一种“质量块—载荷舱—平台舱”三体随动跟踪式重力卫星总体架构,避免传统低低跟踪重力场测量卫星设计中的质心波动与执行机构带来的动力学不确定性影响。其次,建立了该架构下的卫星姿轨耦合动力学模型,并在此基础上针对动力学非线性耦合项的影响,构建了一种基于带宽参数化自适应补偿的复合自抗扰控制方法,提升姿态与无拖曳控制性能。最后,采用数学仿真验证了所提出的重力卫星总体架构及其控制方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,该方法有效提升了系统的频域性能。     

运载火箭多体动力学建模与仿真技术研究

针对新一代运载火箭结构动力学与控制系统耦合强烈、严重影响火箭的飞行稳定问题,提出一种基于多体动力学虚拟样机建模与仿真的方法,有效解决运载火箭姿态动力学模型地面难以验证的困难。首先阐述了在运载火箭姿态动力学分析中应用多体虚拟样机的基本思路;然后对多体动力学模型与传统火箭姿态动力学模型在建模原理上的差异进行分析,指出引入多体仿真技术的意义;最后针对新一代火箭,提出并实现一种多体虚拟样机建模方法,仿真并验证了新一代火箭姿态控制模型与控制参数设计的正确性。本文的研究表明,航天器系统设计中常遇到复杂的动力学耦合问题,采用多体动力学虚拟样机仿真是一种行之有效的方法。     

Effects of uncertainties and flexible dynamic contributions on the control of a spacecraft full-coupled model

One of the most important problems for performing a good design of the spacecraft attitude control law is connected to its robustness when some uncertainty parameters are present on the inertial and/or on the elastic characteristics of a satellite. These uncertainties are generally intrinsic on the modeling of complex structures and in the case of large flexible structures they can be also attributed to secondary effects associated to the elasticity. One of the most interesting issues in modeling large flexible space structures is associated to the evaluation of the inertia tensor which in general depends not only on the geometric ‘fixed’ characteristic of the satellite but also on its elastic displacements which of course in turn modify the ‘shape’ of the satellite. Usually these terms can be considered of a second order of magnitude if compared with the ones associated to the rigid part of a structure. However the increasing demand on the dimension of satellites due to the presence for instance of very large solar arrays (necessary to generate power) and/or large antennas has the necessity to investigate their effects on their global dynamic behavior in more details as a consequence. In the present paper a methodology based on classical Lagrangian approach coupled with a standard Finite Element tool has been used to derive the full dynamic equations of an orbiting flexible satellite under the actions of gravity, gravity gradient forces and attitude control. A particular attention has been paid to the study of the effects of flexibility on the inertial terms of the spacecraft which, as well known, influence its attitude dynamic behavior. Furthermore the effects of the attitude control authority and its robustness to the uncertainties on inertial and elastic parameters has been investigated and discussed.     

General dynamics of a large class of flexible satellite systems

The paper presents a general formulation for librational dynamics of satellites with an arbitrary number, type and orientation of deploying flexible appendages. In particular, the case of beam-type flexible appendages deploying from a satellite in an arbitrary orbit is considered. The governing nonlinear, nonautonomous and coupled equations for vibration of the appendages and libration of the satellite are integrated numerically. Several cases of practical importance are considered making the system progressively more general and hence complex: (i) planar case representing pitch and appendage oscillations in the orbital plane; (ii) general attitude motion with planar vibrations of flexible members; (iii) above two cases together with the out-of-plane component of vibrations. Results show that under critical combinations of the system parameters the combined effect of flexibility and deployment can be substantial.     

簇状卫星姿态控制方程的通用建模方法

当前卫星通常都由一个中心刚体和其他挠性附件构成，每个挠性附件都与中心刚体直接相连，组成了一个簇状的刚柔耦合的多体系统。随着挠性附件的数目的不同，卫星系统的拓扑构型也将有所不同。即使对于同一颗卫星而言，在展开过程的不同阶段，卫星系统具有不同的拓扑构型。本文利用柔性多体系统动力学的单向递推组集方法，提出了一套通用的解决方案，以推导具有不同拓扑构型的簇状卫星的姿态控制方程，得出了姿态控制方程的系数矩阵。     

All-propulsion design of the drag-free and attitude control of the European satellite GOCE

This paper concerns the drag-free and attitude control (DFAC) of the European Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite (GOCE), during the science phase. GOCE aims to determine the Earth's gravity field with high accuracy and spatial resolution, through complementary space techniques such as gravity gradiometry and precise orbit determination. Both techniques rely on accurate attitude and drag-free control, especially in the gradiometer measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), where non-gravitational forces must be counteracted down to micronewton, and spacecraft attitude must track the local orbital reference frame with micro-radian accuracy. DFAC aims to enable the gravity gradiometer to operate so as to determine the Earth's gravity field especially in the so-called measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), making use of ion and micro-thruster actuators. The DFAC unit has been designed entirely on a simplified discrete-time model (Embedded Model) derived from the fine dynamics of the spacecraft and its environment; the relevant control algorithms are implemented and tuned around the Embedded Model, which is the core of the control unit. The DFAC has been tested against uncertainties in spacecraft and environment and its code has been the preliminary model for final code development. The DFAC assumes an all-propulsion command authority, partly abandoned by the actual GOCE control system because of electric micro-propulsion not being fully developed. Since all-propulsion authority is expected to be imperative for future scientific and observation missions, design and simulated results are believed to be of interest to the space community.     

三轴气浮台挠性航天器动力学模拟方法研究

本文研究利用气浮台上的动量轮执行机构,模拟卫星上挠性附件振动产生的干扰力矩的卫星物理仿真实验方法,以克服三轴气浮台不能直接安装挠性附件进行仿真的局限性.本实验方法通过设计一个跟踪控制器,令气浮台的姿态角速度跟踪挠性卫星参考动力学,并由动量轮产生控制力矩,该力矩即是实验模拟的挠性振动干扰力矩.理论和仿真研究表明:(1)本文提出的挠性干扰力矩模拟方法可以较好地模拟低阶挠性振动干扰力矩;(2)理论上当控制器的增益参数越大,系统能够模拟的干扰力矩频率就越大,但是由于测量噪声的影响,反馈增益不能选得过大;(3)本方法模拟的干扰力矩与真实干扰力矩存在一定的相位延迟,这是由于控制器和执行机构的固有延迟造成的.通过引入超前-滞后校正网络可以有效减小延迟的影响.     

Modifying the atlas of low lunar orbits using inert tethers

For long enough tethers, the coupling of the attitude and orbital dynamics may show non-negligible effects in the orbital motion of a tethered satellite about a central body. In the case of fast rotating tethers the attitude remains constant, on average, up to second order effects. Besides, for a tether rotating in a plane parallel to the equatorial plane of the central body, the attitude–orbit coupling effect is formally equal to the perturbation of the Keplerian motion produced by the oblateness of the central body and, therefore, may have a stabilizing effect in the orbital dynamics. In the case of a tethered satellite in a low lunar orbit, it is demonstrated that feasible tether lengths can help in modifying the actual map of lunar frozen orbits.     

Analysis and experiments for delay compensation in attitude control of flexible spacecraft

Space vehicles are often characterized by highly flexible appendages, with low natural frequencies which can generate coupling phenomena during orbital maneuvering. The stability and delay margins of the controlled system are deeply affected by the presence of bodies with different elastic properties, assembled to form a complex multibody system. As a consequence, unstable behavior can arise. In this paper the problem is first faced from a numerical point of view, developing accurate multibody mathematical models, as well as relevant navigation and control algorithms. One of the main causes of instability is identified with the unavoidable presence of time delays in the GNC loop. A strategy to compensate for these delays is elaborated and tested using the simulation tool, and finally validated by means of a free floating platform, replicating the flexible spacecraft attitude dynamics (single axis rotation). The platform is equipped with thrusters commanded according to the on–off modulation of the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control law. The LQR is based on the estimate of the full state vector, i.e. including both rigid – attitude – and elastic variables, that is possible thanks to the on line measurement of the flexible displacements, realized by processing the images acquired by a dedicated camera. The accurate mathematical model of the system and the rigid and elastic measurements enable a prediction of the state, so that the control is evaluated taking the predicted state relevant to a delayed time into account. Both the simulations and the experimental campaign demonstrate that by compensating in this way the time delay, the instability is eliminated, and the maneuver is performed accurately.     

一种新型充气式重力梯度杆的研制和在轨展开试验

文章对中国“新技术验证一号”卫星搭载的一种新型充气式重力梯度杆的研制和在轨试验情况进行了介绍。重力梯度杆在小卫星控制领域中具有较好的应用前景,而充气结构具有轻质、占用空间小、发射成本低的特点,采用充气式重力梯度杆可避免传统机械式重力梯度杆质量重、尺寸大和机构复杂的缺点,它以充气伸展臂为主要结构形式,通过充气展开伸直成为重力梯度杆,既作为卫星重力梯度杆又通过在轨试验验证空间充气展开结构的性能。在轨试验结果表明充气式重力梯度杆展开稳定、有序、性能可靠,可以满足小卫星的性能和功能要求。该试验也是中国首个成功的充气展开结构在轨技术验证试验,标志着中国的充气展开结构技术初步具备了工程化能力。     

Operational modal analysis via image based technique of very flexible space structures

Vibrations represent one of the most important topics of the engineering design relevant to flexible structures. The importance of this problem increases when a very flexible system is considered, and this is often the case of space structures. In order to identify the modal characteristics, in terms of natural frequencies and relevant modal parameters, ground tests are performed. However, these parameters could vary due to the operative conditions of the system. In order to continuously monitor the modal characteristics during the satellite lifetime, an operational modal analysis is mandatory. This kind of analysis is usually performed by using classical accelerometers or strain gauges and by properly analyzing the acquired output. In this paper a different approach for the vibrations data acquisition will be performed via image-based technique. In order to simulate a flexible satellite, a free flying platform is used; the problem is furthermore complicated by the fact that the overall system, constituted by a highly rigid bus and very flexible panels, must necessarily be modeled as a multibody system. In the experimental campaign, the camera, placed on the bus, will be used to identify the eigenfrequencies of the vibrating structure; in this case aluminum thin plates simulate very flexible solar panels. The structure is excited by a hammer or studied during a fast attitude maneuver. The results of the experimental activity will be investigated and compared with respect to the numerical simulation obtained via a FEM-multibody software and the relevant results will be proposed and discussed.     

基于改进Craig-Bampton法的导弹发射过程多柔体动力学研究

应用刚柔耦合系统动力学方法,将车载导弹发射装置关键零部件如车架、起落架等作为柔性体,通过改进的Craig-Bampton方法融合在车载导弹发射系统多体动力学模型中,建立了柔性多体系统的动力学模型.进行了发射过程的动力学仿真,并和刚体模型的计算结果进行了对比,获得了导弹在发射过程中的姿态参数和发射系统的动力学特性.结果表...     

Optimal target grasping of a flexible space manipulator for a class of objectives

Space graspers are complex systems, composed by robotic arms placed on an orbiting platform. In order to fulfil the manoeuvres’ requirements, it is necessary to properly model all the forces acting on the space robot. A fully nonlinear model is used to describe the dynamics, based on a multibody approach. The model includes the orbital motion, the gravity gradient, the aerodynamic effects, as well as the flexibility of the links. The present paper aims to design, thanks to nonlinear optimization algorithms, a class of manoeuvres that, given the same target to be grasped, are characterized by different mission objectives. The grasping mission can be performed with the objective to minimize the power consumption. Collision avoidance constraints can be also added when the target is equipped with solar panels or other appendices. In some cases, large elastic displacements should be expected, possibly leading to an inaccurate positioning of the end-effector. Therefore, different design strategies can require that the manoeuvre is accomplished with minimum vibrations’ amplitude at the end-effector. Performance of the different strategies is analyzed in terms of control effort, trajectory errors, and flexible response of the manipulator.     

基于内模原理的复杂挠性卫星姿态控制研究

首先对具有运动挠性附件的航天器的姿态动力学模型进行了简要讨论和分析,证明了对于受步进扰动的复杂挠性卫星系统,采用输出反馈PD控制仅能得到一致有界稳定的结论。为了获得闭环系统的渐近稳定性能,进一步构造了具有内模补偿的PD控制系统,并且根据Lyapunov理论给出了严格证明。基于美国GOES 8号静止轨道气象卫星公布的动力学参数,对PD控制及含有内模补偿的PD控制两类控制器进行了仿真对比,以校验所设计控制系统的有效性。最后,进行了总结并提出进一步的研究设想。     

空间光电跟踪系统闭环全物理仿真试验技术

为验证空间光电跟踪系统与卫星平台耦合作用下的跟踪性能,提出空间光电跟踪系统全物理仿真试验方法。利用三轴气浮台模拟卫星零重力下的自由转动,在地面实现了非合作目标闭环跟踪控制和空间动力学特性的综合模拟。采用基于整星姿态动力学的重力干扰力矩辨识方法,消除转动部件重力干扰对试验的影响,实现对系统跟踪脱靶量的精确评估。试验结果表明,空间光电跟踪系统针对非合作目标的跟踪脱靶量优于0.006°（3σ）,满足系统在轨应用需求。但在对高速目标跟踪过程中,跟踪脱靶量存在一定的相位滞后,控制方案需进一步优化。     

柔性多体航天器单向递推组集建模方法

本文提出一种面向计算机建立柔性多体航天器动力学方程的新方法，其特点是完成运动学正向递推同时实现动力学方程的组集。这种方法不仅可提高航天器、空间机械臂动力学仿真的计算效率，而且可有效地克服数值积分病态的困难。文末一个空间四杆柔性机械臂的算例验证了这种建模方法的上述优点。