回顾“九五”,“展望十五”——我国空间技术更上一层楼

今年是我国“九五”计划结束， “十五”计划启动之年。本刊记者最近采访了中国空间技术研究院有关负责人。据了解，在以江泽民同志为核心的党中央领导下，“九五”期间我国空间技术取得了巨大成就，令世界瞩目。 “九五”期间，中国空间技术研究院完成了12颗星船的研制任务，其中东方红三号、中星22号、中国资源二号、北斗导航试验卫星、神舟号飞船等型号完成了发射任务。载人航天取得巨大进展 神舟号试验飞船飞行和返回圆满成功，标志着我国迈出了加入世界载人航天领域的第一步。1999年 11月 20日，我国第一艘试验飞船神舟号在酒泉卫星发…     

北京卫星环境工程研究所庆祝“神舟六号”、返回式卫星圆满成功

2005年11月10日,北京卫星环境工程研究所“神舟六号”、返回式卫星庆祝酒会在北京友谊宾馆隆重举行。国防科工委副主任、国家航天局局长孙来燕、航天科工集团副总经理薛利、中国空间技术研究院党委书记王永汉、航天科技集团宇航部领导,以及“神舟六号”、返回式卫星“两总”应邀出席     

“神舟”地地道道中国造

随着“神舟”飞船的再度载人飞天,关于“神舟”飞船是否模仿俄罗斯“联盟”号飞船的言论也再次兴起。说“神舟”飞船模仿“联盟”号飞船无非有三大“论据”:俄罗斯载人航天以卫星式飞船起步,中国也以发展卫星式载人飞船打开通天之路;“神舟”与“联盟”同样有着三舱模式;“神舟”飞船与“联盟”号飞船外型相似。仅凭这三条就能判定“神舟”飞船是“联盟”飞船的“翻版”吗?     

2002年世界航天运输业分析

2002年世界航天运输业重大事件频出。我国“神舟”3号升空后圆满返回,“神舟”4号也在岁末顺利升空,为我国载人飞行奠定了坚实的基础。美国的宇宙神5和德尔它4及日本的H-2A等新一代运载火箭接连发射成功。印度的“极轨卫星运载器”     

今年我国将发16箭20星

从中国航天科技集团公司获悉,我国今年将实施16次航天发射,计划将“神舟十号”、“嫦娥三号”等20颗航天器送入太空。其中,由该集团公司抓总研制的“神舟十号”与“天宫一号”将完成载人空间交会对接应用飞行任务;“嫦娥三号”卫星将实现首次月球软着陆探测和自动巡视勘察。上述计划是在航天科技集团公司日前召开的2013年年度工作会上明确的。     

中国航天质量管理的实践与创新

1.引言 中国航天工业走过50年的发展历程，形成了自主研发、生产导弹武器、运载火箭、卫星、载人飞船等航天产品的能力和完整配套的研制、生产体系，创造了“两弹一星”等一个又一个的辉煌成就。特别是从1996年10月至今，长征火箭连续49次发射成功，神舟飞船圆了中华民族千年飞天梦，向全世界展示了中国航天产品的质量与可靠性水平。     

2008年我国卫星应用的若干重大进展

2008年，天链一号，风云三号，中星九号，环境一号A、B，遥感四号、五号卫星和风云二号06星相继发射成功；地面应用基础设施不断完善；神舟七号载人飞行获得成功；各类应用卫星在奥运会、重大自然灾害抢险救灾以及国家重大建设工程中发挥了显著作用。中国航天科技集团公司提出了全面构建航天工业新体系、建设国际一流大型航天企业的目标。通过总结经验、教训，专家建言加强国家空间基础设施建设，大力推动卫星应用产业化发展。     

2003年世界航天发展综述

2003年，世界航天不断前进，硕果累累，但也发生了一些令人震惊的灾难。全球共进行了63次航天发射，与2002年相当。载人航天喜忧参半，年初美国“哥伦比亚号”航天飞机的失事给世界航天事业蒙上了一层阴影，但是俄罗斯“联盟号”飞船的多次安全发射与返回，尤其是中国“神舟”5号飞船首次载人航天的成功又带来了新的希望；国际空间站和重复使用航天器的发展均受到一定影响。深空探测又掀热潮，取得了许多新的进展。卫星应用也有所进展，研制和发射了一些新的侦察卫星、军事通信卫星和导航卫星。     

星光灿烂的“东方红”卫星家族

长久以来,社会各界一提到中国航天技术的成就,脑海中就只想到长征系列火箭和神舟系列载人飞船,殊不知我国在卫星制造技术上也有了长足的进步。2006年10月从西昌卫星发射中心发射进入太空的“鑫诺”二号卫星以及它所采用的具有革命性意义的“东方红”四号卫星平台,就是一个明显的佐证。     

航天短讯

我国将首次发射环境卫星；我国神舟七号飞船2008年发射航天员将出舱进行太空行走；“嫦娥”备份星拟2009年发射；NASA计划2011年发射新的月球探测器；欧盟首艘自动运输飞船将于2008年2月发射。     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

“战术战斧”2003年将装备美军

战斧，是一个耳熟能详的名字，９０年代以来的几场局部战争使其名声大振。自１９９１年以来，美国海军平均每年要消耗１００枚战斧导弹。从海湾战争到科索沃，近千枚战斧从一艘艘美国战舰和潜艇上发射，使得战斧成为美国强权政治的急先锋，也成为对别国实施远距离精确打击的中坚力量。 但近几场局部战争同时也提出了要发展一种造价便宜、全天候作战、精确打击以及可对加固目标进行打击的新型战斧的要求。在这种背景下，战术战斧（ＴａｃＴｏｍ）应运而生。北约空袭南联盟后，美国海军根据战斧巡航导弹的作战使用，开始重新评估未来战斧巡航…     

实施雷达管制的体会

2005年12月22日，我国在北京-西安-成都-昆明以东的广大空中交通管制区实施了雷达管制，这使得空中交通管制工作进入了新的时代，贵阳区域管制室也开始了划时代的雷达管制工作。实施之后，随着雷达管制工作的深入运行，一些在实施前未考虑到的问题相继暴露出来。在经过前期强化雷达管制模拟机培训后大部分管制员在实际运行过程中仍感到有不理解的问题，涉及到标准通话用语、雷达管制间隔、雷达管制和程序管制之间的间隔、雷达盲区、目视飞行与仪表飞行之间等。尤其是对间隔的掌握和通话术语的理解上存在着偏差，部分管制员在机组不作位置报时缺乏主动管制的意识，感觉到指令发的不流畅。为什么在作了大量的前期雷达管制理论准备工作和雷达管制模拟机培训后，在实际运行中还会有这样的问题，这是因为：一、雷达基本理论不是万能的。不可能解释所有问题、解决运行中的所有矛盾。     

我国空域管理相关问题初探

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和改革开放的不断深入，航空领域呈现出前所未有的发展形势，民用航空运输以每年平均10％的速度增长，通用航空的需求与日俱增，军事飞行频繁，对空域资源需求越来越大，空域管理面临的新问题日益突出。本文就我国空域资源相关问题，即如何最大限度地发挥空域资源优势，为不同空域用户提供可靠的空中交通管制服务等问题进行探讨。     

Individual Differences in Object Localization in Virtual Environments

The present research examined the effects of disorientation on human ability to locate objects in space in a virtual environment (VE). Participants were asked to memorize the location of virtual objects, and then they were asked to indicate where the objects were located while they were inside a virtual chamber. This procedure was repeated in both eyesclosed and disoriented conditions. Subject pointing responses were used to measure memory for the relative location of objects in virtual space. This method was extended from previous research in a real-world setting. The results showed systematic individual differences in the effects of disorientation on the ability to locate objects in space. Further, the use of strategies played a role in object localization ability, but strategy use was affected by the individual differences in spatial representations used by subjects.     

影响高校德育工作的几个消极因素

本文市场经济、社会消极现象、应试教育、高等教育及德育教育自身缺陷等方面对高校德育工作的消极影响加以分析，立足现实，提出问题，与高等教育工作者，德育工作者共同探讨，以求改进完善高校德育工作。作者坚信，真正找到了问题所在，也就找到了解决问题的切入点。     

2006年世界著名宇航公司竞争卫星发射市场

世界各大宇航公司在激烈的竞争中度过了2006年。新年伊始,让我们回过头来看看这些公司在2006年卫星发射市场上的竞争情况。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Entrapment of bacteria in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite

Cells of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were genetically modified to produce green fluorescent protein, were entrapped in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite. The bacteria were used to inoculate NaCl-saturated aqueous solutions, which were allowed to evaporate and precipitate halite. The number, size, and distribution of fluid inclusions were highly variable, but did not appear to be affected by the presence of the bacteria. Many of the inclusions in crystals from inoculated solutions contained cells in populations ranging from two to 20. Microbial attachment to crystal surfaces was neither evident nor necessary for entrapment. Cells occurred exclusively within fluid inclusions and were not present in the crystal matrix. In both the inclusions and the hypersaline solution, the cells fluoresced and twitched, which indicates that the bacteria might have remained viable after entrapment. The fluorescence continued up to 13 months after entrapment, which indicates that little degradation of the bacteria occurred over that time interval. The entrapment, fluorescence, and preservation of cells were independent of the volume of hypersaline solution used or whether the solutions were completely evaporated prior to crystal extraction. The results of this study have a wide range of implications for the long-term survival of microorganisms in fluid inclusions and their detection through petrography. The results also demonstrate the preservation potential for microbes in hypersaline fluid inclusions, which could allow cells to survive harsh conditions of space, the deep geologic past, or burial in sedimentary basins.     

Inflection points in the development of energy in space

Basing his comments around a report on the Space Power Systems 1997 conference, ‘Energy and Space for Humanity’, held in Montreal, 24-28 August 1997, Richard Boudreault describes the progress made in getting the concept of power from space accepted by the terrestrial utilities. Increasing worries about the sustainability of current power sources together with deregulation of power distribution make space power more attractive. However, the high cost of access to space is a barrier, though this is starting to fall.