美国军事卫星通信系统

美国的军事卫星通信系统是世界上最先进、最有持续性的通信系统,不但技术先进,而且整体规划合理。美国军事卫星通信系统可以由时间上划分为两部分,一部分是现有运行的系统;另一部分是计划中的系统,这部分属于美军卫星通信转型。现有系统之间互有分工,各负其职;计划中的系统技术     

美军典型卫星通信应用装备发展分析

为进一步满足信息化战争的需要,世界各军事大国在加速发展卫星系统的同时,还在大力加强卫星应用技术与应用装备的研发,美国历来十分重视卫星通信应用装备的研发,认为通过对地面卫星通信终端的改进,能够使卫星通信系统在战场上的应用取得突破性进展。文章对美军几种典型的卫星通信应用装备作以分析,采用系统分析和归纳的方法对美军通信装备进行梳理,代表性地介绍了美国近几年作为研发重点的战术级卫星通信应用装备、保密卫星通信应用装备和提升部队机动作战能力的通信卫星装备。     

无人机在干扰卫星通信系统中的应用

随着军事信息化程度越来越高,军事卫星通信已成为军事通信和战场通信的重要组成部分。卫星通信干扰和抗干扰技术已受到各国的重视。文章首先分析了干扰卫星通信系统的几种途径,然后分析了无人机在干扰卫星通信系统中的应用及优势。     

亟待开展对军事卫星通信系统的干扰研究

叙述了军事卫星通信系统在未来战场上的特殊地位和重要作用 ,它已成为陆、海、空、天一体化综合C4ISR系统的主要支柱之一。正是由于未来现代化战争非常依赖军事卫星通信系统这条空间直通链路 ,以便为战斗部队和作战行动提供实时的情报信息和态势感知等的支援 ,所以 ,未来战争中干扰敌方军事卫星通信系统显得特别重要。提出了干扰军事卫星通信系统的几种可行途径。     

美国侦察卫星军事应用系统体系结构探讨

根据美军C^4ISR体系结构框架中对体系结构的定义，提出了侦察卫星军事应用系统体系结构的概念。从美军侦察卫星军事应用系统之间关系这个方面，探讨了侦察卫星军事应用系统体系结构。分析了卫星军事应用系统体系结构基本概念；描述了基于侦察卫星军事应用系统的作战程序；对侦察卫星军事应用系统进行了分类，并依据美军现有侦察卫星军事应用系统，结合作战程序，探讨了侦察卫星军事应用系统之间关系。     

卫星资源在信息战中的作用

信息战是海湾战争之后各国军界研究军事革命和未来战争理论的热点，该文以美军为基点，介绍了信息战的基本概念及其主要特征，论述了卫星资源原信息战中的重要作用，展望了跨世纪发展的军用卫星通信。     

美国先进极高频-2军事通信卫星

2012年5月5日,美国空军的先进极高频-2(AEHF-2)军事通信卫星成功发射。卫星将经历约110天的轨道抬升和120天的在轨测试,在完成这两个阶段后才能正式开始服役。AEHF卫星系统是美国新一代高防护性能的地球静止轨道军事通信卫星系统,用于替代老化的"军事星"(Milstar)卫星系统,在包括核战争在内的各种规模战争中,为美军关键战略和战术部队提供防截获、抗干扰、高保密和高生存能力的全球卫星通信。AEHF-2卫星是AEHF卫星通信系统空间段的第     

2020军事卫星通信发展研究

文章从军事卫星通信的发展历史出发,简要介绍了美国军事卫星通信的体系结构,并对未来10年军事卫星通信的发展做了预测。此外,文章还对军事卫星通信转发器电子组件做了详细介绍,并对该领域未来10年的发展作出了预测。     

外军卫星通信的发展与启示

介绍外军卫星通信在信息化战争中的重要地位和作用；外军卫星通信系统（DSCD－Ⅲ、Milstar）、战场态势卫星通信系统（GBS）和军事小卫星通信系统（MacSat）等系统的现状和技术发展趋势；卫星通信技术发展的几点启示。     

有生存力而耐久用的军用卫星通信系统

目前,在国家领导人、军事指挥官及其部队之间建立起即时、安全和可靠的全球通信以提高军事效率和政治效率,唯一可提供解决这类通信问题的途径是卫星通信系统。因此,卫星通信系统是国防通信中必不可少的一个组成部分。正是因为卫星通信系统起着如此重要的作用,所以当面临敌方威胁时,卫星通信系统必须既可靠又能生存下来,并且能在大大小小的冲突中长时间地保持工作能力。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。