Influence of thermal protection on the temperature state of the screen and casing

This work is devoted to the experimental study of the method of thermal protection of the environment by shielding from the hot body of the high-temperature gas turbine engine on a model setup under conditions of free convection (bulk screen), and with the injection of air through a porous screen. The generalized dependences of thermal protection are obtained that permit the temperature of the screen and the casing under free convection and injection of air through a porous screen to be predicted.     

热气防冰参数对机翼表面溢流结冰的影响研究

机翼热气防冰数值模拟中,根据N-S方程求解流场,用Euler法获得水滴撞击特性,通过蒙皮导热将求解得到的内外流场进行耦合传热并达到稳定后,开始模拟结冰,来进行机翼热气防冰及形成溢流结冰的数值计算。计算结果表明,热空气防冰数值模拟是可行和合理的。采用数值模拟方法对机翼热空气防冰过程进行了模拟,得到了由于引气温度不足或机翼热空气保护面积不同而导致的不同溢冰高度和位置。分析了供气温度、防冰区域对翼面溢流冰形成的影响。结果表明：供气温度直接正向影响热交换后蒙皮表面温度。供气温度越低,溢流冰形高度越高,对气动特性影响也越大;热防护区域范围对溢流结冰结果也会产生影响,热防护区域越大,冻结位置距离驻点越远,而且冰形高度越低,对气动特性影响也越弱。     

基于翅片板结构的烟气对流冷凝传热性能

在冷凝实验台上对一种用于冷凝式烟气余热回收的翅片板换热器进行实验,研究了该结构的传热和流动性能,分析了烟气温度、流速等对冷凝的影响,得到了Nu-Re和 f-Re曲线,并对该换热结构在干空气风洞实验台上测试的结果进行了比对.结果表明:由于大量不凝性气体的影响(质量分数为92%),冷凝传热对整体传热性能的强化并不明显,伴随有冷凝的烟气表面传热系数约为相同工况下无凝结表面传热系数的1.1～1.2倍.得到了无量纲数冷凝传热准则关联式,可以为冷凝式翅片板换热器的设计提供参考.      

蒸发管蒸发及雾化特性

为了研究某型发动机中的Γ型蒸发管的蒸发性能,在进口空气为常压条件下进行实验研究.实验采用燃气加热,模拟实际蒸发管工作环境.实验研究气油比、进口空气温度以及蒸发管管壁温度的变化对蒸发管燃油蒸发率及出口索太尔平均直径SMD(Sauter mean diameter)的影响.实验结果表明:气油比(AFR)、蒸发管空气进口温度及蒸发管壁温对蒸发率及SMD都有着很大的影响,气油比的增大和空气进口温度的增大以及蒸发管壁温的提高都会导致燃油蒸发率的增大和出口SMD直径的减小,而三者中壁温的作用最为显著.      

高空台加温试验进气管网传热过程的计算分析

分析了高空台加温试验时管网内部流动的动态换热特性,建立了管内气体和管壁的联合换热方程,在与试验数据对比的基础上提出了数学模型的修正方法,对试验中管网出口温升过程进行了计算,取得了较好效果。计算结果分析表明:局部热损失在管网散热过程中的比重较大,为缩短试验准备时间,应对混和器出口温度进行分段控制。     

飞机发动机冷气道与隔热层的耦合传热分析

数值研究了某飞机发动机外侧冷气道与隔热层的耦合传热过程。采用低雷诺数k-ε模型与SIMPLEC算法计算通道内可压缩变物性气流的湍流对流换热,采用蒙特卡罗法求解通道壁面间的辐射换热。通道内气流湍流对流换热、壁面间辐射换热与隔热层内导热耦合求解。通过模拟计算,分析了通道与隔热层的耦合传热机制,考察了相关参数的影响。结果表明,在所考虑的通道结构与空气流条件下,冷气道外环壁面的温度高于气流温度,气流对内外环壁面均起冷却作用;在隔热层参数不变条件下,壁面间的辐射换热与气流的对流冷却是该传热过程的控制机制,增大冷气流量、降低壁面发射率均可显著降低隔热层的外壁面温度。     

固体推进剂药柱裂缝燃烧研究

静态点火条件下,在复合推进剂和双基推进剂裂缝燃烧实验的基础上,建立了一个综合静态点火模型。其中包括对流换热效应、气相热传导效应、热辐射效应、侵蚀燃烧效应和声振腔的影响。数值求解后得到许多参数的变化规律,可以预估裂缝燃烧的基本特征及其影响因素。文中就火焰传播速度与实验结果比较,吻合较好。此模型既可用于双基推进剂的裂缝燃烧研究,又可用于复合推进剂,具有较广泛的适用性。      

Effects of temperature distribution and level on heat transfer on a rotating free disk

In gas turbine engines, with the existence of the intense forced convection and significant buoyancy effects, temperature distribution and level on turbine or compressor disks affect the heat transfer characteristics strongly. In this paper, numerical simulations were performed to analyze these influences for a free disk, with the laminar and turbulent flow respectively. The influences of temperature distribution on the heat transfer were observed by using incompressible cooling air, and temperature profiles of nth order monomial and polynomial were assumed on the disk. The analysis revealed that the heat transfer for two flow states on the free disk is determined by the exponent n of the monomial profile when specifying the rotating Reynolds number; for an arbitrary polynomial profile, the local Nusselt number can be deduced from results of monomial profiles. To study the effects of temperature level on heat transfer singly, monomial profiles were used and the local Nusselt number of compressible and incompressible cooling air were compared.And both for two flow states, the following conclusions could be drawn: the relative difference of local Nusselt number is mainly controlled by nondimensional local temperature difference, and almost independent of the monomial's coefficient C, exponent n and the rotating Reynolds number. Subsequently, a correction method for heat transfer of the free disk is presented and verified computationally, with which the local Nusselt number, obtained with a uniform and low temperature profile, can be revised by arbitrary distribution and high temperature magnitude.      

发散冷却与冲击/发散冷却的冷却效率对比

为了得到最佳的冷却结构,在相同冷却气量下对发散孔单层壁与冲击/发散孔双层壁冷却结构的冷却效率进行了试验研究.试验保证相同的发散孔排布规律、热侧与冷侧进气温度、冷却气量、热气量以及热冷侧之间的空气压降,使用红外热像仪对发散孔壁的热侧壁面温度进行测量以得到冷却效率,并对两种结构的冷却效率进行对比分析.试验结果表明:在相同冷却开孔面积、相同冷热气条件下,冲击/发散孔双层壁的冷却效率要比发散孔单层壁大约高30%,这归因于冲击/发散冷却方式存在更高的换热强化能力.      

Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Rotating Two-pass Channels Cooled by Superheated Steam

In a modern gas turbine,using superheated steam to cool the vane and blade for internal convection cooling is a promising alternative to traditional compressor air.However,further investigations of steam cooling need to be performed.In this paper,the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer characteristics of steam are numerically investigated in two-pass square channels with 45° ribbed walls under stationary and rotating conditions.The investigated rotation numbers are 0 and 0.24.The simulation is carried out by solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations employing the Reynolds stress turbulence model,especially considering two additional terms for Coriolis and rotational buoyancy forces caused by the rotating effect.For comparison,calculations for the air-cooled channels are done first at a Reynolds number of 25 000 and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio of 0.13.The results are compared with the experiment data.Then the flow and heat transfer in steam-cooled channels are analyzed under the same operating conditions.The results indicate that the superheated steam has better heat transfer performance than air.Due to the combined effect of rotation,skewed ribs and 180° sharp turn,the secondary flow pattern in steam-cooled rotating two-pass channels is quite complex.This complex secondary flow pattern leads to strong anisotropic turbulence and high level of anisotropy of Reynolds stresses,which have a significant impact on the local heat transfer coefficient distributions.     

复合材料热气防冰系统试验研究

为了进行复合材料热气防冰性能的研究,结合冲击射流和微通道强化换热,针对复合材料导向叶片提出了一种热气防冰系统。对给出的复合材料热气防冰系统进行了简易的冰风洞试验,在同一气流速度、防冰热气流量、平均水滴有效直径条件下,对不同防冰热气温度、外流冷气温度和液态水含量状态下的蒙皮外表面温度进行了测量。结果表明：给出的复合材料热气防冰系统性能正常,能够满足防冰要求;比较了液态水含量、防冰热气温度和冷气温度对蒙皮外表面温度的影响,说明在本实验范围内液态水含量是影响蒙皮外表面温度的最大因素。     

基于内外传热耦合的热气防冰系统仿真计算

基于内外传热耦合原理,建立了热气防冰系统的AMESim仿真模型,研究热气防冰系统在不同引气状态下,管路流量、压力及蒙皮温度的变化规律.采用所建立的仿真方法,计算飞机机翼热气防冰系统的内部流动特性和内外耦合传热特性,将计算结果与热气防冰系统流量分配试验结果进行对比.结果表明:管路流量、压力和蒙皮温度的仿真计算结果与试验结果最大误差为9%,验证了该仿真模型的正确性.在此基础上,对飞机短舱热气防冰系统进行了仿真,分析了飞行包线下系统内外的换热、温度变化、加热效率等关键参数的瞬态特性.仿真结果为热气防冰系统的设计、分析与优化提供依据.      

不同压力环境下竖直平板表面自然对流散热实验

飞行器从地面上升到太空的过程中所经历的大幅度环境参数变化,会导致飞行器及机载设备出现"超热"、"过冷"和"热分层"等现象。为得到不同环境压力下的关键参数--自然对流换热系数,本文搭建了一个能提供不同气压和环境温度的封闭试验舱,对在不同压力环境(0.0001,0.01,0.1,0.2,0.5,1,10,50 kPa和常压)下几种固定加热量(75,150,300 W/m²)的竖直平板散热进行了实验研究,通过对辐射散热和对流散热的分析比较,获取不用工况下气体的对流换热系数。结果表明:对流换热系数在绝对气压小于1 kPa时非常小,可以视作为0;在绝对气压大于1 kPa时,对流换热系数随压力的升高呈2次方增加;通过对环境物理参数的无因次化处理,得到的准则式方程可用于1~100 kPa的环境压力。     

Effects of flow parameters on thermal performance of an inner-liner anti-icing system with jets impingement heat transfer

The multiple jets impingement heat transfer is widely applied in the wing anti-icing system. It is challenging to apply the similarity criterion to carry out the anti-icing experiments due to the complex flow and heat transfer behavior. In the present study, the full-scale slat model is used to carry out anti-icing experimental researches in a 2 m × 3 m icing wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center. The effects of icing parameters Liquid Water Content (LWC) and Median Volume Diameter (MVD) and hot air parameters (mass flow rate and temperature) on the thermal performance of an inner-liner anti-icing system with jets impingement heat transfer are studied. The effects of the experimental parameters are analyzed in detail by combining impingement and evaporation heat transfer mechanisms. The impingement hot air mass flow rate dramatically affects the heat transfer performance of the impingement stagnation region within the range of the experimental parameters. The temperature of impingement hot air and that of wing skin are approximately linear correlated. The experimental results show the effects of LWC and MVD on water film formation and runback ice accretion. The formation of water film is analyzed by an analytical method based on the wing skin temperature difference of dry and wet air conditions.     

航空发动机圆套状尾喷管流场温度场数值模拟

对某机型双收缩圆环套状尾喷管内, 冷热气流相互掺混的流动传热过程, 作了数值模拟。用SIMPLE思想在曲线系中进行程序设计。该程序可以对任意形状的两股流有(无)掺混时的流场、质量场、温度场、辐射通量场进行模拟, 对二维流动传热问题比SIMPLE程序更具有通用性。最后对某机型的实际情况(形状尺寸), 用区域拼装法生成曲线网格作了模拟。结果说明, 引射的冷空气与热主流在双收敛喷管内掺混, 确实能降低尾喷管内气流温度、降低红外辐射。      

应用红外热像技术实验研究层板结构冷却特性

在高温热风洞中,应用红外热像系统对三个具有真实燃气轮机尺度的层板结构进行了冷却特性实验研究.为了描述冲击、对流及导热的综合作用,采用数字图像信号运算技术,直接获得描述冷却前后层板高温表面二维温差分布.通过比较三种层板结构综合冷却效率,详细讨论了绕流柱数目及直径、气膜孔角度、主流雷诺数和努塞尔数对层板冷却效率的影响.      

刷式密封温度场数值研究

分析了刷式密封中摩擦生热和热传递的机理,在此基础上将刷丝区域视为各向异性多孔介质、用阻抗力表示刷丝对流体的阻碍作用、以摩擦热为热源建立了计算流体动力学(CFD)模型;得到了刷式密封区域的压力、速度以及温度场分布;并得出了密封区域最高温度和安装过盈量、密封压差的对应关系.结果表明刷丝与转子接触面上存在显著温升,温度场在径向呈阶梯状分布且温度值沿转子外法线方向衰减;密封区域流体对流和出口泄漏流对于温度分布影响较大.计算结果能为刷式密封结构设计、接触副材料选择和密封环安装方式提供参考和指导.      

表面涂漆对火箭尾翼热结构的影响

建立了运载火箭的气动加热工程计算方法,计算区域横跨连续流、稀薄过渡流和自由分子流,包括层流、转捩和湍流等各流态。重点研究了尾翼与芯级间的干扰加热,数值求解了自然正交曲线坐标系下尾翼内部二维单层和双层材料热传导方程,给出了典型部位的内外表面温度计算结果,表明表面涂漆对尾翼前缘并不能起到防热隔热效果。     

冰脱落对电热除冰传热特性的影响研究

冰脱落对电热除冰传热特性的影响是电热除冰过程中的重要特征.采用有限体积法和混合网格技术,基于热焓方法将传统的相变传热模型应用到电热除冰计算中,研究了冰脱落对电热除冰传热特性的影响,主要研究了加热模式和加热单元间隔对除冰结构传热特性的影响.研究发现:无间隔除冰单元是有间隔除冰单元的特殊情况,其蒙皮表面温度历程在本质上是一致的.冰脱落后,无间隔除冰单元蒙皮表面温度开始剧烈上升然后逐渐缓慢上升.而对于有间隔除冰单元,随着间隔上加热功率的降低,温升过程逐渐缓和.单元间隔的加热功率降低到一定程度时,表面温度出现温降过程.当传递到蒙皮表面的热量和对流换热带走的热量差逐渐趋于稳定时,表面温度又开始逐渐稳定的上升.     

民用飞机预冷器设计点选取方法研究

预冷器是民用飞机气源系统温度调节的重要部件,若发生超温将导致系统自动关闭,影响下游机翼防冰系统和空调等系统用气需求,对飞机安全性有重要影响,因此研究预冷器设计点满足温度调节需求对气源系统设计有着重要意义。首先分析了预冷器换热性能影响关系,进而对其性能影响因素进行分析,主要包括环境条件信息,飞机状态信息,气源系统引气构型。然后根据经验公式对某机型不同工况条件下预冷器换热功率因子进行计算。计算结果表明在严酷引气构型双发单引气条件下,极热天巡航或待机状态下,低高度、低马赫数、低重量条件为预冷器设计点。通过计算严酷工况下预冷器热边出口温度,对预冷器设计点进行校核,计算结果表明预冷器热边出口温度均满足预冷器预期温度,说明预冷器设计点选取满足设计需求。