临近空间太阳能无人机增升减阻技术综述

临近空间太阳能无人机是介于航空器与航天器之间的特殊飞行器。受太阳能电池的光电转换效率和储能电池能量密度的约束,提升临近空间太阳能无人机气动效率和螺旋桨推进效率是保证该类型无人机平台任务执行能力、具备永久飞行能力的重要技术途径。然而低雷诺数效应给全机增升减阻技术攻关和节能降耗的设计目标带来了严重困难和挑战。针对这一问题,本文从翼型设计、气动布局设计、螺旋桨/机翼气动耦合设计、流动控制技术、螺旋桨增效设计5个方面调研了临近空间太阳能无人机增升减阻技术的研究现状,梳理了现有增升减阻措施的技术路线,分析了不同增升减阻方法的优势与不足,最后针对临近空间太阳能无人机增升减阻技术的发展趋势给出了建议。     

临近空间太阳能无人机结构设计

临近空间飞行器的发展和应用将可能对未来整个作战体系和作战思维产生重大而深远的影响。临近空间环境的复杂性决定了临近空间飞行器的研制具有高难度性,存在诸多技术难题。考虑现有的应用需求和技术基础,针对临近空间飞行器的先进概念进行研究,提出具有技术发展可行性的临近空间飞行器的概念和方案,重点开展超高空长航时无人机的研究。采用可再生能源系统(太阳能),满足长达数月的抗风驻留飞行和机动,为持久驻留低速临近空间飞行器研制奠定技术基础。研究提出一种临近空间太阳能无人机设计方案,并对方案进行详细设计,包括总体设计、气动分析、结构设计、强度分析和天地往返设计,文章详细介绍结构设计部分。结构设计采用复合材料,在满足强度要求的前提条件下最大限度地减轻重量。研究表明:采用高比强度和比刚度的轻质复合材料能在满足强度要求的前提下减轻结构重量。     

太阳能无人机能源系统的关键技术与发展趋势

作为探索临近空间领域的新兴飞行器，太阳能无人机（SUAV）在性能、技术及任务航时均呈现出不同于传统飞行器的新特点。其中，太阳能无人机能源系统的比能量、比功率是影响飞机整体性能的核心因素。因此，本文首先对太阳能无人机的太阳电池、储能电池的发展现状进行了阐述，然后针对能量获取多元化、能源系统管理高效化、能源载荷一体化方向对太阳能无人机能源系统的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

高空长航时太阳能无人机总体设计要点分析

高空长航时（HALE）太阳能无人机（UAV）的基本工作原理与常规动力飞机相比有显著的区别,体现在飞机总体设计方法上有其独到之处,方案设计中还需要对一些关键技术细节进行认真权衡。阐述了高空长航时太阳能无人机总体设计中遵循的重量不变和能量平衡原则的机理,同时从太阳能无人机巡航平飞功率需求、布局形式选取、飞行剖面优化和临近空间使用环境影响等方面出发,研究了太阳能无人机总体设计中的若干注意事项,主要结论可用于高空长航时太阳能无人机总体设计和方案优化。     

临近空间太阳能飞机能量最优飞行航迹规划方法展望

临近空间太阳能飞机是低速临近空间飞行器中一种极具发展潜力的技术途径，有望成为一个理想的区域通信、中继和运输平台。实现N×24小时能源闭环的超长航时飞行，是发展临近空间太阳能飞机的核心问题，也是形成“区域保持+时间持久”特色能力的关键。能量最优航迹规划方法是解决临近空间太阳能飞机跨昼夜能量闭环难题的有效技术方向。当前临近空间太阳能飞机能量最优航迹规划方法可分为2类：不考虑风场变化的能量最优航迹规划方法和不考虑大范围高度变化的能量最优航迹规划方法。分别对这2类问题的研究成果进行了分析与讨论，考虑不同处理框架给实际工程应用带来的困难与挑战，认为未来应统一考虑太阳辐射、空间高度和风场变化，并融合重力势能与梯度风场对太阳能飞机临近空间持久驻留能量变化的影响，开展基于强化学习框架的太阳能飞机能量最优“通用”飞行航迹规划方法研究。为此，有必要开展临近空间风场环境表征与重构、临近空间梯度风场对太阳能飞机滑翔轨迹能量影响分析、最优飞行航迹示教轨迹生成与分类、基于示教轨迹的太阳能飞机强化学习框架构建等关键技术研究。可为设计太阳能飞机能量最优航迹规划方法提供参考，为规划太阳能飞机研究技术路线提供支撑。     

太阳能无人机发展综述

太阳能无人机以其长航时、能源清洁被世界各国重视,已经成为国家战略不可或缺的一环.简述了现如今太阳能无人机发展现状及成就;整理了太阳能无人机总体设计的发展脉络,介绍1种较成熟的能源管理方案;基于现有太阳能无人机采取的布局方式,引出并介绍了双机身串列翼构型太阳能无人机的可行性及优缺点.优点是采用串列翼布局的无人机升力较大,...     

轻小型太阳能/氢能无人机发展综述

轻小型无人机（UAV）在军民领域都有着广泛的用途，电动无人机由于其振动低、无污染、无排放等优势，已经成为无人机领域的发展热点。为了提高轻小型电动无人机的航时，清洁、高能量密度的太阳能和氢能成为非常可行的技术途径之一。本文总结了轻小型太阳能、氢能无人机的发展历程；梳理了相关的关键技术，并对太阳能、氢能无人机的总体设计方法和能源动力系统的发展进行了较为深入的探讨；最后，展望了该类无人机的发展趋势，并对所面临的挑战进行了预测。     

不间断飞行小型太阳能无人机总体设计与优化

<正>无人机已发展成为航空领域中的重要分支,并将在未来受到持续关注。续航性能是无人机的一项重要性能指标,传统的小翼展(小于5m)无人机受到能源的限制,续航时间与航程等都严重不能满足要求。随着太阳能技术、储能电池技术迅速发展,利用太阳能作为无人机能源可有效解决小翼展无人机续航性能问题,使小型太阳能无人机实现昼夜不间断飞行成为可能。不间断飞行的太阳能无人机能扩展并提供持续的空中服务,应用包括农业监测、抢险救灾、交通数据收集、边境巡     

联翼布局多控制面纵向配平特性研究

采用多控制面配平是联翼布局临近空间长航时无人机提高升阻比、延长航时、降低起飞重量的重要措施。针对某联翼布局的临近空间长航时无人机,利用CFD计算和工程估算相结合的方式,研究了其多控制面纵向配平时的气动特性和对起飞重量的影响。结果表明,采用多控制面设计并选择合适的配平模式,可以保证在良好的配平姿态和配平纵向静稳定性下,有效提高配平升阻比,降低起飞重量。     

太阳能无人机关键技术分析

介绍了当前太阳能无人机的发展现状,主要分析了太阳能无人机在设计、制造过程中所涉及到的各种关键技术,指出了需要突破的技术难点,包括轻质、高效太阳能电池的研制与应用技术、能量储存与能量控制系统、太阳能无人机机体平台设计技术。认为太阳能无人机作为航空科学技术与新能源技术相结合的产物,其研制过程需将气动、结构、推进、优化等多学科技术紧密结合。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.