卫星搭载样品宇宙辐射剂量测量

本工作利用LiF(Mg, Cu, P), 荧光玻璃剂量计和CR-39塑料核径迹探测器对卫星舱内6个搭载实验样品所接受的宇宙辐射剂量进行测量.剂量计均经过严格筛选和标定.通过理论计算, 把以mR单位标定数据变换为肌肉组织的吸收剂量, LiF和荧光玻璃的变换系数分别为0.995和0.93.测量的卫星舱内平均累积剂量为0.88mGy, 平均日剂量为0.11mGy.CR-39记录到许多带电粒子径迹.文中对本次测量结果同以前的测量进行了对比分析讨论.      

银河宇宙线近地电荷成分

在1982年的气球飞行中, 球载塑料核径迹探测器CR-39在气球高度飞行了10小时.测得E>3.6GeV/n的银河宇宙线相对丰度, 结果与卫星探测数据基本一致.      

核电站工作场所中子能谱和周围剂量当量率测量

中子周围剂量当量是核电站辐射防护监测的主要对象之一,而中子周围剂量当量的评估强烈依赖中子的能量分布。利用自制的多球谱仪对秦山第三核电有限公司（TQNPC）重水反应堆安全壳内5个位置的中子能谱和周围剂量当量率进行了测量。该谱仪由1个³He正比计数器以及9个2.5～12英寸不同直径的聚乙烯球组成,响应函数通过MCNP程序计算,并利用标准²⁵²Cf中子源进行了校准和验证。通过测量的中子能谱,获得了不同工作区域的中子周围剂量当量率及其能量分布,并与中子周围剂量当量率仪和CR-39径迹蚀刻探测器的测量结果进行了比较,为核电站中子剂量的监测提供了相关参考数据。     

识别朝阳1号聚碳酸酯记录的宇宙线重粒子

本文介绍了根据一定REL区间所对应的粒子在固体核径迹探测器中的穿行距离与粒子原子序数的关系识别重粒子的方法,并用此法得出在我国卫星上放置的朝阳1号聚碳酸酯记录的宇宙线重粒子的原子序数和比能.      

美国起源号探测器完成大部分科学任务

2001年8月8日美国起源号探测器发射升空,主要目的是搜集太阳风粒子,用于研究有关太阳系的起源和演化等方面的问题,总投资约2.6亿美元。探测器在2001年12月3日-2004年4月1日(共850天)进行采样,采集了约10～20μg太阳风粒子。2004年4月1日,探测器完成采样任务后开始返航。2004年9月8日,在探测器返回舱返回地球大气层时,由于重力开关装置的电池故障,返回舱降落伞没能按原计划打开,返回舱以320km/h的速度坠落在犹他州的沙漠上,而且变形损坏,一半撞入地面并裂开,搜集到的太阳风粒子受到污染。虽然大量样品受到污染,但经过努力,美国航空航天局科学家恢复了大量样品,在对搜集到的样品进行检查后认为,太阳风粒子样品基本保存完好。2008年3月,美国航空航天局宣布起源号任务成功完成了大部分既定科学目标。     

空间辐射剂量测量技术发展CSCD

简要介绍了用于空间辐射剂量测量的被动式和主动式仪器,并进行了对比。被动式仪器有荧光探测器、径迹蚀刻探测器、核乳胶探测器、金属箔探测器、气泡探测器和MOSFET剂量计;主动式仪器有硅半导体探测器(Liulin-4)、硅望远镜(DOSTEL、RRMD、Liulin-5、CPDS)、气体探测器(TEPC、R-16电离室)和中子谱仪(Bonner球中子谱仪、层叠闪烁谱仪)。利用多种测量方法互相补充和验证,为空间辐射剂量提供了更可靠的数据。     

电化学过程中的局域核反应及动态Casimir效应

通过CR-39固体径迹探测器、钯阴极的辐射自照相等方法观察到了电解过程中的局域核反应.综合国内外相关研究数据,认为电解过程中,电极尖端处出现的动态Casimir效应,及涡漩运动与零点能相干效应而提取真空能,是电化学异常放热的来源,少量具有滞后和积累效应的、高度定向的极化核反应,可以用具有轴向高能宇宙射线的类星体涡旋模型加以解释.讨论了真空零点电磁涨落和挠场理论,及有关实验现象.利用推出的类星体涡旋模型理论,可以对自然界和实验室中出现的许多异常现象进行解释.      

高能重离子径迹结构对单粒子翻转的影响

利用解析法计算了高能重离子的径迹结构,通过MonteCarlo方法研究了径迹结构对微电子芯片单粒子翻转的影响.结果表明,考虑了径迹结构的影响后,当离子能量较高时,具有小尺寸灵敏单元、低翻转阈值的芯片的翻转截面较传统的LET描述结果小许多;当离子更重时,这种差别对灵敏单元尺寸较大、翻转阈值较高的芯片也变得较明显.即离子径迹结构的影响是通过其有效地沉积到灵敏单元中的能量与翻转阈值相比较而表现出来的.还研究了作用距离较深、结构宽大的径迹造成的相邻多个灵敏单元的同时翻转,即多位翻转现象,这是用LET所不能反映的.      

基于VA32TA5电荷测量系统的设计和实现

半导体探测器具有分辨率好、灵敏度高、线性范围宽等优点,是空间X/$\gamma$射线探测最常用的探测器.半导体探测系统对电子学系统的噪声水平和测量精度具有较严格的要求.针对半导体探测器对前端电子学的要求,构建了一个基于多通道电荷测量芯片VA32TA5的电荷测量系统,详细描述了该系统的设计原理和实现过程,并对其进行了初步测试.测试结果表明,该电荷测量系统具有噪声低和线性好的优点,适用于硅微条、碲锌镉等半导体探测器.     

脉冲等离子体推力器放电电离二维PIC建模与仿真

摘要： 针对脉冲等离子体推力器（PPT）的放电过程,利用粒子网格 蒙特卡洛（PIC MCC）方法建立仿真计算模型.以LES 6 PPT为例,加入电离碰撞进行电离仿真.通过粒子运动碰撞与电磁场耦合仿真计算得到电流与电路总电阻的变化规律,揭示了PPT放电过程中等离子体密度分布情况.通过对比不加入粒子预分布与加入粒子预分布的两种条件下的计算结果,得到了加入粒子预分布使带电粒子密度计算结果更接近实验结果的结论.根据PPT的工作过程,在放电之前推力器内存在等离子体,所以在仿真研究中应进行粒子的预分布.文中的研究方法对PPT的粒子方法模拟具有一定的参考意义.     

Radiation measured during ISS-Expedition 13 with different dosimeters

Radiation in low Earth orbit (LEO) is mainly composed of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar energetic particles and particles in SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly). The biological impact of space radiation to astronauts depends strongly on the particles’ linear energy transfer (LET) and is dominated by high LET radiation. It is important to measure the LET spectrum for the space radiation field and to investigate the influence of radiation on astronauts. At present, the preferred active dosimeters sensitive to all LET are the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and the silicon detectors in various configurations; the preferred passive dosimeters are CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) sensitive to high LET and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) as well as optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) sensitive to low LET. The TEPC, CR-39 PNTDs, TLDs and OSLDs were used to investigate the radiation field for the ISS mission Expedition 13 (ISS-12S) in LEO. LET spectra and radiation quantities (fluence, absorbed dose, dose equivalent and quality factor) were measured for the space mission with different dosimeters. This paper introduces the role of high LET radiation in radiobiology, the operational principles for the different dosimeters, the LET spectrum method using CR-39 detectors, the method to combine the results measured with TLDs/OSLDs and CR-39 PNTDs, and presents the LET spectra and the radiation quantities measured and combined.     

Dose equivalent, absorbed dose and charge spectrum investigation in low Earth orbit.

Particle intensity, dose equivalent and absorbed dose have been measured on board the space shuttle Endeavour during STS-108 in December 2001 by Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS). The dose estimates are based on very accurate measurements of recoils produced in CR-39 by cosmic ray primary and secondary protons and heavier nuclei and by secondary neutrons. The corresponding LET spectra were used to determine dose equivalent and absorbed dose values. Estimates of the total flux of Z > or = 2 nuclei have been undertaken and a preliminary charge spectrum was measured. Some comparisons are made with preliminary data obtained on STS-105 (ISS Expedition) and other missions using CR-39 detectors.     

Cosmic ray measurements at aircraft altitudes and comparison with predictions of computer codes.

Extensive measurements of dose exposure of aircrew have been carried out in recent years using passive detectors on subsonic and supersonic air routes by DIAS (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies). Studies were based on measurement of LET spectra using nuclear recoils produced in CR-39 nuclear track detectors by high energy neutrons and protons. The detectors were calibrated using energetic heavy ions. Data obtained were compared with the predictions of the EPCARD and CARI-6 codes. Good agreement has been found between the experimental and theoretical values.     

Biological effects of heavy ions from the standpoint of target theory.

The biological effect of heavy ions is best described through the action cross section, as a function of the end-point of interest and the charge and speed of the ion. In track theory this is called the "ion-kill" cross section, for it is the effect produced by a single heavy ion and its delta rays. As with nuclear emulsions the biological track structure passes from the grain count regime to the track width regime to the thindown region with an increase in LET. With biological cells, as with any detector capable of storing sublethal damage, with low LET irradiation the action cross section (in the ion-kill mode) is increasingly obscured by the effect of "gamma-kill", by the influence of overlapping delta rays from neighboring heavy ions. Thus at low LET response is dominated by the gamma-kill mode, so that the RBE approaches 1. The theory requires 4 radiosensitivity parameters for biological detectors, extracted from survival curves at several high LET bombardments passing through the grain count regime, and at high doses. Once these are known the systematic response of biological detectors to all high LET bombardments can be unfolded separating ion kill from gamma kill, predicting the response to a mixed radiation environment, and predicting low dose response even at the level of a single heavy ion. Cell killing parameters are now available for a variety of cell lines. Newly added is a set of parameters for cell transformation.     

Heavy ion measurement on LDEF.

A stack of CR-39 track detectors was exposed on the NASA satellite LDEF and recovered after almost 6 years in space. The quick look analysis yielded heavy ion tracks on a background of low energy secondaries from proton interactions. The detected heavy ions show a steep energy spectrum which indicates a radiation belt origin.     

Cosmic ray detection on the Foton-M2 satellite by a track etch detector stack

In the frame of the European Space Agency (ESA) project called “Biology and Physics in Space”, the returning satellite, Foton-M2, carried an open-to-space exposure platform outside of the satellite body, called as BIOPAN-5, loaded with exo-biological experiments and facilities for radiation dosimetry (RADO). One of the RADO experiments was dedicated to the detection of the primary galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and secondary neutrons by a track etch detector stack. The daily absorbed dose (D) and dose equivalent (H) were calculated from the experimental LET spectra (LET > 10 keV/μm). Under a shielding of ∼2.8 g/cm² the averaged H was found to be 658 ± 8 μSv/d, with a quality factor (Q) of 6.2 ± 1.2. The LET spectra showed a local peak at ∼105 keV/μm suggesting that the majority of tracks were created by trapped protons as it has been predicted by calculations. The low LET dose of the cosmic radiation was determined by 4 TLD stacks, and the total dose was found to be 795 ± 14 μSv/d.     

HZE effects on mammalian cells.

In track segment experiments cell survival and chromosome aberrations of mammalian cells have been measured for various heavy ion beams between helium and uranium in the energy range between 0.5 and 960 MeV/u, corresponding to a velocity range of 0.03 to 0.87 C, and an LET spectrum from 10 to 15 000 keV/micrometers. At low LET, the cross section (sigma) for cell killing increases with increasing LET and shows a common curve for all ions regardless of the atomic number. This indicates that in this region the track structure of the different ions is of only a minor influence, and it is rather the total energy transfer, which is important for cell killing. At higher LET values, deviations from a common sigma-LET curve can be observed which indicate a saturation effect. The saturation of the lighter ions occurs at lower LET values than for the heavier ions. These findings are also confirmed by the chromosome data, where the efficiency for the induction of chromosomal aberrations for high LET particles depends on the track structure and is nearly independent of LET. In the heavier beams (Z > or = 10) individual particles cause multiple chromosome breaks in mitotic cells.     

Depth dose measurements with the Liulin-5 experiment inside the spherical phantom of the MATROSHKA-R project onboard the International Space Station

The Liulin-5 experiment is a part of the international project MATROSHKA-R on the Russian segment of the ISS, which uses a tissue-equivalent spherical phantom equipped with a set of radiation detectors. The objective of the MATROSHKA-R project is to provide depth dose distribution of the radiation field inside the sphere in order to get more information on the distribution of dose in a human body. Liulin-5 is a charged particle telescope using three silicon detectors. It measures time resolved energy deposition spectra, linear energy transfer (LET) spectra, particle flux, and absorbed doses of electrons, protons and heavy ions, simultaneously at three depths along the radius of the phantom. Measurements during the minimum of the solar activity in cycle 23 show that the average absorbed daily doses at 40 mm depth in the phantom are between 180 μGy/day and 220 μGy/day. The absorbed doses at 165 mm depth in the phantom decrease by a factor of 1.6–1.8 compared to the doses at 40 mm depth due to the self-shielding of the phantom from trapped protons. The average dose equivalent at 40 mm depth is 590 ± 32 μSV/day and the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) contribute at least 70% of the total dose equivalent at that depth. Shown is that due to the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) trapped protons asymmetry and the direction of Liulin-5 lowest shielding zone the dose rates on ascending and descending nodes in SAA are different. The data obtained are compared to data from other radiation detectors on ISS.     

LND两年月表辐射剂量测量结果

月球表面的辐射剂量是影响航天员安全和月表驻留时间的重要参数,通过对月表的粒子辐射测量可以为航天员的辐射安全防护提供重要依据.利用嫦娥四号着陆器上搭载的月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪二年的观测数据得到：月表粒子辐射在硅中的平均总吸收剂量率为12.66±0.45μGy·h^-1,中性粒子吸收剂量率为2.67±0.16μGy·h^-1.辐射剂量率随时间出现缓慢的下降,LET谱的变化则很小.同时观测到了2020年12月太阳活动末期由于银河宇宙线福布斯下降导致的辐射剂量率降低.