微型飞行器相关技术研究进展

微型飞行器是航空领域一个新的研究热点，涉及多个技术研究领域。围绕与微型飞行器相关的低雷诺数空气动力学问题，进行了绕圆柱体低雷诺数非定常流动的数值模拟方法研究、低雷诺数机翼粘性非定常流动机理研究、扑翼的气动力估算方法研究、微流动控制的数值模拟研究和微型飞机的气动实验研究，指出了微型飞行器面临的问题，并展望了其发展趋势。     

微型涡轮喷气发动机发展综述

100 daN以下推力的微型涡轮喷气发动机能为微小型飞行器提供优质和可靠的动力,已成为国内外研究的热点.微型涡轮喷气发动机具有尺寸小、转速高、零件数少、工作时间长、推力易调节、红外辐射低、能重复使用等优点.其推重比已经超过11.0,已在无人作战飞行器、防空武器靶标、精确打击弹药、试验飞行器等装备上大量应用.本文从研发机构与代表产品、性能与结构特点、应用现状等方面,对微型涡轮喷气发动机20世纪50年代以来的发展情况进行了综述,可为今后国内研制高性能微型涡轮喷气发动机提供参考.随着进一步降低成本、提高推重比,微型涡轮喷气发动机将有更强的竞争力和更广的发展前景.     

微型涵道飞行器飞行力学模型研究

微型飞行器(MAV)非线性飞行力学模型研究是MAV设计中的一个重要环节。微型涵道飞行器由于大包线、尺寸小、速度低、气动布局特殊,其飞行力学特性具有显著的非线性特性。以低雷诺数风洞实验为基础,研究了微型涵道飞行器的空气动力学特性,并采用CFD方法计算了微型涵道飞行器的动导数。在此基础上建立了微型涵道飞行器的飞行力学模型,并计算了基本飞行性能和配平曲线。结果表明,微型涵道飞行器与常规飞行器相比有很大差异,可以完成悬停、垂直起降和前飞的大包线飞行。     

微型扑翼飞行器的升力风洞试验

针对微型扑翼飞行器在专门的低雷诺数试验风洞中进行了扑翼的升力风洞试验, 测试出了微型扑翼飞行器在正常飞行以及向上爬升状态时的升力特性曲线, 并且探讨了扑翼频率、飞行速度以及扑翼的迎角对扑翼飞行升力的影响, 在此基础上, 还分析了扑翼升力的组成部分以及相互关系.实验结果为微型扑翼飞行器总体、气动的进一步设计提供了依据.      

微型飞行器的研究现状及其关键技术

微型飞行器(MAV)是新技术发展的必然产物，是目前国内外研究的一个前沿和热点问题。简述了目前国内外微型飞行器的发展现状，提出了发展微型飞行器亟待解决的几项关键技术问题，给出了解决这些关键技术问题的方法和途径，并对微型飞行器的发展趋势进行了展望。     

相对厚度对低雷诺数流动中翼型动态气动力特性的影响

以固定翼微型飞行器为研究背景,研究了相对厚度对低雷诺数流动中翼型动态气动力特性的影响规律.采用Roe迎风差分格式和双时间步迭代方法,数值求解拟压缩性修正不可压Navier-Stokes方程,给出了数值算法与实验数据的对比验证.以翼型弦长为特征长度,在Re=500～50,000情况下,选取不同最大相对厚度和不同最大相对厚度位置的翼型,计算了其等速上仰时的动态气动力,结果表明前者对气动力影响显著,较小最大相对厚度值可获得较大的动态升阻比.     

柔性-刚性混合翼微型飞行器气动特性研究

提出了一种将柔性翼和刚性翼相结合的柔性-刚性混合翼微型飞行器新概念布局型式，通过与刚性翼微型飞行器的风洞对比试验研究了该新概念布局的气动特性。在此基础上，进行了柔性-刚性混合翼微型飞行器试验原理样机的飞行试验验证。风洞试验和飞行试验研究结果表明：柔性-刚性混合翼微型飞行器的新概念布局是可行的；与刚性翼微型飞行器相比而言，柔性-刚性混合翼微型飞行器具有更好的气动特性，对解决微型飞行器抗风稳定飞行问题是有效的。     

微型飞行器控制与导航系统研究

在介绍了微型飞行器的概念及其功能特点的基础上,探讨了固定翼微型飞行器控制与导航系统的结构。针对我校研制的固定翼微小型飞行器,提出了一种控制与导航系统方案。最后,指出了微型飞行器控制与导航所面临的主要技术问题及其解决思路。     

仿生微型飞行器悬停飞行的空气动力学研究

鉴于仿生微型飞行器在军事及民用领域的广阔应用前景,其一经提出便成为研究热点。仿生微型飞行器悬停飞行的空气动力学是微型飞行器设计的基础,因此伴随仿生微型飞行器的研制,相关空气动力学理论和设计方法也得到了丰富和发展。本文回顾了仿生微型飞行器悬停飞行空气动力学研究的相关进展。首先,介绍目前用于研究仿生微型飞行器空气动力学问题的一系列实验和数值仿真方法;然后,介绍悬停飞行下仿生微型飞行器高升力机理(如打开合拢机制、延迟失速等),并着重讨论了前缘涡稳定性等前沿问题;之后,介绍关于仿生微型飞行器的气动设计流程及方法的研究进展,包括仿生翼的流固耦合研究以及翼的几何、运动及结构参数优化设计研究;最后,对该领域未来的研究方向做了初步探讨,提出应针对蝴蝶、瓢虫等昆虫的飞行高升力机理做进一步探索,并在微型飞行器仿生翼设计及优化技术、仿生微型飞行器飞行动稳定性及控制等方面开展深入研究和关键技术攻关。     

微型飞行器的设计原则和策略

为了探索微型飞行器(MAV)总体设计方法,在简要介绍微型飞行器的概念与技术难点的基础上,笔者根据多年的MAV研究和试验,提出了对微型飞行器设计原则的思考,阐述了研究性和实用性MAV以及固定翼、扑翼和旋翼等不同类型MAV的设计特点。通过MAV设计的矛盾与协调关系、设计方法和优化问题说明了MAV设计的特殊性。最后,展望了微型飞行器设计的发展方向,为微型飞行器总体设计研究提供了参考思路。     

Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers

The creation of micro air vehicles (MAVs) of the same general sizes and weight as natural fliers has spawned renewed interest in flapping wing flight. With a wingspan of approximately 15 cm and a flight speed of a few meters per second, MAVs experience the same low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵) flight conditions as their biological counterparts. In this flow regime, rigid fixed wings drop dramatically in aerodynamic performance while flexible flapping wings gain efficacy and are the preferred propulsion method for small natural fliers. Researchers have long realized that steady-state aerodynamics does not properly capture the physical phenomena or forces present in flapping flight at this scale. Hence, unsteady flow mechanisms must dominate this regime. Furthermore, due to the low flight speeds, any disturbance such as gusts or wind will dramatically change the aerodynamic conditions around the MAV. In response, a suitable feedback control system and actuation technology must be developed so that the wing can maintain its aerodynamic efficiency in this extremely dynamic situation; one where the unsteady separated flow field and wing structure are tightly coupled and interact nonlinearly. For instance, birds and bats control their flexible wings with muscle tissue to successfully deal with rapid changes in the flow environment. Drawing from their example, perhaps MAVs can use lightweight actuators in conjunction with adaptive feedback control to shape the wing and achieve active flow control. This article first reviews the scaling laws and unsteady flow regime constraining both biological and man-made fliers. Then a summary of vortex dominated unsteady aerodynamics follows. Next, aeroelastic coupling and its effect on lift and thrust are discussed. Afterwards, flow control strategies found in nature and devised by man to deal with separated flows are examined. Recent work is also presented in using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators and angular speed variation to achieve active flow control for MAVs. Finally, an explanation for aerodynamic gains seen in flexible versus rigid membrane wings, derived from an unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with an integrated distributed control algorithm, is presented.     

Flapping and flexible wings for biological and micro air vehicles

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) with wing spans of 15 cm or less, and flight speed of 30–60 kph are of interest for military and civilian applications. There are two prominent features of MAV flight: (i) low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵), resulting in unfavorable aerodynamic conditions to support controlled flight, and (ii) small physical dimensions, resulting in certain favorable scaling characteristics including structural strength, reduced stall speed, and low inertia. Based on observations of biological flight vehicles, it appears that wing motion and flexible airfoils are two key attributes for flight at low Reynolds number. The small size of MAVs corresponds in nature to small birds, which do not glide like large birds, but instead flap with considerable change of wing shape during a single flapping cycle. With flapping and flexible wings, birds overcome the deteriorating aerodynamic performance under steady flow conditions by employing unsteady mechanisms. In this article, we review both biological and aeronautical literatures to present salient features relevant to MAVs. We first summarize scaling laws of biological and micro air vehicles involving wing span, wing loading, vehicle mass, cruising speed, flapping frequency, and power. Next we discuss kinematics of flapping wings and aerodynamic models for analyzing lift, drag and power. Then we present issues related to low Reynolds number flows and airfoil shape selection. Recent work on flexible structures capable of adjusting the airfoil shape in response to freestream variations is also discussed.     

双翼布局微型飞行器气动特性试验研究

通过低速风洞试验研究了使用双翼布局改善固定翼微型飞行器（MAV）气动性能的问题。首先比较不同平面形状单翼（齐莫曼翼和反齐莫曼翼）与双翼布局的气动特性。在此基础上为了优化低雷诺数范围内的双翼布局,研究不同几何参数对气动特性的影响,包括双翼不同的翼间距和交错位置以及不同的上下翼平面形状,并分析了造成这种气动性能差异可能存在的流场相互作用机理。研究表明,双翼布局能够改善单翼微型飞行器的气动性能,双翼之间的相对几何位置对其气动特性影响很大。通过不同平面形状上翼与下翼组合的比较发现,就最大升力和升阻比而言,上翼为齐莫曼翼、下翼为反齐莫曼翼且上翼位于下翼上游的布局较优。     

柔性翼微型飞行器水平阵风响应特性实验研究

设计研制了一种飞翼布局的柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器,并在风洞中研究了两种微型飞行器在定常风和水平阵风作用下的气动特性,给出了柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器气动特性的差别。研究结果表明：不论是在定常风情况下,还是在水平阵风环境下,柔性翼的气动特性要优于刚性翼结构,柔性翼具有延迟失速和缓和阵风影响的能力,有利于稳定飞行。PIV测量结果表明：由于柔性翼的变形使刚性翼和柔性翼翼面上的流态不同,从而使微型飞行器的气动特性发生改变。     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

微型扑翼飞行器的气动建模分析与试验

用计算流体力学的数值模拟方法研究了微扑翼飞行器的扑翼飞行的非定常空气动力学问题。在对昆虫扑翼飞行运动的仿生模拟基础上 ,对实际可飞的微扑翼飞行器的扑翼运动建立了三维翼型的运动学与空气动力学模型。利用任意拉格朗日欧拉 ( ALE)有限元方法求解出 N-S方程的数值解 ,证明简单扑翼布局所提供的升力足以克服微扑翼飞行器本身的重力使其飞行。在此基础上 ,分别计算并分析了拍动幅值、俯仰幅度以及扑翼频率等各种扑翼参数对升力的影响。最后 ,探索性的扑翼风洞试验与飞行试验结果在一定程度上验证了文中计算方法的可行性      

等离子体气动激励抑制翼型失速分离的仿真研究

通过求解表面放电的二维流体体力模型,建立了翼型等离子体流动控制的数学模型,得到等离子体气动激励诱导的体力和热量分布,与Navier-Stokes方程耦合求解.进行了低雷诺数条件下,等离子体气动激励抑制NACA0009翼型失速分离的数值仿真研究,研究了等离子体激励的强度、激励电极数目和激励位置对流动分离抑制和翼型升阻特性的影响.在雷诺数为58000、攻角为24°的情况下,施加等离子体激励后,升力系数由0.7449增大到1.2404;阻力系数由0.4012减小到0.3503.      

微型飞行器航时优化

 针对微型飞行器(MAV)低雷诺数条件下续航时间不足的问题,推导了适用于电动推进飞行器的航时计算公式,并提出为实现航时优化的动力系统规划方法。通过初步实验,验证了航时优化理论的正确性,通过规划延长了航时。     

低雷诺数下吹吸气射流对NACA0012翼型气动性能的影响

基于Favre过滤的大涡模拟方法,对雷诺数Re=104,迎角α=6°下的NACA0012翼型上表面吹吸气射流进行了数值模拟,从翼型周围流场流线图、速度场云图、上下表面压力系数曲线以及上表面边界层位移厚度等多角度地分析了射流位置以及速度变化对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:射流位置对翼型气动性能影响较大,且吸气射流要明显优于吹气射流。对于吸气射流,前缘吸气要明显优于中后缘吸气,可有效增升减阻,并减小翼型尾部流动分离,抑制翼型气动参数扰动,其最佳吸气位置随着速度的增大逐渐向下游移动;而吹气射流对翼型气动系数的作用效果较差,但中后缘的吹气射流可减小飞行过程中的气动扰动量,且吹气越大,效果越明显。     

等离子体激励器对微型飞行器横航向气动力矩控制的实验研究

在前期等离子体激励器基本流场特性研究的基础上,将等离子体激励器应用于微型飞行器(MAV)进行气动控制。当来流速度为9.1 m/s时,在微型飞行器机翼吸力面非对称布置不同的单介质阻挡放电(SDBD)等离子体激励器,通过对未施加激励的偏航、滚转力矩曲线和施加激励的偏航、滚转力矩曲线进行对比,发现横航向气动力距发生很大的改变,可以实现对横航向气动力矩的控制。在此基础上,采用图像测速(PIV)技术,对机翼背风面的流场进行研究,分析产生横航向控制力矩的流动机理。通过改变激励器的输入电压、占空比和调制频率,实现对横航向气动力矩的比例控制。