TIA前机载软件成熟度评估的相关研究

率先引入rFAA（美国联邦航空局）提出的软件成熟度的概念。局方正式签发TIA（型号检查核准书）前,在软件的构型和符合性均未达到最终冻结状态的情况下,通过对软件的成熟度进行有效评估,可以为验证试飞前软件的工程批准提供有力的支持与保障,在一定程度上降低局方飞行试验的风险,保障适航验证试飞活动的顺利开展。由于机载软件成熟度足一个新兴的概念,目前局方（FAA、CAAC）对于如何进行成熟度评估尚未形成正式的、通用的政策性指导文件,国内主机厂对此问题也没有相关的处理经验和具体的操作方法。基于机载软件本身的特点,参考局方在机载软件审查时的主要关注点,提出了TIA前机载软件成熟度评估的基本考虑要素与分析重点。     

航空发动机顶层设计指标评价方法及软件开发

采用层次分析、熵值、质量功能展开、模糊综合评价等运筹学的基本方法,结合航空发动机行业的技术特点,建立了一套能够量化评估航空发动机的先进性和技术成熟度等顶层设计指标的评价方法,并在C++Builder编译环境下开发了面向对象的评估软件。在民用航空发动机项目中的实际应用表明,方法能够对航空发动机的先进性和技术风险等顶层设计指标进行合理的量化评估,并对航空发动机研发过程中的技术成熟度进行动态跟踪。     

Use of service history for certification credit for COTS [avionic software]

Much has been written in the last ten years about how the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components would revolutionize the aerospace industry avionics, communication, navigation, surveillance/air traffic management (CNS/ATM) as well as global air traffic management (GATM). Civil aviation authorities around the world have been faced with numerous requests to certify aircraft containing increasing percentages of COTS components, much of it never designed or intended for use in the safety critical environment of an aircraft. Product service history is one method for demonstrating that such software is acceptable for use. In theory, product service history would seem to be a fairly simple concept, both to understand and to apply. However, in practice, such use has proven extremely problematic, as questions of how to measure the historic performance and the relevance of the provided data have surfaced. This paper elaborates a research effort funded by the United States Federal Aviation Administration to collect, analyze, and synthesize what is known and understood about applying product service history. The effort is limited to the topic of software product service history as applied in the certification of airborne systems and equipment.     

民机驾驶舱人为因素适航符合性验证技术

由于人为差错无法完全避免,因此民机驾驶舱人为因素适航符合性验证过程中难以充分表明对规章条款的符合性,通过对人为因素CS-25.1302条款适航条款的详细分析,对驾驶舱人为因素符合性验证的总体思路作出规划,明确了在符合性验证工作中针对飞机系统集成水平、复杂性和新颖度特点的重点关注要素。详细阐述了相似性声明、设计描述、计算分析、评估和试验等驾驶舱人为因素符合性验证方法及其适用条件,结合中国自主研制的大型客机型号开展了驾驶舱评估和飞行员在环模拟器试验中的符合性验证技术研究,研究结果在型号实践中得到应用并表明是有效的。     

民用电传飞机颤振/ASE试飞风险控制技术

现有颤振/ASE试飞风险控制技术相关研究不够系统全面,未充分考虑民用电传飞机试飞特点及机上试飞工程师的作用。系统地研究民用电传飞机颤振/ASE试飞风险控制技术,包括理论评估、测试改装、试飞方法、试飞风险分析、风险降低措施和应急处置程序制定等;针对识别出的颤振/ASE不稳定、不良操稳特性和局部结构损坏等风险源,提出振动超限或异常时客舱试飞工程师切断激励的新技术,开发地面监控专用软件用于实时颤振/ASE裕度定量分析;在某型号试飞中应用该技术进行颤振/ASE试飞科目验证。结果表明:该风险控制技术能够有效降低试飞风险和成本,人工切断技术可在1 s内中止激励保障飞机结构安全,实时分析技术可以快速准确计算稳定裕度并且提高试飞效率。     

Sustainment of legacy automatic test systems: lessons learned on TPS transportability

Sustainment of legacy automatic test systems (ATS) saves cost through the re-use of software and hardware. The ATS consists of the automatic test equipment (ATE), the test program sets (TPSs), and associated software. The associated software includes the architecture the TPSs run on, known as the control software or test station test executive. In some cases, to sustain the legacy ATS, it is more practical to develop a replacement ATE with the latest instrumentation, often in the form of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and software. The existing TPSs, including their hardware and test programs, then need to be transported, or translated, to the new test station. In order to understand how to sustain a legacy ATS by translating TPSs, one must realize the full architecture of the legacy ATS to be replaced. It must be understood that TPS transportability does not only include translating the original TPS from an existing language (such as ATLAS) to a new language (such as "C") to run on a new test station, but includes transporting the run-time environment created by the legacy ATS. This paper examines the similarities and differences of legacy ATE and modern COTS ATE architectures, how the ATS testing philosophy impacts the ease of TPS transportability from legacy ATE to modern-day platforms, and what SEI has done to address the issues that arise out of TPS transportability.     

基于工程经验和层次分析的民机试飞周期影响因素分析及可行性建议

试飞取证是民机研制的重要环节,也是当前国内民机研制亟需补全的短板,过长的试飞周期将给民机研制成本带来极大压力,过度推迟的取证交付计划将会给民机产品的市场竞争力带来不利影响。基于当前国内民机研制经验,总结民机试飞的类型和特点,对比分析已有国内外民机试飞周期数据,结合国内民机实际试飞过程和工程经验,识别出影响当前阶段国内民机试飞周期的主要因素,并基于层次分析法和实际试飞实施案例经验搭建了民机试飞周期影响因素评价分析模型,对各层级影响因素进行了定量分析,得出减少试飞科目可有效减少试飞周期的结论,并就优先级较高的具体影响因素提出了优化完善建议或可行性方案,给出了民机研发试飞管控建议和取得型号检查核准书(type inspection authorization,简称TIA)前试飞科目选取建议,供后续民机研制参考使用。     

Role of BIT in support system maintenance and availability

The role of built in test (BIT) in electronic systems has grown in prominence with the advances in system complexity and concern over maintenance lifecycle costs of large systems. In an environment where standards drive system designs (and provide an avenue for focused advancement in technology), standards for BIT are very much in an evolutionary state. The reasons for advancing the effectiveness of BIT include reduced support overhead, greater, confidence in operation, and increased system availability. The cost of supporting military electronic systems (avionics, communications, and weapons systems) has driven much of the development in BIT technology. But what about the systems that support these end items that contain test and measurement instrumentation - such as automatic test equipment (ATE), simulators and avionics development suites? There has also been a beneficial effect on the maintenance and availability of these systems due to the infusion of BIT into their component assemblies. But the effect has been much more sporadic and fragmented. This paper looks at the state of BIT in test and measurement instruments, explain its affect on system readiness, and present ideas on how to improve BIT technologies and standards. This will not provide definitive answers to BIT development questions, since the factors that affect it are specific to the instrument itself. The topics covered in this paper are: definitions of built-in test, instrument BIT history, importance of BIT fault coverage and isolation in support systems, overview of BIT development process issues that limit the effectiveness of BIT Standards related to instrument BIT, making BIT more effective in support system maintenance and availability and conclusions.     

民用飞机燃油系统负加速度试飞技术研究

一个新型的民用飞机要投入航线使用,必须经过适航合格取证试飞,获得型号合格证、生产许可证和适航证,具备三证才允许走向市场。民用飞机适航取证试飞项目有许多,其中负加速度试飞是民用飞机燃油系统适航取证试验的重要验证项目。民用飞机负加速度试飞在国内尚属首次,具有对机组操纵技术要求高、风险难度大的特点。结合某型民机燃油系统合格审定试飞,研究了民用飞机负加速度的试飞技术,提出了用抛物线试飞方法来完成负加速度试飞任务。主要介绍了负加速度试飞中可能出现问题、试飞前应准备的工作、试飞方法等,并对试验结果进行了分析。     

面向适航认证的模型驱动机载软件构件的安全性验证

 在软件开发的过程中为适航认证提供证据,已成为机载软件开发的研究热点。现代复杂机载软件多为构件化分布式架构,如何有效验证构件之间安全性依赖关系与适航认证标准当中规定目标的一致性,是机载软件设计阶段的一个重要问题。首先,使用系统建模语言(SysML)块图建立带有安全性特征的系统静态结构模型,将其转换为块依赖图以便进行精确的形式化描述。在此基础上给出形式验证方法,检验系统静态结构模型中的安全性依赖关系与适航认证标准中所规定目标之间是否一致。最后,通过一个飞机导航系统的例子说明如何将该方法应用于机载软件开发的过程中。利用这种方法对系统静态结构模型的安全性依赖关系进行验证,能够提高系统整体的安全性,并为适航认证提供证据。     

“单片机应用设计师”的认证促进教学改革

职业资格证书是反映劳动者具备某种职业所需要的专门知识和技能的证明。单片机应用设计师职业资格认证是为广大有志于从事电子信息应用技术、电子产品开发的相关专业大专院校学生及其工程技术人员从事单片机技术研究与开发的重要依据,通过对学生的专业知识、技术、能力的考核和职业化的认证体系,充分体现企业用人需求和岗位技能要求,证书将作为求职、任职、单位录用的依据之一。阐述单片机应用设计师职业资格认证对高职院校《单片机应用技术》的实践教学内容、教学方法和教学手段进行改革的几点启示。     

Design of hybrid-electric aircraft with fault-tolerance considerations

The potential benefits of hybrid-electric or all-electric propulsion have led to a growing interest in this topic over the past decade. Preliminary design of propulsion systems and innovative configurations has been extensively discussed in literature, but steps towards higher levels of technological readiness, optimisation algorithms based on reliable weight estimation and simulation-based mission analysis are required. This paper focuses on the integration of a method for evaluating the lateral-directional controllability of an aircraft within a design chain that integrates aero-propulsive interactions, accurate modelling of the fuel system, and mid-fidelity estimation of the structural weight. Furthermore, the present work proposes a strategy for powerplant management in scenarios with an inoperative chain element. Benefits of hybrid-electric propulsion on the design of the vertical tail plane are evaluated involving the analysis of multiple failure scenarios and certification requirements. The proposed application concerns a commuter aircraft.     

Stability,flying qualities and longitudinal parameter estimation of a twin-engine CS-23 certified light aircraft

This paper presents some results of the flight test campaign conducted on the Tecnam P2006T aircraft, on the occasion of its certification process. This twin-engine propeller airplane is certified under the normal category CS-23 and FAR 23. A prototype of this light aircraft has been tested in flight for a post-design performance optimization and for the assessment of flight qualities. These experiences have led to the application of two winglets to the original wing. The final configuration has been extensively tested for the achievement of CS-23 certification. The longitudinal and lateral-directional response modes have been assessed and quantified. At the same time the longitudinal airplane model, through a dedicated set of flight maneuvers, has been characterized by means of parameter estimation studies. The aircraft stability derivatives have been estimated from the acquired flight data using the identification technique known as Output Error Method (OEM). Some estimated stability derivatives have been also compared with the corresponding values extracted from leveled flight tests and from wind tunnel tests performed on a scaled model of the aircraft.     

热环境下结构固有振动特性试验及分析

高超声速飞行器在气动热环境中,其固有频率和振型会受温度升高的影响而发生变化,从而其颤振特性也要发生改变。本文建立了适用于工程应用的飞行器翼面结构热模态试验方法及试验装置,为验证该方法的有效性,针对高超声速飞行器翼面结构特征,设计和制造了钛合金翼面盒段试验件,测试了高温环境翼面热模态。开展了单面加热、双面加热、温度呈梯度分布加热和随时间变化加热等几种加热方式对比试验,试验结果表明,温度升高对结构模态特性影响明显;且该试验方法具有很高的工程实用价值,可应用于飞行器翼面结构热模态试验;同时,建立了试验件有限元模型,开展了热模态分析,对试验结果和分析结果进行了对比分析和讨论,结果具有较高的一致性。     

基于GJB5000A的型号软件设计过程的研究与实践

结合软件项目在GJB5000A三级的实践过程,针对软件开发过程中发现的问题,分析了型号软件项目研发的特点,总结出基于技术成熟度的软件工程化的实践方法,适用于型号软件工程化的普及和推广。在进行软件设计迭代时,每一次迭代实际上是技术成熟度的提升。对贯标项目如何达到GJB5000A的改进目的进行了探讨。     

民用飞机驾驶舱门抵御穿透要求适航符合性评估方法

民用飞机驾驶舱门系统安装在飞机舱内,用于阻隔驾驶舱和客舱,除供机组人员正常进出驾驶舱外,必须具备防弹及防侵入功能,防止非机组人员抢夺飞机控制权,为机组成员提供安全保护。从驾驶舱门系统抵御穿透适航条款解读入手,对适航审定要求进行研究解读,提出一种民用飞机驾驶舱门抵御穿透试验方法,给出子弹选择、危险弹道确认、枪击点筛选、试验件构型准备等试验实施细节和要求,并以某型民用飞机驾驶舱门系统研发以及抵御穿透适航审定为基础对其进行验证。结果表明：本文提出的驾驶舱门抵御穿透试验方法有效,满足条款符合性,能够为飞机驾驶舱门设计研发以及适航符合性分析验证和相关条款的适航审定工作提供参考。     

从DO-178C的新变化透视软件适航关注点

深刻理解DO-178C标准对于提升机载软件开发能力具有重要意义。分别从软件生存周期过程活动和过程目标两个维度对比和分析DO-178C与DO-178B的差异,按照计划过程、开发过程、验证过程、配置管理过程、质量保证过程和合格审定联络过程分类,列举了每个过程新增的或变更的考虑内容,并详细分析了过程目标的变化。根据差异分析,从强调以目标为中心、源代码到目标码的映射、参数数据、双向追踪、基于需求的鲁棒性测试和耦合性验证6个方面解析了DO-178C强调的思想,并总结了一些可行的实践。     

Assessing the environmental impacts of aircraft noise and emissions

With the projected growth in demand for commercial aviation, many anticipate increased environmental impacts associated with noise, air quality, and climate change. Therefore, decision-makers and stakeholders are seeking policies, technologies, and operational procedures that balance environmental and economic interests. The main objective of this paper is to address shortcomings in current decision-making practices for aviation environmental policies. We review knowledge of the noise, air quality, and climate impacts of aviation, and demonstrate how including environmental impact assessment and quantifying uncertainties can enable a more comprehensive evaluation of aviation environmental policies. A comparison is presented between the cost-effectiveness analysis currently used for aviation environmental policy decision-making and an illustrative cost-benefit analysis. We focus on assessing a subset of the engine NO_X emissions certification stringency options considered at the eighth meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection. The FAA Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT) is employed to conduct the policy assessments. We show that different conclusions may be drawn about the same policy options depending on whether benefits and interdependencies are estimated in terms of health and welfare impacts versus changes in NO_X emissions inventories as is the typical practice. We also show that these conclusions are sensitive to a variety of modeling uncertainties. While our more comprehensive analysis makes the best policy option less clear, it represents a more accurate characterization of the scientific and economic uncertainties underlying impacts and the policy choices.     

基于BP神经网络的飞机完好率建模研究

飞机完好率是检验航空兵部队装备作战能力的重要参数.首先研究了飞机完好率的定义及其计算公式,然后建立了飞机完好率的BP神经网络预测模型,仿真结果验证了该模型的精确性和有效性.     

基于模型测试方法在模拟器客观评估中的应用

逼真度反映飞行模拟器与真实飞机特性的一致性程度。 客观评估是一种通过模拟器与系统实际行为的测试比较来评估逼真度的工程方法。 飞行模拟器分为工程模拟器和训练模拟器。 用于飞行训练的训练模拟器构型很少变化,其测试用例由适航标准指导,而用于设计验证的工程模拟器,根据飞机研制进展经常需要升级或更改,其测试用例也会随之变化。 在当今民用飞机技术日趋复杂的背景下,亟需高效方法开展这一类型模拟器的逼真度客观评估测试。 在实验框架和系统实体结构和模型库框架的基础上,提出了一种基于模型测试的方法,在工程模拟器的客观评估的应用中,该方法可以实现测试用例的自动生成和执行,工作效率提升,流程具备灵活性和适应性,有助于在研飞机的定型或取证。