国外卫星导航定位系统政策分析

20世纪90年代,美国的“全球定位系统”（GPS）和俄罗斯的“全球导航卫星系统”（GLONASS）两大卫星导航定位系统先后全系统投入运行,为卫星导航定位系统的应用建立了新的里程碑。此后,经过短短10多年的发展,GPS取得了巨大成功,成为20世纪最重要的工程技术成就之一。     

基于GPS遥感的延迟映射接收机关键技术

全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)广泛应用于定位和导航,还可利用海面对GPS信号产生的散射效应进行微波遥感,是一种新型微波遥感手段.首先介绍了GPS海洋遥感测风技术产生背景及特点,给出了GPS散射信号测量技术理论基础,重点分析了延迟映射接收机设计中提高采样信号信噪比、双射频前端电路设计、计算反射点延迟、接收机工作模式、内嵌软件处理等5项关键技术.设计的延迟映射接收机样机在天津近海完成了首次搭载飞行试验,试验结果表明,延迟映射接收机可同时接收直射和海面散射卫星信号并输出导航定位解,正确计算镜面散射点码延迟,准确接收海面散射的GPS卫星信号,且散射信号信噪比达到了14.9 dB以上,接收机输出为反演海面风场提供了准确的基础数据,这种方式可推广到遥感探测陆地土壤湿度、海冰厚度、海浪高度等领域.      

太空新航线

日本开发出高精度定位系统 日本三菱电机公司最近开发出一种新型高精度定位系统。现在人们一般使用全球定位系统(GPS)实现定位和导航。用户通过接收多颗卫星发出的信号实现三维定位,再从车辆附近的基准点取得误差校正值,提高定位精度。GPS系统通常只使用一个基准点,车辆的移动拉长了其与基准点的     

基于D-S证据理论的GPS/MM组合系统车辆定位算法

根据分段、特征提取等地图匹配关键技术探讨了地图匹配的一般原理,提出了基于D-S证据推理理论的GPS(Global Positioning System)/MM(Map Matching)组合算法,提高了GPS单点定位精度.仿真结果和跑车实验验证结果表明上述方法是行之有效的.地图匹配算法不增加系统的硬件成本,对目前广泛应用的车载GPS导航定位系统是一个有效的解决方案.      

自适应卡尔曼滤波器在陆地车辆导航中的应用

建立了车载GPS(Global Positioning System)/DR(Dead-Reckoning)组合导航系统自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波模型及其算法,从而大大提高了车辆导航系统的定位精度.首次提出依据PDOP(位置误差系数)等GPS定位系统的输出参数,自动调整观测噪声协方差阵[WTHX]R和系统噪声协方差阵Q[WT]的大小,从而自适应地调整组合导航系统模型性能的方法,使得模型具有较强的适应性.计算机仿真及实验结果表明应用该模型具有良好的效果.      

美国升级GPS力保“黄金标杆”地位

美国正在对GPS（全球卫星定位系统）进行升级改造。去年5月，美国审计署出台报告指出，美国的GPS日益老化，超期服役，前景堪忧。     

国外导航卫星系统发展的启示

星基导航定位系统具有全球性(空中、陆地和海洋)、全天候和连续实时等特点，能及时测定运动载体的七维状态参数和三维姿态参数，其用途之广、影响之大，是任何其他无线导航定位系统所不可比拟的。目前，能够提供全球导航的系统有GPS和Glonass，正在发展的有欧洲Galileo。     

SINS／GPS组合系统的蒙特卡洛仿真

以考虑位置误差相关项的伪距率观测模型，对遥感中使用的SINS/GPS为距、伪距率组合系统进行了蒙特卡洛仿真。结果表明，组合系统的长期位置精度能达到5m以内；GPS数据更新率低于SINS，在GPS测量时间间隔内，组合系统的性能仅由SINS决定，虽然SINS的误差随时间积累，但在GPS测量时间间隔为秒数量级的情况下，即使采用中等精度的惯性的误差随时间积累，但在GPS测量时间间隔为秒数量级的情况下，即使采用中等精度的惯性仪表，其相对位置精度可达到厘米级（这里相对位置精度指组合系统在GPS测量时间间隔内位置误差的变化范围）。     

基于相互测距信息的机群组网协同定位技术

在网络中心战条件下,针对无GPS(Global Positioning System)时如何提高机群的导航定位精度问题,构建了以机载数据链和惯导系统为核心的协同定位系统,设计了协同定位系统的测距方案,分析了协同定位过程中的时间同步问题,提出了一种基于机间相互测距信息的机群组网协同定位方法.该方法利用几何图形平移旋转来估计机群各飞机的惯导系统定位误差.仿真表明:该方法可以用于长时间估计惯导位置误差,有效延缓惯导位置误差的发散速度,当5架飞机协同定位时,机群惯导位置精度将提高2倍左右.     

低轨卫星的北斗反射信号海洋覆盖分析

北斗系统作为我国自行研制的导航系统，具有独特的混合星座特性，其反射事件在海洋上的空间分布和覆盖性能的研究成果较少。针对上述问题，模拟了北斗三号（Beidou System 3，BDS3）以及全球定位系统（Global Positioning System，GPS）空间星座，模拟不同性能参数的低轨接收卫星，在此仿真系统的基础上，计算反射事件在各仿真场景下的海洋覆盖率以及同时发生反射事件的卫星数量。结果表明：BDS3与GPS相比具有更大的反射事件海洋覆盖率，覆盖性能更优；仿真周期7天与1天相比,前者卫星产生的反射事件海洋覆盖率约为后者5倍；低轨道卫星（Low Earth Orbit,LEO）轨道高度越高，天线波束角度越大，反射事件海洋覆盖率越大；3颗LEO卫星下同时发生反射事件卫星数的平均值约为单颗LEO卫星的3倍。可通过设计多星组网来提高反射事件海洋覆盖率。研究结果对星载反射技术海洋遥感应用方面有一定的参考价值。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。