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1.
Two experiments are reported that use a ``point-to-unseen-targets' task to study the role of egocentric reference frames in the retrieval of survey knowledge learned from either studying a map or navigating an environment. In Experiment 1, performance was generally consistent with the hypothesis that map knowledge is retrieved using a frame of reference centered on the eye, characterized by (a) a fixed orientation in a ``frontal representational plane' and (b) equal access to spatial relations both in front of, or above, and behind, or below, a right-left retrieval axis. The results of Experiment 2 were consistent with the hypothesis that environment knowledge is retrieved within a frame of reference centered on the body, characterized by (a) flexible orientation within a ``transverse representational plane' and (b) privileged access to spatial relations located in front of the right-left retrieval axis in representational space. Both types of knowledge function as if they preserve information about the Euclidean angles connecting elements in physical space. 相似文献
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According to the data of the BMSW/SPEKTR-R instrument, which measured the density and velocity of solar wind plasma with a record time resolution, up to ~3 ×10–2 s, the structure of the front of interplanetary shocks has been investigated. The results of these first investigations were compared with the results of studying the structure of the bow shocks obtained in previous years. A comparison has shown that the quasi-stationary (averaged over the rapid oscillations) distribution of plasma behind the interplanetary shock front was significantly more inhomogeneous than that behind the bow-shock front, i.e., in the magnetosheath. It has also been shown that, to determine the size of internal structures of the fronts of quasi-perpendicular (θBN > 45°) shocks, one could use the magnetic field magnitude, the proton density, and the proton flux of the solar wind on almost equal terms. A comparison of low Mach (М А < 2), low beta (β1 < 1) fronts of interplanetary and bow shocks has shown that the dispersion of oblique magnetosonic waves plays an essential role in their formation. 相似文献
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Based on the data of the BMSW instrument installed on the of SPEKTR-R spacecraft, as well as according to the data of instruments of the WIND spacecraft, etc., using two examples, the paper has studied the role of ions reflected from the front and associated structural features of quasi-perpendicular interplanetary shocks (IS) with the Alfvén Mach number М A lower than the first critical Mach number М c1 . It has been shown that BSs with the finite parameter 0.1 < β1 < 1 contain a small fraction of reflected protons, which play a significant role in forming the front structure (β1 is the ratio of gas-to-magnetic pressure before the shock front). In particular, in the case of a perpendicular shock recorded on August 24, 2013 (the angle between the magnetic field direction and the normal to the front θBn ≈ 85°), an IS with a small Mach number (МA ≈ 1.4) and small β1 ≈ 0.2 is shown that the interactions of reflected ions with inflowing solar wind may result in the collisionless heating of ions in front of and behind it. The case of the oblique (θBn = 63°) IS on April 19, 2014 with a small Mach number (М A ≈ 1.2) and small β1 ≈ 0.5 has been investigated. It has been found that, before the front, there is a sequence of trains of magnetosonic waves, the amplitude of which decreases to zero upon increasing their distance from the front. The mechanism of their formation is associated with the development of instability caused by the ions reflected from the front. 相似文献
4.
Environmental reference systems for large-scale spaces 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Human navigation in well-known environments is guided by stored memory representations of spatial information. In three experiments (N = 43) we investigated the role of different spatial reference systems when accessing information about familiar objects at different locations in the city in which the participants lived. Our results indicate that two independent reference systems underly the retrieval of spatial knowledge. Environmental characteristics, e.g., the streets at an intersection, determine which headings are easier to imagine at a given location and lead to differences in accessibility of spatial information (orientation-specific behavior). In addition, access to spatial information depends on the relative direction of a location with respect to the imagined heading, such that information about locations imagined in front of oneself is easier to access than about locations towards the back. This influence of an egocentric reference system was found for environmental knowledge as well as map-based knowledge. In light of these reference system effects, position-dependent models of spatial memory for large-scale environments are discussed. To account for the simultaneous effect of an environmental and an egocentric reference system, we present a 2-level model of spatial memory access. 相似文献
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Tafforin C 《Acta Astronautica》1990,21(4):271-280
Weightlessness in man induces changes in astronaut orientations and consequently in his patterns of movements and postures. An ethological method has been used to describe the "overall" spontaneous behaviour of astronauts as seen from video recordings made during Space Flights. The work has consisted in analysing the relationships between orientation, movement and posture as an indication of a motor adaptative reorganization in such a situation. The results obtained lead us to consider three different aspects: (1) Orientation references. The astronaut orientates himself with reference to the Space Shuttle's internal structure; the increase of visual activity confirms the choice of the retinal vertical as frame of reference. (2) Motor coordination. The main data reveals a decrease in motor stereotypes by the diversity of motor acts observed and the importance of the link between orientation and posture described as follows: slightly inclined forward position, with legs flexed at about 135 degrees. (3) Cognitive references. There appears to be a new organization of the cognitive image of the body scheme, the missing vestibular information being supplied by peripheral vision instead which could play a role in the astronaut's perception of his own movement. 相似文献
7.
This article aims at formal specifications of reference systems in spatial cognition. It concentrates on two roles of reference systems connected to spatial language: reference systems resolving ambiguities and reference systems forming a basis for the classification of linguistic terms. Although coordinate systems are often seen as candidates for the geometric structure of reference systems, it is shown here that they do not appear in the explanations that go into the details. An analysis of the German terms vor, hinter, rechts and links (in front of, in back of, right, left) presents an alternative model for the geometric structure of spatial reference systems. 相似文献
8.
Here are reported preliminary results of the “Synergy” experiment performed aboard the Russian orbital station “MIR” in July 1993 (Altaïr Mission). The experiment was carried out before, during, and after the space flight of two astronauts (S1 and S2). The duration of the flight was 21 days for S1 and 6 month for S2. The subjects were tested during preflight, inflight and postflight. The astronaut subjects were fixed on the ground by the feet. They were asked to pick up a box in front of them on the ground. Two velocities of movement and two distances of the target to be reached were tested. The movement of several small markers placed on the body was recorded on video tape.
Results show that the shape of head and hand trajectories in the sagittal plane remains roughly the same during the flight in spite of the modification of mechanical constraints. Trajectory invariance does not result in joint angular displacement invariance. These data indicate that the planning of the movement takes place in terms of head and hand trajectories rather than joint rotations as it was previously suggested for simple arm reaching movement. 相似文献
9.
How do people describe the location of a target object to another? This task requires a reference object or frame and terms of reference. Traditional linguistic analyses have loosely organized perspectives around people, objects, or environments as reference objects, using reference terms based on a viewpoint or the intrinsic sides of an object, such as left, right, front, and back or based on the environment, such as north, south, east, and west. In actual communication, social, spatial, and cognitive factors may also affect perspective choice. We examine those factors by varying the spatial information (landmarks and cardinal directions), the communication task (relative cognitive burden to speakers and addressees), and the culture of participants (American and Japanese). Speakers used addressees' perspectives more when addressees had the greater cognitive burden. They also used landmarks and cardinal directions when they were available, especially to avoid difficult discriminations like left/right. Some cases appearing to be perspective taking can be interpreted as using a person as a landmark. Finally, terms like near indicating close proximity were preferred to far and to terms requiring projection of directions. Globally, perspective choices of American and Japanese samples were strikingly similar; that is, Japanese did not select addressees' perspectives more than Americans. The traditional linguistic analyses need to be enhanced to account for effects of cognitive, situational, and social factors. 相似文献
10.
Abstract This paper investigates the impact of geometrical and nongeometrical features on the use of the lexical concepts NEAR and FAR in English and Finnish. Participants' acceptability ratings for these concepts demonstrate that a bar in between a Figure and a Ground acts as a scale-setting object but not as a distance enhancing barrier, shows that the influence of the geometrical feature Figure–Ground distance exceeds the influence of several nongeometrical features, but most of all reveals that language specific lexical properties associated with NEAR and FAR predict language dependent effects for functional relatedness in interaction with Figure–Ground distance and bar presence. 相似文献
11.
《Spatial Cognition & Computation》2013,13(2):145-160
A sentence describing a spatial relationship includes at least two objects: a located object and a reference object. The presence of an extra object in a scene that is recognized as neither a located nor a reference object, reduces the acceptability of spatial terms related to the spatial relationship between reference and located objects under given conditions (Carlson & Logan, 2001). However, it is still unclear how the overall acceptability distribution of a spatial term changes in a scene when an extra object is present in various locations. In this study, we examined this point, using the paired comparison method with Thurstone's law of judgment (Case V). The results showed that an extra object had both relative increase and reduction effects on the overall acceptability distribution of a spatial term. This suggests that our linguistic apprehension of the spatial relationship is biased intricately by the presence of extra objects. 相似文献
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用拉氏量计和分析技术研究固体推进剂冲击波作用过程 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文建立了适合于研究固体推进剂冲击波作用过程的拉氏量计和分析技术,应用这种技术能清楚地表现固体推进剂内部状态变化过程和化学反应过程。并用这种技术研究了聚硫复合推进剂、丁羟复合推进剂、双基推进剂和改性双基推进剂冲击波转爆轰和爆轰过程。结果表明,复合推进剂与双基和改性双基推进具有明显不同的状态变化过程和化学反应过程。 相似文献
13.
The paper is concerned with studying the thickness of fronts of 38 interplanetary shocks detected by the BMSW instrument, which is a part of the scientific payload of the SPEKTR-R spacecraft, which was launched into a highly elliptical orbit in 2011. The main parameters of the interplanetary shocks have been calculated as follows: the ratio of thermal pressure to magnetic pressure before the front β, the angle between the shock front normal and the undisturbed magnetic field θBn, the ratio of the shock propagation velocity to the magnetosonic velocity in the undisturbed region Mms, and the shock front velocity relative to the Earth. It has been shown that the front thickness determined from the plasma parameters approximately matches the front thickness obtained from the magnetic field measurements and lies between 0.5 and 5 proton inertial lengths. In some events, the oscillations have been observed (upstream and downstream of the shock) in plasma parameters and in the magnetic field data. The length has been found to be between 0.5 and 6 proton inertial lengths for the preceding oscillations and between 0.5 and 10 proton inertial lengths for the following oscillations. The average value of the proton inertial length is 62 km. 相似文献
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"Mount Everest" is a vague name. That is (on the account here defended) there are many portions of reality all of which have equal claims to serve as its referent. We propose a new account of such vagueness in terms of a theory of what we shall call granular partitions. We distinguish different kinds of crisp and non-crisp granular partitions and we describe the relations between them, concentrating especially on spatial examples. In addition, we describe the practice whereby subjects use systems of reference grids as a means for tempering the vagueness of their judgments for example when they say that Libya straddles the Equator or that the meeting will take place between 2 and 3pm. We then demonstrate how the theory of reference partitions can yield a natural account of this practice, which is referred to in the literature as 'approximation'. 相似文献
16.
In this paper, we analyzed the thermal and energy characteristics of the plasma components observed during the magnetic dipolarizations in the near tail by the Cluster satellites. It was previously found that the first dipolarization the ratio of proton and electron temperatures (T p/T e) was ~6–7. At the time of the observation of the first dipolarization front T p/T e decreases by up to ~3–4. The minimum value T p/T e (~2.0) is observed behind the front during the turbulent dipolarization phase. Decreases in T p/T e observed at this time are associated with an increase in T e, whereas the proton temperature either decreases or remains unchanged. Decreases of the value T p/T e during the magnetic dipolarizations coincide with increase in wave activity in the wide frequency band up to electron gyrofrequency f ce. High-frequency modes can resonantly interact with electrons causing their heating. The acceleration of ions with different masses up to energies of several hundred kiloelectron-volts is also observed during dipolarizations. In this case, the index of the energy spectrum decreases (a fraction of energetic ions increases) during the enhancement of low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations at frequencies that correspond to the gyrofrequency of this ion component. Thus, we can conclude that the processes of the interaction between waves and particles play an important role in increasing the energy of plasma particles during magnetic dipolarizations. 相似文献
17.
为研究空气加热器的声学振荡特性并为其设计和后续的试验方案提供借鉴,对空气加热器不同喷嘴位置处的喷雾火焰形成的声学振荡进行了数值仿真,重点研究了多个离散点处的不稳定特征以及燃烧室内的流场演化过程。仿真结果捕捉到了燃烧不稳定的典型特征,如起振、线性增长、稳定极限环;非稳态流场直观地展示出喷注面板中心位置处的喷嘴形成的喷雾火焰容易形成二阶横向声学振荡,并且这种振荡形式具有从喷注面板向喷管入口传播的行波特征;离面板中心53.6mm的喷嘴形成的喷雾火焰容易形成一阶横向声学振荡,这种振荡形式没有明显的行波特征。 相似文献
18.
从汉译英的赘冗和疏漏问题看汉英语法特征之差异——汉语语法的柔性之于英语语法的刚性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文从汉译英的翻译实践出发,从英语译文的错误以及汉英译文对比中,去发现并分析汉语和英语语法特征的差异。论述了英语语法的刚性、显性和汉语语法的柔性、隐性,并从语言对思维的影响的角度,探讨了汉语语言文化的深邃独特和英语语言的缜密精确。 相似文献
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为研究跨超声速阶段来流马赫数、来流攻角及配平翼展开角的变化对进入器壁面脉动压力环境的影响规律,本文采用脱体涡方法对火星进入器模型开展非定常数值模拟,获取壁面不同位置处的脉动压力信息。研究表明:在跨超声速阶段,进入器壁面脉动压力环境随马赫数的增加而趋于减缓。配平翼迎风面分离区受脱体激波影响明显,当来流马赫数较小时,可压缩效应较弱,分离区涡流运动剧烈,诱导的脉动压力环境较强;随着来流马赫数的增加,脱体激波对分离区抑制作用增强,分离区运动受到限制,诱导的脉动压力环境趋于平缓。此外,随着来流攻角增加,配平翼迎风面上再附点的位置向翼根方向转移,从而使翼根处的脉动压力环境趋于恶劣。当配平翼展开180°时,分离区再附点位置基本固定,配平翼迎风面脉动压力环境得到一定程度的减缓。功率谱分析表明,在配平翼迎风面上诱导的脉动压力能量主要集中在中低频区域。 相似文献