Standardisation of the graphical and operator input device modulesfor tactical command and control man/machine interfaces

Since many of the MMI systems designed for Tactical Command and Control operating environments are similar in nature, there is a need to standardise certain elements of the systems. This paper gives a summary of the investigation into standardising certain graphical MMI elements, and operator input device elements for Tactical Command and Control systems. This standardisation allows for rapid prototyping on low-cost platforms, as well as enabling the code to be transferred easily between different operating platforms     

自主近距空战中机动动作库及其综合控制系统

针对自主近距空战中机动动作库的设计,采用定性与定量结合的方法对机动动作进行描述,以准确体现机动动作的几何形态和战术意义,构成含描述参数的机动动作库。对于机动动作的控制,提出了按照任务控制-运动学控制-动力学控制-被控对象划分的综合控制系统多层递阶结构。其中,机动动作控制器针对每种机动动作分别设计指令生成器,生成气流角和速率指令;气流角控制器采用含指令滤波的backstepping方法进行控制律设计。以半滚倒转和高速摇摇为例进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明,机动动作的描述参数能准确体现其几何形态和战术意义,并通过综合控制系统实现有效控制。     

Airborne platform capability assessment

It is expected that the multimode weapons systems of the future will be highly fault tolerant, possessing the ability to perform tactical missions with both full or degraded functional capabilities. The fault-tolerant system characteristics will allow systems with less than the fully specified functional capabilities to be engaging in combat. This design feature will present the operators of these weapons system with the operational challenge of selecting and/or assigning weapons platforms with degraded capabilities to carry out tactical missions. An in-system assessment process is proposed to evaluate the operability for these weapons platforms on the basis of current functional status, the reliability of the hardware resources within the system's avionics, and the resources required by the various application modes to accomplish mission tasks     

基于RHC-GCPSO的末端规避轨迹最优控制方法

针对传统典型末端规避战术实时性低、操作难度大和规避效果差等缺点,研究了一种实时指令控制的战斗机末端规避战术轨迹控制方法;分析了增大脱靶量的末端规避原理,在以导弹为原点的球坐标系下建立了导弹与战斗机的相对运动模型;结合战斗机动力学模型,建立了脱靶量末端规避数学模型;选取脱靶量为优化指标,建立了战术轨迹最优控制指令模型;提出了滚动关联粒子群算法并对该模型进行求解,得到了战斗机的最优战术机动控制指令;通过仿真,对比了滚动关联粒子群与粒子群、混沌粒子群三种算法对最优控制指令模型求解的结果,验证了该算法的优越性.     

Effectiveness of MMW aerosols in defeating a battlefieldsurveillance radar: field demonstration preliminary results

The US Army ERDEC is developing advanced aerosol systems to combat threat surveillance, fire control, and seeker systems operating in the visible, infrared, and millimeter wave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. One such system is the M56 multispectral smoke generator, which presently operates in the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum; a millimeter wave (MMW) Module is in development to extend the M56 spectral range. This paper documents preliminary results of a field demonstration test of the M56 MMW Module. An MMW instrumentation radar was modified to simulate the scan pattern and radar parameters of a tactical battlefield surveillance radar system. A test grid was populated with both stationary and moving tactical targets, and the radar scanned the grid to simulate a surveillance radar in operation. Once a realistic tactical engagement scenario was developed, MMW aerosols were deployed to demonstrate the impact such aerosols could have on radar detection and classification performance     

Emission management for low probability intercept sensors in network centric warfare

Sensor platforms with active sensing equipment such as radars may betray their existence, by emitting energy that can be intercepted by enemy surveillance sensors thereby increasing the vulnerability of the whole combat system. To achieve the important tactical requirement of low probability of intercept (LPI) requires dynamically controlling the emission of platforms. In this paper we propose computationally efficient dynamic emission control and management algorithms for multiple networked heterogenous platforms. By formulating the problem as a partially observed Markov decision process (POMDP) with an on-going multi-armed bandit structure, near optimal sensor management algorithms are developed for controlling the active sensor emission to minimize the threat posed to all the platforms. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these control/management algorithms.     

MILDATA?A Study of Post-1975 Command Control Information Systems

MILDATA was an Army-sponsored exploratory development study in the area of digital computer technology. Its objective was to explore and evaluate new organizational concepts for hardware and software in a tactical command control information system (CCIS) and to develop new measures of effectiveness and methods for evaluating system performance. It was assumed that the MILDATA system would be operational in the field army during the time frame 1975-1985. A unique feature of the MILDATA concept is an unprecedented degree of modularity which provides flexibility to fulfill a wide variety of tactical data processing requirements. This paper supplies necessary background on CCIS requirements and develops modular design criteria. It then summarizes MILDATA study requirements and the general nature of the results obtained and outlines a program of future work. Finally, an attempt is made to systematize the experience gained during MILDATA as an aid to the organization of future exploratory development studies.     

An extrapolation approach for aeroengine’s transient control law design

Transient control law ensures that the aeroengine transits to the command operating state rapidly and reliably. Most of the existing approaches for transient control law design have complicated principle and arithmetic. As a result, those approaches are not convenient for application. This paper proposes an extrapolation approach based on the set-point parameters to construct the transient control law, which has a good practicability. In this approach, the transient main fuel control law for acceleration and deceleration process is designed based on the main fuel flow on steady operating state. In order to analyze the designing feature of the extrapolation approach, the simulation results of several different transient control laws designed by the same approach are compared together. The analysis indicates that the aeroengine has a good performance in the transient process and the designing feature of the extrapolation approach conforms to the elements of the turbofan aeroengine.     

Robotic technology integration for army ground vehicles

This paper discusses the US Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center's (TARDEC's) four (4) axis strategy for integration of robotics into the legacy, interim, and objective forces. At the cornerstone of this strategy is the R&D effort concentrating on autonomous perception and navigation, intelligent tactical behavior, command and control, and man-robot interface entailed in the Demo III and Robotic Follower programs. Smart Manned Systems focuses on a systems engineering approach for robotic solutions into the interim force (Vetronics Technology Testbed and Crew Integration & Automation Testbed). In the near-term, application of robotics to the legacy force will be achieved through adapting commercial automation technologies, which address military requirements. Finally, Intelligent Mobility will investigate improving intrinsic platform mobility to lessen the burden on robotic sensing performance. The ultimate goal of this strategy is to advance the robotics technology state-of-the-art to achieve off-road full autonomous operations for military systems in support of the objective force     

Digital Flight Control Research Using Microprocessor Technology

The Flight Research Laboratory at Princeton University is engaged in an experimental program to investigate a variety of approaches to digital control by actual flight test. Experimentation is being conducted with Princeton's 6-DOF variableresponse research aircraft (VRA), which is equipped for direct side-force control, direct-lift control, feedback of all motion variables, and multiple-pilot command modes. VRA avionics have been augmented by a microprocessor digital flight control system (Micro-DFCS), which uses off-the-shelf computer components capable of operating in parallel or in series with the existing variable-response system. The digital control laws operate in conjunction either with the "bare airframe" dynamics of the VRA or with the dynamics of a simulated aircraft, provided by the existing variable-response system. The initial flight control computer program CAS-1 provides three longitudinal control options: direct (unaugmented) command, pitch rate command, and normal acceleration command. The latter two options are "Type 0" systems designed by linear-quadratic control theory. Future Micro-DFCS software will provide a variety of increasingly complex control options, including "Type 1," logic, gain scheduling, coupled 3-axis control, and "CCV" command modes.     

Digitized mapping: the key to achieving a common command and control picture

One of the main goals in transforming the Army is the process of moving away from the use of paper maps and grease pencils into more embedded and computer-oriented forms of command and control. There are currently many weapons platforms trying to achieve this function; however, each platform is developing their own solution to meet individual needs. The Army as a whole needs to standardize on a single path forward to ensure that all systems can communicate across the digitized battlefield, allow for each platform to have a "common picture," and promote software reuse across the Army. Once this "common picture" is achieved, the armed forces will have the information needed to continue domination of the battlefield.     

Security technology

Security requirements and capabilities have changed dramatically over the past fifty years. Personal identification and detection of illegal substances including explosives have come to the forefront. With the proliferation of computers the security of information has also become a major concern. Substantial advances have been made over the last three decades in entry control, counter-terrorism, cryptology and airport protection. The utilization of technology has become an irreversible trend. Electronic devices and systems are capable of automatically and tirelessly monitoring and reporting breaches of security. For example, airport security began with physical protection of the facility with fences and area surveillance. The most recent concern is detecting explosives in both checked and early-on baggage, Other techniques relate to monitoring passengers for weapons as they transit the terminal building, especially crowds gathered at the metal detectors and X-ray machines. The application of electronics has produced reliability improvements and cost savings in systems that protect against unauthorized entry and numerous other threats. PCs have become the heart of security command and control systems. Most PC platforms rely on the proven software stability of Windows NT and present data in human-friendly, graphic format. It is expected that in the near future security monitoring will be consolidated in a central location, possibly to be integrated with other command and control functions     

Accuracy and Error Sens-itivities for Circular Scan Correlator Systems

Correlation guidance systems are being developed and implemented as a means of improving the performance of tactical and strategic missiles. Performance predictions for these systems often neglect the actual correlator structure due to the mathematical difficulties associated with analyzing practical operating correlation systems. In this paper accuracy predictions and error sensitivities to systematic error sources are presented for a circular scan correlation system using the tracking form of the modified difference squared correlation algorithm. In addition, the sine/cosine modulation required to generate the X and Y tracking commands is considered, as well as unequal range and azimuth resolution. The techniques developed to perform this analysis can be easily applied in a simplified fashion to noncircular scan systems and to correlators using a product correlation algorithm.     

飞行轨迹指令综合跟踪控制器设计

运用多重尺度奇异摄动理论,结合动态逆解耦理论和动态平衡点邻区域优化线性化系统的优化解耦控制律理论,研究了战术任务综合飞行管理系统的综合飞行轨迹指令跟踪控制器系统化设计方法。对F-15飞机,设计了综合飞行轨迹跟踪控制器。数字仿真结果表明,设计的跟踪控制器能够控制飞机精确跟踪不同时标集的飞行指令。     

STABC-IR: An air target intention recognition method based on bidirectional gated recurrent unit and conditional random field with space-time attention mechanism

The battlefield environment is changing rapidly, and fast and accurate identification of the tactical intention of enemy targets is an important condition for gaining a decision-making advantage. The current Intention Recognition (IR) method for air targets has shortcomings in temporality, interpretability and back-and-forth dependency of intentions. To address these problems, this paper designs a novel air target intention recognition method named STABC-IR, which is based on Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) and Conditional Random Field (CRF) with Space-Time Attention mechanism (STA). First, the problem of intention recognition of air targets is described and analyzed in detail. Then, a temporal network based on BiGRU is constructed to achieve the temporal requirement. Subsequently, STA is proposed to focus on the key parts of the features and timing information to meet certain interpretability requirements while strengthening the timing requirements. Finally, an intention transformation network based on CRF is proposed to solve the back-and-forth dependency and transformation problem by jointly modeling the tactical intention of the target at each moment. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the jointly trained STABC-IR model can reach 95.7%, which is higher than other latest intention recognition methods. STABC-IR solves the problem of intention transformation for the first time and considers both temporality and interpretability, which is important for improving the tactical intention recognition capability and has reference value for the construction of command and control auxiliary decision-making system.     

Remote Sensing: The Next 50 Years

Remote sensing is viewed as a complete system for observing and managing man's environment on Earth. The sensing portion of the system consists of space, air, and ground observing platforms, sensors, communications, computational capabilities and interpretation, and recognition algorithms. The data are put to use using environmental models, geographic information systems, and management models. Progress and potentials in each of these system elements are reviewed and projected. Existing and potential uses are sketched and certain institutional, diplomatic, and national security issues are identified. Some underlying reasons for belief in continued progress are mentioned and the need for certain crucial choices in the future stated which will determine which of a number of possible futures will be realized.     

基于资源共享的分布式机载软件测试系统设计

随着装备软件系统的发展,越来越多的硬件功能软件化,装备软件的发展朝着高综合、高集成、一体化的趋势发展。目前航空航天装备软件中,嵌入式软件占据主导地位,相较通用计算机软件,嵌入式软件的测试具有面向特定应用,有实时操作系统支持,运行芯片和平台较为固定,并且需要特定的数字总线资源进行数据注入等特点。尤其对于复杂的,高度综合化模块架构的嵌入式软件系统软件测试,对于测试和验证系统的要求也越来越高,数据采集、数据记录、数据激励、数据监控、数据分析等各种测试和验证系统的需求也使得综合化软件测试验证系统结构越来越复杂,基于分布式架构的软件测试系统已经成为必然趋势。结合嵌入式综合化软件测试系统的功能要求以及测试系统的特点,提出了一种基于对等架构下的分布式测试系统设计,该设计不仅能够满足嵌入式软件运行平台规模的扩展,也能够在分布式架构下实现软件运行平台内部资源的共享。     

BTT导弹的抖动抑制多模型切换控制

 基于线性系统特征结构配置和模型跟踪方法,以及优化工具,提出了可以有效抑制抖动的多模型切换控制策略,并用该策略设计了 BTT导弹俯仰 /偏航通道的自动驾驶仪。在导弹的整个飞行轨道上选取了若干点,分别建立起描述 BTT导弹俯仰 /偏航运动的线性时不变数学模型。对各个线性时不变模型,分别用特征结构配置方法设计反馈控制器对系统进行镇定。为了使导弹过载跟踪制导指令,又基于模型跟踪方法设计了前馈控制器。当导弹跨越不同特征点区域时,控制器要进行切换。为了减小切换时的抖动,针对切换后的特征结构配置反馈控制器,利用优化工具合理选取其自由度。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法令导弹的输出过载准确跟踪制导指令,而且切换抖动得到有效抑制。     

Linear time-varying eigenstructure assignment with flight control application

This work is concerned with the assignment of a desired PD-eigenstructure for linear time-varying systems. Despite its well-known limitations, gain scheduling control appeared to be a focus of the research efforts. Scheduling of frozen-time, frozen-state controllers for fast time-varying dynamics is known to be mathematically fallacious, and practically hazardous. Therefore, recent research efforts are being directed towards applying time-varying controllers. In this paper we: 1) introduce a differential algebraic eigenvalue theory for linear time-varying systems; and 2) propose a PD-eigenstructure assignment scheme via a differential Sylvester equation and a command generator tracker (CGT) for linear time-varying systems. The PD-eigenstructure assignment is utilized as a regulator. A feedforward gain for tracking control is computed by using the command generator tracker. The whole design procedures of the proposed PD-eigenstructure assignment scheme are systematic in nature. The scheme could be used to determine the stability of linear time-varying systems easily as well as to provide a new horizon of designing controllers for the linear time-varying systems. A missile flight control application is presented to validate the proposed schemes.