面向Web科学可视化的临近空间数据视频化方法

临近空间在科学、经济和军事等领域具有重要价值，高效便捷地进行临近空间数据Web科学可视化和信息提取是临近空间数据应用不断深入和扩展的必然需求，但是，已有的临近空间数据类型繁杂和数据量巨大，成为Web传输和实时可视化的关键瓶颈。从数据组织方法角度展开了研究，根据临近空间数据的特点，结合视频压缩原理，提出了将临近空间数据进行分解、插值和色彩空间变换处理形成图像后，选取适宜视频压缩编码方法将图像编码为视频。实验结果表明:所提方法可以实现临近空间数据在Web环境下的高效组织，在保障可视化质量的前提下通过降低数据网络传输量实现了临近空间数据的实时可视化需求。研究结果可以直接解决临近空间数据Web实时可视化问题，将为临近空间科学研究和知识发现提供可视化理论和技术支持，并为类似海量数据Web科学可视化提供方法借鉴。      

火星多光谱相机的地面几何标定研究

随着航空航天技术的飞速发展,作为地球近邻的火星成为当今国际空间大国的主要研究目标。为完成火星巡视区形貌和地质探测任务,可直接使用多光谱相机获取的高分辨率真彩色图像作为观测手段。为寻找着陆点,火星多光谱相机应具备精确定位的测绘功能,因此需进行几何标定估计其内方位元素。通过张正友标定算法提供初值,然后以改进的Heikkil?算法完成几何标定,经过分析标定结果的不确定度,探究实验误差来源,提出改进方法,最终获得满足要求的标定参数,为实现图像融合、三维重建等计算机视觉领域奠定坚实的基础。     

Validation of the in-flight calibration procedures for the MICROSCOPE space mission

The MICROSCOPE space mission aims to test the Equivalence Principle with an accuracy of 10^-15${10}^{-15}$. The drag-free micro-satellite will orbit around the Earth and embark a differential electrostatic accelerometer including two cylindrical test masses submitted to the same gravitational field and made of different materials. The experience consists in testing the equality of the electrostatic acceleration applied to the masses to maintain them relatively motionless. The accuracy of the measurements exploited for the test of the Equivalence Principle is limited by our a priori knowledge of several physical parameters of the instrument. These parameters are partially estimated on-ground, but with an insufficient accuracy, and an in-orbit calibration is therefore required to correct the measurements. The calibration procedures have been defined and their analytical performances have been evaluated. In addition, a simulator software including the dynamics model of the instrument, the satellite drag-free system and the perturbing environment has been developed to numerically validate the analytical results. After an overall presentation of the MICROSCOPE mission, this paper will describe the calibration procedures and focus on the simulator. Such an in-flight calibration is mandatory for similar space missions taking advantage of a drag-free system.     

A Partially Orthogonal EnKF approach to atmospheric density estimation using orbital debris

A key requirement for accurate trajectory prediction and space situational awareness is knowledge of how non-conservative forces affect space object motion. These forces vary temporally and spatially, and are driven by the underlying behavior of space weather particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Existing trajectory prediction algorithms adjust space weather models based on calibration satellite observations. However, lack of sufficient data and mismodeling of non-conservative forces cause inaccuracies in space object motion prediction, especially for uncontrolled debris objects. The uncontrolled nature of debris objects makes them particularly sensitive to the variations in space weather. Our research takes advantage of this behavior by utilizing observations of debris objects to infer the space environment parameters influencing their motion.The hypothesis of this research is that it is possible to utilize debris objects as passive, indirect sensors of the space environment. We focus on estimating atmospheric density and its spatial variability to allow for more precise prediction of LEO object motion. The estimated density is parameterized as a grid of values, distributed by latitude and local sidereal time over a spherical shell encompassing Earth at a fixed altitude of 400 km. The position and velocity of each debris object are also estimated. A Partially Orthogonal Ensemble Kalman Filter (POEnKF) is used for assimilation of space object measurements to estimate density.For performance comparison, the scenario characteristics (number of objects, measurement cadence, etc.) are based on a sensor tasking campaign executed for the High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model project. The POEnKF analysis details spatial comparisons between the true and estimated density fields, and quantifies the improved accuracy in debris object motion predictions due to more accurate drag force models from density estimates. It is shown that there is an advantage to utilizing multiple debris objects instead of just one object. Although the work presented here explores the POEnKF performance when using information from only 16 debris objects, the research vision is to utilize information from all routinely observed debris objects. Overall, the filter demonstrates the ability to estimate density to within a threshold of accuracy dependent on measurement/sensor error. In the case of a geomagnetic storm, the filter is able to track the storm and provide more accurate density estimates than would be achieved using a simple exponential atmospheric density model or MSIS Atmospheric Model (when calm conditions are assumed).     

Selection and biomedical training of cosmonauts.

The first cosmonauts were selected from the flying personnel. These individuals enjoying good health were more familiar with the conditions and effects of the factors similar to those which are to be found in space missions. In future, because of the complication of tasks to be solved in space missions, an inflight utilization and testing of sophisticated space technology, and conducting a broad spectrum of scientific studies, a demand arose for including cosmonaut-researchers--highly qualified representatives of various scientific specialities--in a flight crew. In this connection, a necessity was created for changing some evaluation criteria to assess the health status of the chosen candidates considering their age and physical fitness. In specific cases, during the selection process some health-improving measures related to professional significance of the candidates for a position of cosmonaut-researcher was carried out. The prime goal of cosmonauts selection is to predict their good tolerance for a particular space mission while maintaining health and adequate performance throughout the flight, completing the flight tasks and assuring successful return to the Earth. Inclusion of cosmonaut-researchers in space crews requires study of an effect of spaceflight factors on reactions of female subjects in simulated ground-based investigations. At present, the preparation of cosmonauts, can be defined as a continuous purposeful process of training, forming and maintaining operational skills, bringing up the crewmembers to acquire professionally significant psychological and physical features essential for effective work to be done in space mission. The preparation of cosmonauts consists mainly of technical, aviation and space, medical-biological and scientific trainings.     

基于图像模拟的HJ星CCD相机交叉定标

针对同一HJ-1星的两台CCD相机,提出基于图像模拟的交叉辐射定标方法:通过建立两台CCD相机图像DC值的数学关系,以获取地面目标图像的已定标的CCD为标准对未同时获取图像的待定标的CCD进行交叉定标,得到了2008年10月A2CCD和B2CCD的定标系数.利用贡格尔场野外实验数据和敦煌场的MODIS数据对定标系数进行真实性检验,并对该方法的主要误差来源进行了分析.结果表明,交叉定标具有较高的精度和可信度,可以在保证定标精度的同时,提高定标的频次.     

Giotto extended mission

The navigation of the ESA spacecraft Giotto to its encounter with comet P/Halley on 14 March 1986 required just 10% of the fuel available. Although the spacecraft was damaged by dust impacts during its close flyby at the nucleus of P/Halley it was retargeted to return close to Earth to maintain the option to extend the mission to encounter another comet, P/Grigg-Skjellerup on 10 July 1992.

On 2 April 1986 the spacecraft was put into hibernation configuration and had been orbiting the Sun in the ecliptic with an orbital period of 10 months. On 19 February 1990 it was reactivated, spacecraft subsystems and the payload checked out to determine its health status.

On 2 July 1990 Giotto performed succesfully the first-ever Earth gravity assist manoeuvre of a spacecraft approaching the Earth from deep space and was retargeted for comet P/Grigg--Skjellerup. It was concluded that the spacecraft is ready to provide valuable data during a potential encounter with a second comet.     

电磁监测试验卫星离子漂移计定标实验研究

离子漂移计用于探测离子垂直轨道方向的漂移速度.离子漂移计的定标实验包括电子学定标和等离子体环境定标.通过对自行研制的电磁监测试验卫星离子漂移计的电子学定标方法研究,测试得到离子漂移计的噪声、电流测量范围、增益和修正系数以及温漂等电子学定标参数.测试结果表明,离子漂移计的电子学性能优于设计要求,满足科学探测需求.此外,借助于意大利INAF-IAPS等离子体测试实验设备模拟电离层等离子体环境,对离子漂移计的等离子体环境定标问题进行了分析研究.等离子体环境下的测试结果表明,该离子漂移计在特征点处测量结果满足仪器指标要求,能够正确探测离子横向速度,且其相对精度满足设计要求.      

Comparison of model predictions with LDEF satellite radiation measurements.

Some early results are summarized from a program under way to utilize LDEF satellite data for evaluating and improving current models of the space radiation environment in low Earth orbit. Reported here are predictions and comparisons with some of the LDEF dose and induced radioactivity data, which are used to check the accuracy of current models describing the magnitude and directionality of the trapped proton environment. Preliminary findings are that the environment models underestimate both dose and activation from trapped protons by a factor of about two, and the observed anisotropy is higher than predicted.     

卫星磁载荷现场校准技术研究

本文介绍了一种卫星磁场探测载荷现场校准技术,设计了拆分式磁场线圈、无磁支架等,研制了校准装置。利用该技术实现了对卫星磁载荷在整星测试、发射前等多个阶段的测试校准,解决了卫星载荷在星体装配完成后无法测试的难题,提高了磁载荷测试数据可靠度,保证了科学实验的有效性。该校准技术已服务于我国首颗地磁监测试验卫星(张衡一号卫星),对其磁场探测载荷在整星测试、出厂测试、发射场技术确认等多个阶段进行了校准,取得了很好的应用效果。     

恒星地球模拟器的光学系统设计与精度模拟分析研究

为实现对敏感器的地面标定与精度测试, 需研制一套恒星地球模拟器, 要求其星间角距模拟精度优于10", 地球张角模拟精度优于0.05°. 通过设计高精度准直光学系统与高精度紫外准直光学系统, 实现了对星点位置与地球图像的无穷远距离模拟; 提出了星点位置模拟误差修正方法与地球图形模拟误差修正方法, 提高星间角距和地球张角的模拟精度.实测星间角距与地球张角模拟结果表明, 该模拟器的星间角距模拟精度优于10", 地球张角模拟精度优于0.02°.      

卫星磁载荷现场校准技术研究

本文介绍了一种卫星磁场探测载荷现场校准技术,设计了拆分式磁场线圈、无磁支架等,研制了校准装置。利用该技术实现了对卫星磁载荷在整星测试、发射前等多个阶段的测试校准,解决了卫星载荷在星体装配完成后无法测试的难题,提高了磁载荷测试数据可靠度,保证了科学实验的有效性。该校准技术已服务于我国首颗地磁监测试验卫星（张衡一号卫星）,对其磁场探测载荷在整星测试、出厂测试、发射场技术确认等多个阶段进行了校准,取得了很好的应用效果。     

时间序列法在临近空间大气风场预报中的应用

受多种因素影响,临近空间大气环境要素复杂多变,预报难度很大.本文采用时间序列法中的自回归滑动平均（ARMA）模型对临近空间大气风场开展统计预报方法研究,基于廊坊（39.4°N,116.7°W）中频雷达在88km高度的大气纬向风数据开展预报试验.本次预报试验的样本数据为2015年9月24日至10月24日风场数据,利用过去7天数据对未来第8天风场数据进行预报.试验结果显示,ARMA模型对临近空间大气风场预报有一定的适用性.当风场变化规律性较强,即样本数据风场呈现出比较显著的24h周期性变化时,ARMA模型预报效果较好;当风场发生突变时,预报效果变差.与实测数据的对比结果表明,ARMA模型预报结果的误差在9~27m·s-1,预报效果优于同阶自回归（AR）模型,略优于高阶AR模型.      

R3D-B2 – Measurement of ionizing and solar radiation in open space in the BIOPAN 5 facility outside the FOTON M2 satellite

Solar and space radiation have been monitored using the R3D-B2 radiation risks radiometer-dosimeter on board a recent space flight on the Russian satellite Foton M2 within the ESA Biopan 5 facility mounted on the outside of the satellite exposed to space conditions. The solar radiation has been assayed in four wavelength bands (UV-C, 170–280 nm, UV-B, 280–315 nm), UV-A (315–400 nm) and PAR (photosynthetic active radiation, 400–700 nm). The data show an increasing tumbling rotation of the satellite during the mission. The photodiodes do not show a cosine response to the incident light which has been corrected. After calibration of the signals using the extraterrestrial spectrum, doses have been calculated for each orbit, for each day and for the total mission as basic data for the biological material which has been exposed in parallel in the Biopan facility. Cosmic ionizing radiation has been monitored and separated in 256 deposited energy spectra, which were further used for determination of the absorbed dose rate and flux. Basic data tables were prepared to be used by other Biopan 5 experiments. The paper summarizes the results for the Earth radiation environment at the altitude (262–304 km) of the Foton M2 spacecraft. Comparisons with the predictions of NASA Earth radiation environment experimental models AE-8 and AP-8, and the PSB97 model are also presented, which calculate the fluxes of ionizing radiation from a simulation. AP-8 is a model for trapped radiation.     

临近空间风切变特性及其对飞行器的影响

基于MERRA再分析资料的风场数据,根据数理统计理论,对酒泉（39.1°N,98.5°E）上空临近空间的20~78 km的大气风场进行了风切变特征分析,并分析了临近空间风切变对飞行器的影响。研究表明,临近空间最多风向在1月和10月为西风,7月为东风,4月在50 km以下为西风,以上为东风;99%概率最大风速在1月最大;最大风引起的风切变存在一定的高度范围。根据最大风和最小风给出了综合矢量风。此外发现临近空间风切变对飞行器产生的风攻角显著,对马赫数为3、5和8的飞行器产生风攻角在69 km最大,分别为8.5°、5.1°和3.2°。      

微小推力下小卫星的轨道递推与推力标定

针对采用微小推力进行轨道机动的小卫星,考虑复杂摄动力的基础设计了一种高精度轨道外推和推力在轨标定算法.首先,建立了考虑地球复杂摄动力和微小推力的小卫星轨道动力学模型;然后基于动力学模型,利用变步长龙格库塔算法,设计了对微小推力小卫星进行高精度轨道外推的方法.随后通过无迹卡尔曼滤波器(UKF),设计在轨标定算法,对存在误...     

Characterizing space debris longitude-dependent distribution based on RAAN perturbation rate

The space debris environment is one of the major threats against payloads. Space debris orbital distribution is of great importance for space debris environment modeling. Due to perturbation factors, the Right Ascension of Ascending Node (RAAN) of space objects changes consistently, causing regular rotation of the orbit plane around Earth’s axis. Based on the investigation of the RAAN perturbation rate of concerned objects, this paper proposes a RAAN discretization method in order to present the space debris longitude-dependent distribution. Combined with two line element (TLE) data provided by the US Space Surveillance Network, the estimated value from RAAN discretization method is compared with the real case. The results suggest that using only the initial orbital data at the beginning of the time interval of interest, the RAAN discretization method is able to provide reliable longitude distribution of concerned targets in the next following period. Furthermore, spacecraft cumulative flux against space debris is calculated in this paper. The results suggest that the relevance between spacecraft RAAN setup and flux output is much smaller for LEO targets than MEO targets, which corresponds with the theory analysis. Since the nonspherical perturbation is the major factor for RAAN variation, the RAAN perturbation rate has little connection with the size of orbital objects. In other words, the RAAN discretization method introduced in this paper also applies to space debris of different size range, proposing a possible suggestion for the improvement of space debris environment engineering models.     

Studies toward birth and early mammalian development in space.

Sustaining life beyond Earth on either space stations or other planets will require a clear understanding of how the space environment affects key phases of mammalian reproduction and development. Pregnancy, parturition (birth) and the early development of offspring are complex processes essential for successful reproduction and the proliferation of mammalian species. While no mammal has yet undergone birth within the space environment, studies spanning the gravity continuum from 0- to 2-g are revealing startling insights into how reproduction and development may proceed under gravitational conditions deviating from those typically experienced on Earth. In this report, I review studies of pregnant Norway rats and their offspring flown in microgravity onboard the NASA Space Shuttle throughout the period corresponding to mid- to late gestation, and analogous studies of pregnant rats exposed to hypergravity (hg) onboard the NASA Ames Research Center 24-ft centrifuge. Studies of postnatal rats flown in space or exposed to centrifugation are reviewed. Although many important questions remain unanswered, the available data suggest that numerous aspects of pregnancy, birth and early mammalian development can proceed under altered gravity conditions.     

Geometric calibration of Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System of ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter

There are many geometric calibration methods for “standard” cameras. These methods, however, cannot be used for the calibration of telescopes with large focal lengths and complex off-axis optics. Moreover, specialized calibration methods for the telescopes are scarce in literature. We describe the calibration method that we developed for the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) telescope, on board of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). Although our method is described in the context of CaSSIS, with camera-specific experiments, it is general and can be applied to other telescopes. We further encourage re-use of the proposed method by making our calibration code and data available on-line.