Dark energy,co-evolution of massive black holes with galaxies,and ASTROD-GW

The detection of low frequency band (100 nHz–100 mHz) and very low frequency band (300 pHz–100 nHz) gravitational waves (GWs) is important for exploration of the equation of state of dark energy and the co-evolution of massive black holes (MBHs) with galaxies. Most galaxies are believed to have a massive black hole in the galactic core. In the formation of these black holes, merging and accretion are the two main processes. Merging of massive black holes generate GWs which could be detected by space GW detectors and Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) to cosmological distances. LISA (Laser-Interferometric Space Antenna) is most sensitive to the frequency band 1 mHz–100 mHz, ASTROD-GW (ASTROD [Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices] optimized for Gravitational Wave detection) is most sensitive to the frequency band 100 nHz–1 mHz and PTAs are most sensitive to the frequency band 300 pHz–100 nHz. In this paper, we discuss the sensitivities and outlooks of detection of GWs from binary massive black holes in these frequency bands with an emphasis on ASTROD-GW. The GWs generated by the inspirals, merging and subsequent ringdowns of binary black holes are standard sirens to the cosmological distance. Using GW observations, we discuss the methods for determining the equation of state of dark energy and for testing the co-evolution models of massive black holes. ASTROD-GW is an optimization of ASTROD to focus on the goal of detection of GWs. The mission orbits of the 3 spacecraft forming a nearly equilateral triangular array are chosen to be near the Sun-Earth Lagrange points L3, L4 and L5. The 3 spacecraft range interferometrically with one another with arm length about 260 million kilometers. With 52 times longer in arm length compared to that of LISA, the strain detection sensitivity is 52 times better toward larger wavelength. The scientific aim is focused for gravitational wave detection at low frequency. The science goals include detection of GWs from MBHs, and Extreme-Mass-Ratio Black Hole Inspirals (EMRI), and using these observations to find the evolution of the equation of state of dark energy and to explore the co-evolution of massive black holes with galaxies.     

LISA: Heliocentric formation design for the laser interferometer space antenna mission

The LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) mission has been selected by the European Space Agency’s Science Programme Committee as the third large-class mission of the Cosmic Vision Programme, addressing the science theme of the Gravitational Universe. With a planned launch date in 2034, LISA will be the first ever space-borne Gravitational Wave observatory, relying on laser interferometry between three spacecraft orbiting the Sun in a triangular formation. Airbus is currently leading an industrial Phase A system study on behalf of the European Space Agency. The paper will address the astrodynamics challenges associated with the LISA constellation design, driven by tight requirements on the geometric quality metrics of the near equilateral formation.     

Numerical simulation of time delay interferometry for a LISA-like mission with the simplification of having only one interferometer

In order to attain the requisite sensitivity for LISA, laser frequency noise must be suppressed below the secondary noises such as the optical path noise, acceleration noise etc. In a previous paper (Dhurandhar, S.V., Nayak, K.R., Vinet, J.-Y. Time delay interferometry for LISA with one arm dysfunctional. Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 135013, 2010), we have found a large family of second-generation analytic solutions of time delay interferometry with one arm dysfunctional, and we also estimated the laser noise due to residual time-delay semi-analytically from orbit perturbations due to Earth. Since other planets and solar-system bodies also perturb the orbits of LISA spacecraft and affect the time delay interferometry (TDI), we simulate the time delay numerically in this paper for all solutions with the generation number n ? 3. We have worked out a set of 3-year optimized mission orbits of LISA spacecraft starting at January 1, 2021 using the CGC2.7 ephemeris framework. We then use this numerical solution to calculate the residual optical path differences in the second-generation solutions of our previous paper, and compare with the semi-analytic error estimate. The accuracy of this calculation is better than 1 cm (or 30 ps). The maximum path length difference, for all configuration calculated, is below 1 m (3 ns). This is well below the limit under which the laser frequency noise is required to be suppressed. The numerical simulation in this paper can be applied to other space-borne interferometers for gravitational wave detection with the simplification of having only one interferometer.     

飞向晕轨道的探测器轨道优化

晕轨道的稳定流形为从地球到晕轨道的转移轨道设计提供了便利．以往都采用在晕轨道上的目标点施加脉冲,这样,稳定流形只是为转移轨道的设计提供一个初始猜想,探测器并没有运行在稳定流形上,因而并未真正利用稳定流形节省燃料的优势．利用基于序优化理论的微分修正法,研究从晕轨道近地点稳定流形上不同点进入稳定流形所需要的燃料消耗,寻找燃耗最少的转移轨道．仿真表明,对于晕轨道近地点入轨,找到的稳定流形射入点机动比以往的晕轨道入轨点机动节省约33％的燃料消耗．此外,还对晕轨道上不同入轨点的入轨代价进行了研究,得到了晕轨道近地点入轨的最小燃耗解．     

基于ADAMS/View的6×6越野车 前独立悬架参数化设计与分析

采用ADAMS/View提供的参数化建模及参数化分析方法,对6×6越野汽车前独立悬架进行了参数化设计,并对悬架主要的几何参数进行了分析,得出了较好的分析仿真结果.整个过程首先根据整车设计条件确定悬架的尺寸参数和车轮的定位参数,然后利用ADAMS/View建立悬架的虚拟样机模型,最后对所建立的模型进行设计研究(design study)和试验设计DOE(Design of Experiments).通过分析得出随下摆臂的长度值增大和下摆臂的安装倾角的减小,车轮侧向滑移量有大幅减小的趋势.因此选择下摆臂的长度值及其安装倾角为设计变量,以车轮侧向滑移量为设计对象,在ADAMS/Insight中进行了参数优选,得出的仿真结果能够满足设计要求.该方法提高了悬架的设计速度与质量,可为今后设计高性能的悬架系统提供借鉴.     

Spacecraft formation flying for Earth-crossing object deflections using a power limited laser ablating

A formation flying strategy with an Earth-crossing object (ECO) is proposed to avoid the Earth collision. Assuming that a future conceptual spacecraft equipped with a powerful laser ablation tool already rendezvoused with a fictitious Earth collision object, the optimal required laser operating duration and direction histories are accurately derived to miss the Earth. Based on these results, the concept of formation flying between the object and the spacecraft is applied and analyzed as to establish the spacecraft’s orbital motion design strategy. A fictitious “Apophis”-like object is established to impact with the Earth and two major deflection scenarios are designed and analyzed. These scenarios include the cases for the both short and long laser operating duration to avoid the Earth impact. Also, requirement of onboard laser tool’s for both cases are discussed. As a result, the optimal initial conditions for the spacecraft to maintain its relative trajectory to the object are discovered. Additionally, the discovered optimal initial conditions also satisfied the optimal required laser operating conditions with no additional spacecraft’s own fuel expenditure to achieve the spacecraft formation flying with the ECO. The initial conditions founded in the current research can be used as a spacecraft’s initial rendezvous points with the ECO when designing the future deflection missions with laser ablation tools. The results with proposed strategy are expected to make more advances in the fields of the conceptual studies, especially for the future deflection missions using powerful laser ablation tools.     

基于自适应差分进化的矿卡转向运动学仿真

以220 t矿卡自卸车转向系统为基础,建立转向梯形在空间坐标下的运动学方程,并考虑主销后倾角和内倾角的影响,在ADAMS软件中建立模型验证其正确性.重点利用MATLAB软件编制双审判自适应差分进化算法程序,针对变量梯形臂长K、底角Φ求解全局最优化转向特性,使220 t矿卡自卸车内外轮转角满足考虑轮胎侧偏特性的阿克曼转向几何关系,实现车轮在转向时作纯滚动.与ADAMS优化结果作对比分析,结果表明前者的优化效果更明显.实车轮胎对比性试验证明其转向设计更加合理,改善了矿卡自卸车较为严重的轮胎磨损现象,延长了轮胎工作寿命.     

基于GNSS的高轨卫星定位技术研究

利用全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)进行导航定位具有全球、全天候、实时和高精度的优点,应用于高地球轨道(HEO)卫星的定位,能够提供精确的轨道和姿态确定,并且可以克服目前主要利用地面测控系统对HEO卫星进行定位的设备复杂、投资高等缺点,使得自主导航成为可能.本文对利用GNSS的高轨卫星定位相关技术进行了研究,分析了单一GNSS系统和多个GNSS组合系统的卫星可见性、动态性和几何精度因子(GDOP).通过仿真分析表明,利用组合GNSS系统并通过提高GNSS接收机灵敏度的方法,可以解决GNSS进行HEO卫星定位的相关问题,并能保证HEO卫星定位精度的要求.      

Stacked recurrent neural network based high precision pointing coupled control of the spacecraft and telescopes

In some space missions especially in the field of space gravitational wave detection, the telescope needs to point to a certain target through attitude movement and pointing control. In several mainstream gravitational wave detection missions, the detector usually consists of a cluster of three identical satellites, flying in a quasi-equilateral triangular formation with a big edge length, so every satellite needs two telescopes to point each other and constitute three giant Michelson-Type interferometers. Therefore, a satellite platform system with two telescopes is researched in this paper. This research helps to characterize the attitude motion of a telescope for space astronomical observation or space gravitational wave detection, provides new method on the telescope’s high-precision pointing control. For this purpose, we derive a satellite-telescope coupling attitude model, design the sliding mode controller for satellite and the stacked recurrent neural network adaptive controller for telescope. In the stacked recurrent neural network adaptive controller design, a sliding mode control technology is adopted. In addition, we propose a combinatorial optimization method for network weights in the stacked recurrent neural network training process, that is, the output layer is corrected by the adaptive law, and the correction of other layers adopt the error backpropagation method. Finally, a numerical simulation method verifies the effectiveness of the controller design.     

Low-energy near Earth asteroid capture using Earth flybys and aerobraking

Since the Sun-Earth libration points L₁ and L₂ are regarded as ideal locations for space science missions and candidate gateways for future crewed interplanetary missions, capturing near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) around the Sun-Earth L₁/L₂ points has generated significant interest. Therefore, this paper proposes the concept of coupling together a flyby of the Earth and then capturing small NEAs onto Sun–Earth L₁/L₂ periodic orbits. In this capture strategy, the Sun-Earth circular restricted three-body problem (CRTBP) is used to calculate target Lypaunov orbits and their invariant manifolds. A periapsis map is then employed to determine the required perigee of the Earth flyby. Moreover, depending on the perigee distance of the flyby, Earth flybys with and without aerobraking are investigated to design a transfer trajectory capturing a small NEA from its initial orbit to the stable manifolds associated with Sun-Earth L₁/L₂ periodic orbits. Finally, a global optimization is carried out, based on a detailed design procedure for NEA capture using an Earth flyby. Results show that the NEA capture strategies using an Earth flyby with and without aerobraking both have the potential to be of lower cost in terms of energy requirements than a direct NEA capture strategy without the Earth flyby. Moreover, NEA capture with an Earth flyby also has the potential for a shorter flight time compared to the NEA capture strategy without the Earth flyby.     

Rapid design and optimization of low-thrust rendezvous/interception trajectory for asteroid deflection missions

Asteroid deflection techniques are essential in order to protect the Earth from catastrophic impacts by hazardous asteroids. Rapid design and optimization of low-thrust rendezvous/interception trajectories is considered as one of the key technologies to successfully deflect potentially hazardous asteroids. In this paper, we address a general framework for the rapid design and optimization of low-thrust rendezvous/interception trajectories for future asteroid deflection missions. The design and optimization process includes three closely associated steps. Firstly, shape-based approaches and genetic algorithm (GA) are adopted to perform preliminary design, which provides a reasonable initial guess for subsequent accurate optimization. Secondly, Radau pseudospectral method is utilized to transcribe the low-thrust trajectory optimization problem into a discrete nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. Finally, sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is used to efficiently solve the nonlinear programming problem and obtain the optimal low-thrust rendezvous/interception trajectories. The rapid design and optimization algorithms developed in this paper are validated by three simulation cases with different performance indexes and boundary constraints.     

太阳帆航天器行星际轨道转移优化算法

研究基于遗传算法的太阳帆行星际转移轨道的全局优化问题.通过极小值原理推导了太阳帆全局优化控制律,并以太阳帆飞行时间最短为优化目标函数,运用遗传算法对发射时间、到达时间和协态变量初值进行参数优化设计.为了解决轨道转移这一多约束优化问题,在遗传算法中加入动态罚函数.在此理论基础上作了从地球同步轨道出发到火星同步轨道转移和从地球出发与火星交会两个算例,仿真结果表明了该方法在太阳帆转移轨道全局优化中的有效性.     

红外导引头平台底座拓扑优化设计

为了提高红外导引头动静态性能,以底座轻量化为设计目标,静刚度和基频为限制条件,采用变密度法的拓扑优化理论,利用三维设计软件和有限元分析软件对红外导引头平台底座进行拓扑优化设计。并对比分析了拓扑优化前后底座结构的各项指标,结果表明优化后的底座在质量减小了26.3%的情况下,最大变形量减小了7.6％,最大应力基本不变,基频提高了11％,有利于红外导引头轻量化水平的提升和整机性能的提高。最后,通过冲击振动试验,验证了红外导引头的跟踪性能,说明了红外导引头平台底座拓扑优化的可行性。     

多星近距离绕飞观测任务姿轨耦合控制研究

针对多星近距离绕飞观测任务,建立了相对姿态轨道动力学模型,分别考虑了在椭圆、空间圆绕飞轨道上观测卫星的两种期望三角形编队构型,以观测卫星视线始终指向目标为期望姿态,采用基于四元数和角速度误差反馈的比例 微分控制律以及一种改进的基于人工势场法的制导方法相结合,对相对姿态及轨道进行控制。仿真结果表明：在控制律的作用下,绕飞过程中各观测卫星均能够有效地跟踪期望相对姿态和期望相对轨道;在空间圆绕飞轨道构型中,各观测卫星从初始同一位置出发后,在任意时刻3颗观测卫星构成的编队构型始终为正三角形,且正三角形的边长从零逐渐增大,最终等于期望正三角形构型的边长。     

一种基于面源黑体的某型红外动态模拟靶标研制

基于某型导引头对目标体红外辐射特性和运动特性的仿真需求,研制了基于面源黑体的红外动态模拟靶标,用于模拟无穷远处的设定目标与背景温差,以及目标体在视场中的动态变化。介绍了该红外动态模拟靶标的基本原理、主要组成以及硬件系统设计和软件实现情况,并对其红外成像辐射特性以及动态性能指标进行了实验验证。     

基于扩张状态观测器的无拖曳系统参数辨识

分析了卫星无拖曳控制系统的在轨参数辨识问题,由于无拖曳系统的不稳定性质,需要设计控制器使其稳定,在此基础上进行闭环辨识.根据自抗扰控制原理,设计了扩张状态观测器以估计系统不同控制回路的扰动和状态,基于状态和扰动估计值设计控制器使系统稳定.提出了基于扩张状态观测器（ESO）的多输入多输出系统闭环参数辨识方法.为提高实际应用中的辨识效果,引入积分型滤波器对观测状态中的噪声进行抑制.将这种方法应用于类似LISA Pathfinder的单轴无拖曳模型,对系统动力学参数进行估计,通过数值仿真实验验证了该辨识方法的有效性和实用性.      

基于灵敏度分析的结构-声学鲁棒优化设计

针对工程中普遍存在的结构-声场耦合系统,充分考虑系统本身及外载荷的不确定性,提出了求解系统响应范围的区间有限元分析方法及鲁棒优化设计模型.从耦合系统的平衡方程出发,利用中心差分方法得到了系统响应的灵敏度计算公式.引入区间变量来表征信息不足的不确定参数,借助一阶泰勒展式,可以快速估算系统响应的区间上下界.在结构鲁棒优化设计过程中,通过引入灵敏度指标,将原不确定单目标优化问题转化为确定的多目标优化问题.为保证结构性能更加稳定,利用区间可能度刻画约束条件的鲁棒性.数值算例通过某弹舱模型弹性板厚度的优化设计,验证了所建立的鲁棒优化模型及算法的有效性.      

空间激光干涉引力波探测器轨道修正方法

针对空间激光干涉引力波探测器轨道修正问题,提出一种基于虚拟编队构型设计的航天器轨道修正方法。空间激光干涉引力波探测器由3颗航天器组成等边三角形构型。由于入轨误差和摄动的影响,探测器的构型不稳定。假设名义轨道上运行着一颗理想航天器,实际轨道上的真实航天器与之组成虚拟编队,探测器的3颗真实航天器分别与对应的理想航天器组成3个虚拟编队。考虑探测器构型稳定性要求和摄动的影响,对虚拟编队的构型进行设计,进而求解航天器平均轨道要素修正量。求解得到的航天器平均轨道要素修正量小于偏差量,轨道修正通过四脉冲控制实现。数值仿真结果表明,该方法通过部分轨道修正满足了探测器的构型稳定性要求,具有减少燃料消耗、延长任务寿命的潜力。      

基于Hopfield网络的飞机设计

Hopfield神经网络与增广拉格朗日乘子法相结合来求解非线性约束优化.神经网络作为求解乘子法的子问题的动力学方法,仅需计算一阶导数.引入逐渐衰减的高斯噪声信号构造随机神经网络.同时针对随机网络受初始温度制约,跳出局部极小值能力有限的问题,网络运行采用结合模拟退火的欧拉法.用该方法对某喷气教练机进行总体优化设计,结果表明,算法的数值稳定性较好,求解精度高.并基于拉氏乘子提供的约束敏度信息,做了设计要求权衡.最后研究了某型干线旅客机的机翼气动/结构综合设计问题.