A scheduling strategy to inter-satellite links assignment in GNSS

By introducing inter-satellite link (ISL), the dependence of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) on ground infrastructure can be reduced and its performance enhanced via inter-satellite ranging and communication. Owing to platform restrictions, there are usually fewer onboard Ka-band ISL antennas than the number of visible satellites, which poses a problem when optimizing the inter-satellite links assignment of the GNSS. In this study, to optimize inter-satellite ranging and communication, a multi-objective optimization model is built and a scheduling strategy is proposed for the inter-satellite links assignment scheduling problem. The position dilution of precision (PDOP) of links and the transmission time-delay of telemetry data are set as the ranging performance and communication metrics, respectively. We regard the links assignment in each slot as a general graph-matching problem, and apply the Blossom algorithm to obtain the maximum matching. We then generate and optimize the satellite sequences for whole slots using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The simulation scenes include 10,080 epochs of GNSS constellation, and the simulation results show that the performance of the proposed strategy is better than that of other methods published recently, and can provide various solutions to meet the different preferences of system managers.     

System Design for the Event Horizon Imaging Experiment Using the PECMEO Concept

The concept for space interferometry from Polar or Equatorial Circular Medium Earth Orbits (the PECMEO concept) is a promising way to acquire the image of the “shadow” of the event horizon of Sagittarius A* with an angular resolution of circa 5 microarcseconds. The concept is intended to decrease the size of the main reflector of the instrument to about 3 m using a precise orbit reconstruction based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) navigation, inter-satellite range and range-rate measurements, and data from the Attitude and Orbit Determination System (AODS). The paper provides the current progress on the definition of the subsystems required for the concept on the basis of simulations, radio regulations, and available technology. The paper proposes the requirement for the localization of the phase centre of the main reflector. The paper provides information about the visibility of GNSS satellites and the needed accuracies of the AODS. The paper proposes the frequency plan for the instrument and its Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs). The concepts for measurement of range and range rate using ISLs (as well as for the data exchange at these ISLs) are presented. The block diagram of the interferometer is described and its sensitivity is estimated. The link budget for both ISLs is given as well as their critical components. The calculated measurement quality factors are given. The paper shows the expected performance of the sub-systems of the interferometer. The requirements for the localization of the main reflectors and the information about the availability of the GNSS satellites are based on the simulations results. The frequency plan is obtained according to the PECMEO concept and taking into account the radio regulations. The existing technology defines the accuracies of the AODS as well as the link budgets and the measurement accuracies for both ISLs and the sensitivity of the instrument. The paper provides input information for the development of the orbit reconstruction filter and the whole PECMEO system.      

地月空间信息网络链路分配算法研究

在设计拓扑时,如何分配每颗卫星上有限的通信终端建立通信链路,构建一个性能良好的网络拓扑,成为了一个重要的研究问题。以平均月球中继卫星到地面站路径距离最小为优化目标,以卫星携带的通信终端数目、月球中继卫星与地面站的连通性为约束条件,提出了基于竞争决策思想的链路分配算法(Link Assignment Algorithm based on Competitive Decision, LAA-CD)和基于模拟退火法的链路分配算法(Link Assignment Algorithm based on Simulated Annealing,LAA-SA),并与贪婪算法进行对比。仿真结果表明,LAA-CD和LAA-SA算法下所得拓扑的平均月球中继卫星到地面站距离均小于贪婪算法,且LAA-CD算法能够有效降低算法的时间复杂度。进一步对比了两种星座,发现相比拉格朗日轨道卫星星座,在月球极轨道卫星星座下所得拓扑具有更小的平均距离,为空间信息网络分配提供技术支撑。     

一种GTD模型参数估计的改进2D-TLS-ESPRIT算法

针对经典二维总体最小二乘法旋转不变子空间（2D-TLS-ESPRIT）算法估计二维几何绕射理论（GTD）模型参数精度不高、抗噪性能较差这一问题,提出了一种改进2D-TLS-ESPRIT算法。首先,改进算法通过将目标的极化散射矩阵加入到二维GTD散射中心模型,使得模型对目标极化散射特征的描述更加精准;其次,构建置换矩阵得到原始回波矩阵的共轭矩阵,并将两者结合起来,从而延长了目标电磁散射数据的长度;最后,仿真结果验证了改进算法的参数估计性能与噪声鲁棒性均要优于同类已有算法,雷达散射截面积（RCS）外推结果进一步验证了改进算法参数估计性能的先进性。      

Analysis of GNSS clock prediction performance with different interrupt intervals and application to real-time kinematic precise point positioning

Continuous and timely real-time satellite orbit and clock products are mandatory for real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP). Real-time high-precision satellite orbit and clock products should be predicted within a short time in case of communication delay or connection breakdown in practical applications. For prediction, historical data describing the characteristics of the real-time orbit and clock can be used as the basis for performing the prediction. When historical data are scarce, it is difficult for many existing models to perform precise predictions. In this paper, a linear regression model is used to predict clock products. Seven-day GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) final clock products sampled at 30 s are used to analyze the characteristics of GNSS clocks. It is shown that the linear regression model can be used as the prediction model for the satellite clock products. In addition, the accuracy of the clock prediction for different satellites are analyzed using historical data with different periods (such as 2 and 10 epochs). Experimental results show that the accuracy of the clock with the linear regression prediction model using historical data with 10 epochs is 1.0 ns within 900 s. This is higher accuracy than that achieved using historical data of 2 epochs. Finally, the performance analysis for real-time kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) is provided using GFZ final clock prediction results and state space representation (SSR) clock prediction results when communication delay or connection breakdown occur. Experimental results show that the positioning accuracy without prediction is better than that with prediction in general, whether using the final clock product or the SSR clock product. For the final clock product, the positioning accuracy in the north (N), east (E), and up (U) directions is better than 10.0 cm with all visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 15.0 cm to 7.0 cm. For the SSR clock product, the positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions is better than 12.0 cm with visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 12.0 cm to 9.0 cm.     

一维GTD散射中心模型参数估计的改进MUSIC算法

针对利用多重信号分类（MUSIC）算法估计一维几何绕射理论（GTD）的散射中心模型时噪声鲁棒性较差、参数精度不高这一问题,提出一类改进的MUSIC算法。首先,构建原始回波数据的共轭矩阵,有效提高了原始回波数据的利用率;其次,将原始回波数据的协方差矩阵、共轭数据的协方差矩阵叠加取平均,得到一个新的总协方差矩阵;最后,对矩阵作2次方、4次方等偶次方处理,得到另一矩阵,以达到增大信号特征值与噪声特征值之间差距的作用,等效为增大了信噪比。仿真结果表明:所提改进算法的参数估计性能及噪声鲁棒性均要优于经典MUSIC算法。      

Establishment criteria,routing algorithms and probability of use of inter-satellite links in mixed navigation constellations

In this paper, the establishment criteria, routing algorithm and the probability of use of ISLs (inter-satellite links) in the mixed navigation constellation of GEO satellites, IGSO satellites and MEO satellites are analyzed. Firstly, the general criteria of ISL establishment in mixed navigation constellation are proposed from the perspective of geometry, and the influences of these criteria on routing algorithms and the probability of use of ISLs are discussed. Then, from the perspective of autonomous orbit determination, the routing algorithm in mixed navigation constellation is designed. Thirdly, a stochastic study of ISLs load in mixed navigation constellation is proposed, and the formulae of probability of use of ISLs are given. Finally, in the simulation, the establishment criteria, routing algorithm and the probability of use of ISLs in a specific mixed navigation constellation of 3GEO + 3IGSO + 24MEO are discussed in detail. The findings of this paper provide a basis for the ISL establishment and routing algorithm, and offer the quantitative indicators for the use of ISL in the mixed navigation constellation.     

无人机集群编队控制演示验证系统

为验证无人机集群编队控制算法在实际环境中的有效性,基于四旋翼无人机平台和双数据链、双地面站冗余设计,搭建了分布式控制的无人机集群编队控制演示验证系统。基于分层控制和封装的思想,将无人机控制系统分为执行层和决策层。执行层采用PIX自驾仪进行封装,只需修改自驾仪参数,不需针对不同无人机平台开发相应的控制策略,就能实现对异构集群的控制。需要验证不同的编队控制算法时,只需对决策层的控制算法进行修改即可,使系统具有较强的适应性和扩展性。演示验证系统采用双地面站和数据链,可实现在多种网络拓扑或通信失败情况下的无人机集群控制,具有较高的稳定性和安全性。应用领导-跟随协同编队控制算法,验证了本文演示验证系统的功能和性能。      

基于粒子群算法的阻抗控制在机械臂柔顺控制中的应用

阻抗控制策略是实现机械臂的末端力柔顺控制的一种重要方法.然而,针对阻抗控制参数的确定,目前尚缺乏通用算法.粒子群算法具有概念简单、易行、鲁棒性好等特点,适用于阻抗控制参数的确定与优化.通过分析基于力反馈的笛卡尔空间阻抗控制结构,采用粒子群算法整定阻抗控制参数.结合阻抗控制自身特点对粒子群算法做了相应改进,并通过仿真验证了优化后的阻抗控制算法可实现对七自由度机械臂的柔顺控制且具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Improved specular point prediction precision using gradient descent algorithm

Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) utilizes GNSS signals reflected off the Earth surface for remote sensing applications. Due to weak power of reflected signals, GNSS-R receiver needs to track reflected signals by open loop. The first step is to calculate the position of specular point. The specular point position error of the existing algorithm—Quasi-Spherical Earth (QSE) Approach—is about 3 km which may cause troubles in data post-processing. In this paper, gradient descent algorithm is applied to calculate position of specular point and the calculation is based on World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) ellipsoid in geodetic coordinate. The benefit of this coordinate is that it is easy to investigate the effect of real surface’s altitude. Learning rate—the key parameter of the algorithm—is adaptively adjusted according to initial error, latitude and gradient descent rate. With self-adaptive learning rate strategy, the algorithm converges fast. Through simulation and test on Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder II (GNOS II), the performances of the algorithm are validated. The specular point position error of the proposed algorithm is about 10 m. The speed of the proposed algorithm is competitive compared with the existing algorithm. The test on GNOS II shows that the proposed algorithm has good real-time performance.     

基于Krylov子空间的多级维纳抗干扰滤波设计

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS, Global Navigation Satellites System)空时抗干扰要求有较好的实时处理能力,常规矩阵求逆的算法由于计算量太大限制了其在GNSS中的应用.在分析多级维纳滤波(MWF,Multi-stage nested Wiener Filter)原理的基础之上,结合Krylov子空间性质,设计出一种应用于GNSS空时抗干扰的自适应多级维纳滤波器,从而实现了在Krylov子空间中降维滤波,避免了矩阵求逆的大运算量.仿真结果表明,该算法在保证抗干扰性能不受影响的前提下,降低了GNSS空时抗干扰算法的计算量,提高了实时处理能力.     

A real-time combined quality control method for GNSS precise positioning in harsh environments

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise positioning can be significantly affected by severe multipath effects and outliers in harsh environments, and highly relies on quality control strategies. Previous studies mainly focus on the posterior residuals to check and exclude the outliers in GNSS observations, limited work emphasizes the combined quality control method considering both the prior and posterior knowledge simultaneously. This paper proposed a real-time combined quality control method to process the multipath effects and outliers in harsh environments simultaneously. Specifically, in the prior stage, a modified multipath processing strategy is proposed for both phase and code observations, then a modified detection, identification, and adaptation (DIA) method considering the maximum times of data snooping is studied in the posterior stage. Two dedicated experiments in real harsh environments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed combined quality control method. For the static experiment, the proposed method exhibits smaller positioning errors, the best positioning accuracy, and the highest availability in this study. Specifically, the proposed method exhibits an improved percentage of 55.4 %, 56.3 %, and 59.7 % for positioning accuracy compared to those without the quality control method in the E, N, and U directions, respectively. Besides, the proposed method can further improve the performance of ambiguity resolution with an improved percentage of 32.2 %. For the kinematic experiment, the three-dimensional positioning accuracy of the proposed method is 0.577 m, which exhibits a 40.0 % improvement compared to those without the quality control method. Also, the proposed method exhibits better performance under relatively strong multipath effects. In this sense, the proposed real-time combined quality control method is highly appreciated in terms of positioning availability, accuracy, and ambiguity resolution for GNSS precise positioning, especially in harsh environments.     

星间链路新型信号体制设计

从信息理论基础和通信技术源头开展创新,将高频谱效率的扩展二进制相移键控调制波形、极大提升解调前信噪比的数字冲击滤波器、自适应锁相解调方法和进一步提升解调性能的波形参数匹配技术有机融为一种全新而独特的高效通用调制解调体制,并结合导航星座星间链路的要求进行仿真。结果表明其特定信噪比下单位带宽可传输的信息速率bit/s/Hz/SNR（Signal Noise Ratio）综合指标显著超过现有对比技术,且码率、带宽和信噪比可与空间环境自适应。     

LEO/MEO双层卫星网的分层动态路由算法

由低轨LEO(Low Earth Orbit)和中轨MEO(Medium Earth Orbit)卫星构成的双层卫星网络具有较好的组网通信性能.利用MEO和LEO卫星在长、短距通信中的优势,提出一种分层、分布式的双层卫星网动态路由算法.通过控制链路状态信息的洪泛,LEO卫星只需掌握局部拓扑即可完成短距业务通信,长距通信业务则由MEO卫星承载.将星间链路的剩余生存时间因素引入路径权重中,路由计算的路径是综合考虑了时延与持续时间双重因素的最优路径.仿真结果表明该算法在时延、路由开销、网络业务流分布等方面都具有较好的性能,并且易于系统实现.      

新型GNSS信号波形设计

在发射带宽严格受限的约束下连续函数波形信号较传统矩形波形表现出了较高的频谱利用率优势和优良性能,很有可能应用到未来的全球卫星导航系统(GNSS,Global Navigation Satellite System)信号体制中.在建立导航信号波形设计准则的理论模型基础上,研究了7种可能适用于未来GNSS系统的新型信号波形,在典型的宽/窄发射带宽条件下,通过仿真评估了传统GNSS信号和新型GNSS信号的精度、抗多径、抗干扰等性能,优选出BOCc和MSK两种适用于不同环境的信号波形: 在频谱资源充足的情况下,BOCc信号具有最优的导航性能;在频率资源受限的情况下,MSK信号兼容性好,抗干扰能力强,拥有较好的导航性能.最后,结合两类信号波形的优缺点提出了我国新一代卫星导航系统信号波形设计的建议.     

一种用于电离层TEC监测的GNSS信号载波跟踪算法

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）是电离层TEC监测中应用最普遍的手段. 目前方法通常是在传统导航用途的GNSS接收机输出的原始观测量基础上,经过数据后处理得到电离层TEC信息,其GNSS信号的跟踪处理算法依然采用GNSS导航接收机的算法. 针对GNSS系统用于电离层TEC监测的特殊性,提出一种称为GNSS双频信号和差联合跟踪的新算法,与传统方法相比,该算法直接跟踪电离层TEC的变化,可以提高电离层TEC跟踪的灵敏度和TEC的观测精度,改善电离层TEC监测性能.      

基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号模拟

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）共视（CV）技术应用中需要对GNSS共视信号进行模拟仿真,可以降低对共视接收机和共视算法进行测试过程中的成本。为此,提出了一种基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号的双路信号模拟方法。首先,对GNSS共视技术原理进行了分析。然后,根据GNSS直射信号的模拟思路,设计了基于GNSS直射信号模拟器的GNSS共视信号模拟方法,对共视信号传播过程中可能产生的误差进行了分析。最后,对零基线、短基线、长基线3种场景下仿真的共视信号,以及实场采集的试验数据进行了验证分析。验证的结果表明,仿真的GNSS共视信号定位准确,定位精度在米级;共视比对结果均方根值（RMS）精度优于12 ns,可以进行共视法时间传递,证明了提出的共视信号模拟方法能够有效地用于GNSS共视信号生成。对GNSS共视信号模拟器、共视接收机的研制和共视算法的研究具有一定的理论参考意义和实际应用价值。      

多终端在星上多频时分多址系统中的分配

由于卫星资源有限并且昂贵,多频时分多址(MF-TDMA)接入方式被广泛应用于现代宽带通信系统的上行链路设计中。时隙分配算法的有效性是高效利用MF-TDMA系统资源的保证。针对卫星系统的特性,提出了一种基于函数权值的卫星时隙的分配算法,通过最优化权值的方法,有效地提高了资源利用率。通过仿真分析了不同业务的时延性能和信道利用率,并且与几种典型的分配算法进行了比较。仿真结果表明,文中的分配算法能够有效地提高信道利用率,在终端数量较多时,优势更为明显。文中提出的新算法简单,计算时间短,能够有效地在卫星网络中实现。