编队飞行卫星群构型保持及初始化

导出了基于相对轨道要素的编队飞行卫星群轨道相对运动控制的轨道机动方程；提出了编队飞行卫星群轨道相对运动控制的轨道机动控制策略，利用不同方向的脉冲控制相对运动的轨道参数，包括轨道平面内机动和轨道平面外机动控制。根据相对轨道要素的变轨机动控制，进行编队飞行卫星群构型的初始化。这样的构型初始化可以视作一次特殊的变轨机动控制，很容易实现编队飞行构型的初始化机动。     

Orbit determination and prediction of GEO satellite of BeiDou during repositioning maneuver

In order to establish a continuous GEO satellite orbit during repositioning maneuvers, a suitable maneuver force model has been established associated with an optimal orbit determination method and strategy. A continuous increasing acceleration is established by constructing a constant force that is equivalent to the pulse force, with the mass of the satellite decreasing throughout maneuver. This acceleration can be added to other accelerations, such as solar radiation, to obtain the continuous acceleration of the satellite. The orbit determination method and strategy are illuminated, with subsequent assessment of the orbit being determined and predicted accordingly. The orbit of the GEO satellite during repositioning maneuver can be determined and predicted by using C-Band pseudo-range observations of the BeiDou GEO satellite with COSPAR ID 2010-001A in 2011 and 2012. The results indicate that observations before maneuver do affect orbit determination and prediction, and should therefore be selected appropriately. A more precise orbit and prediction can be obtained compared to common short arc methods when observations starting 1 day prior the maneuver and 2 h after the maneuver are adopted in POD (Precise Orbit Determination). The achieved URE (User Range Error) under non-consideration of satellite clock errors is better than 2 m within the first 2 h after maneuver, and less than 3 m for further 2 h of orbit prediction.     

卫星对空间目标悬停的轨道动力学与控制方法研究

首先,给出了卫星悬停的轨道动力学模型,然后提出了悬停轨道的一种"持续式"的开路轨道控制策略,即通过在一段时间对轨道实施连续有限推力控制,使得在这段时间内卫星运行在新的悬停轨道上,而非开普勒轨道。最后,以地球静止轨道卫星为目标星,研究了悬停轨道的实施途径,并进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明,在一段时间内对空间目标实施轨道悬停是可行的。     

A shadow function model based on perspective projection and atmospheric effect for satellites in eclipse

Accurate Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) modelling is critical for correctly describing the dynamics of satellites. A shadow function is a unitless quantity varying between 0 and 1 to scale the solar radiation flux at a satellite’s location during eclipses. Errors in modelling shadow function lead to inaccuracy in SRP that degrades the orbit quality. Shadow function modelling requires solutions to a geometrical problem (Earth’s oblateness) and a physical problem (atmospheric effects). This study presents a new shadow function model (PPM_atm) which uses a perspective projection based approach to solve the geometrical problem rigorously and a linear function to describe the reduction of solar radiation flux due to atmospheric effects. GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) satellites carry accelerometers that record variations of non-conservative forces, which reveal the variations of shadow function during eclipses. In this study, the PPM_atm is validated using accelerometer observations of the GRACE-A satellite. Test results show that the PPM_atm is closer to the variations in accelerometer observations than the widely used SECM (Spherical Earth Conical Model). Taking the accelerometer observations derived shadow function as the “truth”, the relative error in PPM_atm is ?0.79% while the SECM 11.07%. The influence of the PPM_atm is also shown in orbit prediction for Galileo satellites. Compared with the SECM, the PPM_atm can reduce the radial orbit error RMS by 5.6?cm over a 7-day prediction. The impacts of the errors in shadow function modelling on the orbit remain to be systematic and should be mitigated in long-term orbit prediction.     

卫星编队飞行的相对轨道自主确定研究

为了研究卫星编队飞行相对轨道的自主确定,基于相对轨道根数建立编队卫星间的相对运动方程,利用测量所得到的星间距离和方位信息作为观测量。不同于目前广泛采用的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,设计Unscented Kalman Filter(UKF)算法实现卫星编队飞行的相对轨道自主确定。仿真结果表明这种相对轨道自主确定方案能获得较高的定轨精度。     

引力场模型引起的卫星轨道径向误差的估计结果

本文给出几个最新的地球引力场模型误差引起的卫星轨道径向误差的估计结果,表明JGM3和TEG3优于其它模式,现有模式引起的低轨道卫星的轨道误差较大.      

一种同步卫星授时方法的再探讨

通过对原有测轨和预报方案的改善,对共视时差法时刻比对的进一步研究.实验结果表明: 采用现在的测轨和预报方案,时刻比对的事后处理精度与以前相当,优于1,但预报精度比以前有了较大提高,对卫星轨道预报1星期,相应的时刻比对精度也基本可保持在1μs以内.      

圆及椭圆轨道释放绳系子星的方法研究

研究绳系卫星系统质心沿椭圆轨道运动时，子星释放的最佳初始条件，运用变量替代简化动力学控制方程；对圆轨道运动的母星，采用轨道转移方法释放子星，计算弹射变轨参数及过渡轨道终了真近点角。本文取消母星质量远大于子星质量的假设，考虑子星释放过程中绳系卫星系统质心随子星运动的变化，所得结果更具有普遍意义。数值模拟结果表明，所述方法的有效性。     

Use of two-line element data for thermosphere neutral density model calibration

Traditional empirical thermospheric density models are widely used in orbit determination and prediction of low-Earth satellites. Unfortunately, these models often exhibit large density errors of up to around 30% RMS. Density errors translate into orbit errors, adversely affecting applications such as re-entry operations, manoeuvre planning, collision avoidance and precise orbit determination for geodetic missions. The extensive database of two-line element (TLE) orbit data contains a wealth of information on satellite drag, at a sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution to allow a calibration of existing neutral density models with a latency of one to two days. In our calibration software, new TLE data for selected objects is converted to satellite drag data on a daily basis. The resulting drag data is then used in a daily adjustment of density model calibration parameters, which modify the output of an existing empirical density model with the aim of increasing its accuracy. Two different calibration schemes have been tested using TLE data for about 50 objects during the year 2000. The schemes involve either height-dependent scale factors to the density or corrections to CIRA-72 model temperatures, which affect the density output based on a physical model. Both schemes have been applied with different spherical harmonic expansions of the parameters in latitude and local solar time. Five TLE objects, varying in perigee altitude between 280 and 530 km, were deliberately not used during calibration, in order to provide independent validation. Even with a single daily parameter, the RMS density model error along their tracks can already be reduced from the 30% to the 15% level. Adding additional parameters results in RMS errors lower than 12%.     

GRO和LRO掩星事件模拟研究

GRO（Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation）和LRO（Low Earth Orbit Radio Occultation）联合组网探测地球大气是无线电掩星探测技术的主要发展方向.本文根据掩星事件的数学判据,仿真分析了LEO卫星主要轨道参数对GRO和LRO掩星事件数量和全球分布情况的影响.研究表明:卫星轨道越低GRO掩星事件越多;轨道倾角在30°和75°之间时,GRO掩星事件较多,全球覆盖率也较大;利用极轨卫星进行LRO掩星探测时,LRO掩星事件较均匀地分布在各纬度带.研究成果对GRO和LRO联合星座设计具有参考价值.      

Characteristics of GOCE orbits based on Satellite Laser Ranging

The Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) was the first European Space Agency’s (ESA) Earth Explorer core mission. Through its extremely low, about 260?km above the Earth, circular, sun-synchronous orbit, the satellite gained high spatial resolution and accuracy gravity gradient, and ocean circulation data. Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, mounted on the spacecraft, allowed the determination of reduced-dynamic and kinematic GOCE orbits, whereas Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) dedicated to Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) allowed an independent validation of GPS-derived orbits. In this paper, residuals between different GPS-based orbit types and SLR observations are used to investigate the sensitivity and the influence of solar, geomagnetic, and ionospheric activities on the quality of kinematic and reduced-dynamic GOCE orbits. We also analyze the quality of data provided by individual SLR sites, by detecting time biases using ascending and descending sun-synchronous GOCE orbit passes, and the residual analysis of the measurement characteristics, i.e., the dependency of SLR residuals as a function of nadir and horizontal angles. Results show a substantial vulnerability of kinematic orbit solutions to the solar F10.7 index and the ionospheric activity measured by the variations of the Total Electron Content (TEC) values. The sensitivity of kinematic orbits to the three-hour-range KP index is rather minor. The reduced-dynamic orbits are almost insensitive to indices describing ionospheric, solar, and geomagnetic activities. The investigation of individual SLR sites shows that some of them are affected by time bias errors, whereas other demonstrate systematics, such as a dependency between observation residuals and the satellite nadir angle or the horizontal azimuth angle from the SLR station to the direction of the satellite.     

地球静止轨道混合推进三星库仑编队队形保持控制研究

研究了地球静止轨道处混合推进三星库仑编队队形保持控制问题.首先考虑未知有界相对摄动影响,建立了地球静止轨道处混合推进三星库仑编队动力学方程.然后基于相对运动解析解,设计了投影圆轨道旋转编队构型.最后采用滑模控制方法,设计了控制器并证明其稳定性,用饱和函数对控制器进行了改进,消除了抖振的影响.通过控制编队内部静电力和补充...     

一种小卫星绕飞编队的运动学设计新方法研究

在用运动学方法进行小卫星绕飞编队的相对运动分析和轨道设计时，一般假设环绕卫星和参考卫星的升交点赤经差、轨道倾角差和纬度幅角差均为小量，从而对相对运动方程进行近似和简化．但是当参考卫星的轨道倾角等于零或较小时，环绕卫星和参考卫星的升交点赤经差和纬度幅角差并不是小量，此时由于假设条件不成立而无法得到合理的轨道设计结果．针对这种情况，本文提出了一种小卫星绕飞编队的运动学设计新方法．首先对零轨道倾角卫星编队的卫星相对运动方程进行近似简化，得到了以轨道根数差为参数的相对运动方程和卫星编队设计方法，然后通过转移矩阵变换来进行任意轨道倾角的卫星绕飞编队设计，最后通过实例验证了方法的正确性．     

编队飞行队形设计一般化方法

首先 ,在合理的假设条件下 ,基于运动学关系推导了环绕卫星相对参考卫星的相对运动方程 ;然后 ,给出了编队飞行队形设计一般化方法的具体计算公式 ,利用此方法 ,能在参考轨道为圆或椭圆轨道的情况下 ,直接求出编队中所有卫星的轨道参数 ;最后 ,给出了两个编队队形设计的算例     

小倾角同步卫星通信

同步卫星工作寿命必须考虑各种因素,当它接近寿命末期时,尽管星上有效载荷仍能有效工作,但剩余的燃料已无法继续进行南北位置保持,只能进行东西位置保持。这时如果利用该星进行小倾角通信,就能有效地延长卫星工作寿命,节省大笔经费。同时就它给地面卫星通信系统带来的新问题做了深入研究,给出了不同倾角情况下定量分析结果,并针对不同的通信体制,提出了相应的解决方法。     

一类由星下点反算卫星近圆回归轨道的方法

提出了一类近圆回归轨道的设计方法,解决当飞行任务对星下点有要求时,近圆回归轨道的设计问题。分析了星下点轨迹与轨道参数的关系,概括为当对星下点轨迹有要求时,近圆回归轨道的设计依赖于轨道半径和轨道倾角两个参数的确定。以轨道半径和轨道倾角为未知量依据星下点轨迹要求条件构建了非线性方程组,但直接求解过于复杂,采取迭代的方法解决。编制了MATLAB程序进行设计计算,并将计算结果用软件STK(Satellite Tool Kit)进行仿真。仿真结果显示,该算法能够较好的实现设计目标。     

The influence of orbital maneuver on autonomous orbit determination of an extended satellite navigation constellation

The right ascension of the ascending node is unobservable if only the inter-satellite ranging is used for autonomous orbit determination (AOD) of an Earth navigation constellation. However, if an Earth-Moon libration point satellite is added to the Earth navigation constellation to construct an extended navigation constellation, all the orbital elements can be determined with only the inter-satellite ranging. Furthermore, the extended navigation constellation can provide navigation information for interplanetary probes. For such an extended navigation constellation, orbital control needs to be considered due to the instability of the libration-point satellite orbit. This study concerns the influence of satellite orbital maneuver on the AOD of the extended navigation constellation. An AOD method under orbital maneuver is proposed. A low thrust controller is designed to achieve libration point satellite autonomous orbit maintenance by using AOD results. A navigation constellation consisting of three GPS satellites and one libration point satellite are designed for simulation. The simulation results show that libration point satellites can achieve autonomous navigation and autonomous orbit maintenance by only using inter-satellite ranging information. The rotation drift error of the Earth navigation constellation is also suppressed.     

Achievable debris orbit prediction accuracy using laser ranging data from a single station

Earlier studies have shown that an orbit prediction accuracy of 20 arc sec ground station pointing error for 1–2 day predictions was achievable for low Earth orbit (LEO) debris using two passes of debris laser ranging (DLR) data from a single station, separated by about 24 h. The accuracy was determined by comparing the predicted orbits with subsequent tracking data from the same station. This accuracy statement might be over-optimistic for other parts of orbit far away from the station. This paper presents the achievable orbit prediction accuracy using satellite laser ranging (SLR) data of Starlette and Larets under a similar data scenario as that of DLR. The SLR data is corrupted with random errors of 1 m standard deviation so that its accuracy is similar to that of DLR data. The accurate ILRS Consolidated Prediction Format orbits are used as reference to compute the orbit prediction errors. The study demonstrates that accuracy of 20 arc sec for 1–2 day predictions is achievable.     

卫星双向时间比对原理及比对误差估算

论述了卫星双向时间比对原理和比对系统中各项系统误差。计算出同步卫星运动导致的时间延迟误差、地球自转效应(Sagnac)误差和地面站设备时延误差。在所有误差项中，地面站户外单元设备是最大的误差来源，这个值与环境温度是强相关的，且存在反比关系，温度系数达到-0.1ns/℃。对此，可通过温度控制或对数据的温度补偿来降低误差。在对所有误差项进行综合计算后，得出比对误差可低于2ns。     

大椭圆轨道上空间探测卫星轨道性能分析

本文以实践四号为例概述了卫星设计和运行的一般情况,着重论述卫星轨道设计的特点,并给出了表征轨道计算、发射窗口、卫星受晒、可测控条件等数据和图形.指出在历时2个月的运行中由遥测数据证明了轨道设计及初始姿态选择的正确性.