月球基地建设方案设想

随着月球探测的深入发展,国内外众多月球探测方案和月球开发计划均将月球基地建设作为一个重要目标。月球基地建设将服务于后续无人月球探测和载人登月探测任务。通过月球基地的功能和意义分析,对月球基地的选址约束、建设步骤和实施过程提出了初步构想,并针对典型的探测站/器进行了分析。在此基础上,根据我国运载能力,提出了月球基地方案构想,并对月球基地建设的若干关键问题进行了初步探讨,可为后续月球基地建设提供参考。     

增材制造技术在载人航天工程中的应用与展望

近年来,增材制造技术在载人航天工程中的应用迅速发展。对熔融沉积成型技术、激光选区熔化技术、线材电弧增材制造技术、热喷涂增材技术、月壤增材制造技术等用于载人航天工程的增材制造技术及这些技术的应用领域进行了总结。对增材制造技术在在轨制造飞行器替换件、制造大型桁架等难以在地面制造或发射的部件、制造飞行器复杂部件等应用领域进行了总结。提出未来载人航天工程技术的增材制造中应发展适合载人航天工程的材料体系,应研究微重力环境下的增材制造技术,同时未来还应发展相关工艺。     

基于SLM的模拟月壤原位成形技术

激光选区熔化（SLM）技术与原位资源利用（ISRU）概念结合,有望解决地外大规模基地建设的工程难题。利用模拟月壤考察了SLM成形技术用于月球原位资源增材制造的可行性。采用高能束激光为热源,对粉床内模拟月壤颗粒进行逐层照射,使颗粒熔融固结。以激光体积能量密度为综合评价指标,开展SLM工艺参数研究,实现模拟月壤的低能耗、高效率、高几何精度成形。研究结果表明:模拟月壤在激光工作波长吸收率高,热稳定性好,利用较低激光能量可实现模拟月壤SLM成形,成形件几何精度高;激光体积能量密度决定了成形件质量,增加激光体积能量密度可以提高成形件力学性能,但过高的激光体积能量密度使成形件发生严重变形;模拟月壤颗粒形态复杂、粒度分布广、流动性差,通过优化颗粒粒径分布范围,可以有效提高粉体的流动性,从而形成致密且均匀的粉床,避免成形件缺陷的产生。      

基于损伤力学的增材制造金属材料疲劳寿命预测

增材制造(AM)技术发展迅速，广泛应用于航空航天领域合金构件的加工制造，而很多增材制造合金构件承受循环载荷，疲劳失效破坏十分普遍。通过建立考虑增材制造过程影响的疲劳损伤模型，计算了增材制造金属材料的疲劳寿命。给出了弹塑性本构模型和考虑增材制造过程参数的疲劳损伤模型，进而给出了疲劳寿命计算的有限元数值方法；对增材制造金属材料进行了疲劳寿命预测，预测值与试验值基本吻合，并从疲劳数据的分散性及增材制造金属材料内部的孔隙率2个方面分析了计算误差；讨论了体积能量密度比对增材制造金属材料疲劳性能的影响，并对结果进行了分析，为增材制造金属材料的疲劳损伤评定提供一种有效的方法。      

Regolith-derived ferrosilicon as a potential feedstock material for wire-based additive manufacturing

Ferrosilicon is a primary metallic alloy produced during the reduction of metal oxides contained in lunar and Martian regolith by a variety of techniques. This study examines the usefulness of ferrosilicon as a candidate feedstock material for wire-based 3D printers designed for in-space manufacturing. Alloys of composition ranging from pure iron to 12?wt% Si were synthesized and their electrical and mechanical properties characterized. The melts were cast into rods for mechanical testing to determine ultimate strength and ductility. It was determined that the samples above 3?wt% Si were too brittle to be pulled into wire and ruptured at low strain values. The 3?wt% Si sample and iron had comparable mechanical properties relative to samples of higher silicon content but with differences in ductility and ultimate strength. Microstructure and compositional studies revealed the differences between the ductile and brittle samples as being the complete ferrite phase presence on the iron and low-Si content samples. This study establishes an upper limit on the Si content at 3?wt% in ferrosilicon materials to be used in wire feedstock in additive manufacturing for in-space applications.     

空间在轨增材制造技术的研究进展与展望

空间在轨增材制造（in-space additive manufacturing,ISAM）技术是一种“空间3D”打印技术,在在轨制造和空间基地建造方面具有很好的应用前景。首先概述了空间在轨增材制造技术的主要内涵,进而全面梳理了国际上空间在轨增材制造技术的研究进展。结合空间站、在轨航天器的需求,重点分析了空间在轨增材制造关键技术对其原材料、技术手段以及设备的要求,在此基础上梳理了空间在轨增材制造技术现阶段面临的挑战。综合表明,特殊的空间环境（微重力、高真空等）都在紧密限制着空间在轨原材料、设备以及技术的选用。最后,基于当前空间在轨制造技术的发展现状、需求以及可能的实现途径,为中国空间在轨增材制造技术的未来发展指明了新的方向。     

月球基地能源系统初步研究

建设月球基地、深入开展月球探测是后续深空探测发展的必然趋势,能源系统是维持月球基地正常工作的基本条件。结合月球基地能源需求和月面环境特点,确定了能源系统的基本要求;对比分析了各种能源类型的特点及应用前景,明确了初级阶段月球基地能源系统应以太阳能的利用为主要方式,核心技术是解决太阳能的高效存储问题;通过储能技术的分析,提出了热化学制氢结合氢氧燃料电池及光伏发电装置的能源系统方案,并对系统设计的关键技术进行了分析,相关内容可为月球基地的深入论证及其能源系统的具体设计提供借鉴。     

Sulfur “concrete” for lunar applications – Sublimation concerns

Melting sulfur and mixing it with an aggregate to form “concrete” is commercially well established and constitutes a material that is particularly well-suited for use in corrosive environments. Discovery of the mineral troilite (FeS) on the moon poses the question of extracting the sulfur for use as a lunar construction material. This would be an attractive alternative to conventional concrete as it does not require water. However, the viability of sulfur concrete in a lunar environment, which is characterized by lack of an atmosphere and extreme temperatures, is not well understood. Here it is assumed that the lunar ore can be mined, refined, and the raw sulfur melded with appropriate lunar regolith to form, for example, bricks. This study evaluates pure sulfur and two sets of small sulfur concrete samples that have been prepared using JSC-1 lunar stimulant and SiO₂ powder as aggregate additions. Each set was subjected to extended periods in a vacuum environment to evaluate sublimation issues. Results from these experiments are presented and discussed within the context of the lunar environment.     

Temperature and humidity control system in a lunar base.

An increasing number of lunar base construction programs are in the process of developing lunar resources such as helium 3. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the temperature and humidity control system, which will allow man to live and work on the moon while developing lunar resources. The results of thermal load calculation show that the load of electric lighting is a 80 to 90% of the cooling load in the habitat module and that only the cooling function is required for temperature control. Due to this, a fluorocarbon refrigerant heat pump system was selected to satisfy reliability, energy consumption, size and weight requirements for the lunar base equipment. According to the load calculation, occupants will feel discomfort due to radiant heat from lighting fixtures. To resolve this problem, an air conditioning system, used in combination with forced convective cooling and panel cooling on the ceiling, was adopted in the living space. Moreover, the experiment on the ground was carried out to evaluate the effects of panel cooling.     

模拟月壤铺粉过程DEM数值仿真

空基激光选区熔化（SLM）技术与原位资源利用（ISRU）概念结合,有望解决地外大规模基地建设的工程难题。SLM铺粉过程对成形件性能和质量有重要影响。基于非球形粒子叠加球模型方法,建立模拟月壤颗粒几何模型;基于线性弹簧-阻尼接触作用模型、Hamaker理论及牛顿运动定律,建立颗粒动力学模型;采用三维离散单元方法（DEM）及软球模型,进行不同工况下模拟月壤在铺粉过程中的流变特性研究。结果显示:所提模型和方法能开展指定工况和环境参数的模拟月壤颗粒系统流动性和堆积行为数值仿真研究;月面低重力环境导致粉床表面粗糙度变大、堆积密度和平均配位数变小;通过降低铺粉速度和优化刮刀型面,可以有效改善月基铺粉的粉床质量,获得更密实和均匀的粉床结构。      

Current status of X-ray spectrometer development in the SELENE project

The X-ray spectrometer (XRS) on the SELENE (SELenological and ENgineering Explorer) spacecraft, XRS, will observe fluorescent X-rays from the lunar surface. The energy of the fluorescent X-ray depends on the elements of which the lunar soil consists, therefore we can determine elemental composition of the upper most lunar surface. The XRS consists of three components: XRF-A, SOL-B, and SOL-C. XRF-A is the main sensor to observe X-rays from the lunar surface. SOL-B is direct monitor of Solar X-ray using Si-PIN photodiode. SOL-C is another Solar X-ray monitor but observes the X-rays from the standard sample attached on the base plate. This enables us to analyze by a comparative method similar to typical laboratory XRF methods. XRF-A and SOL-C adopt charge coupled device as an X-ray detector which depletion layer is deep enough to detect X-rays. The X-ray spectra were obtained by the flight model of XRS components, and all components has been worked well to analyze fluorescent X-rays. Currently, development of the hardware and software of the XRS has been finished and we are preparing for system integration test for the launch.     

月球软着陆动力下降制导控制技术综述与展望

未来的月球着陆任务将着力于开发月球资源、建立月球基地,这些都离不开月球软着陆技术的支持;而要实现探测器在预选点安全精确地着陆,就离不开动力下降制导控制技术的支持。本文系统地总结了两种成功的月球软着陆及其制导方式,对已有的制导控制方案及其研究进展进行了详细的阐述和对比分析。以未来的月球采样返回和月球基地任务为潜在工程目标,对下一代的月球软着陆动力下降的制导控制及其所涉及的关键科学技术问题进行了比较全面的分析和展望。     

载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置设计与研制

基于着陆冲击动力学实现载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置的方案设计,并分别开展机构运动分析、振动响应分析和着陆冲击特性分析,对着陆缓冲装置进行了全面的仿真分析计算。在此基础上研制了全尺寸载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置原理样机,并结合分析优化结果进行了试验验证。该研究为研制大收拢比、大尺寸、大载重、低过载的载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置奠定了技术基础。     

Concept of wireless sensor network for future in-situ exploration of lunar ice using wireless impedance sensor

It is known that a wireless sensor network uses some sort of sensors to detect a physical quantity of interest, in general. The wireless sensor network is a potential tool for exploring the difficult-to-access area on the earth and the concept may be extended to space applications in future. Recently, lunar water has been detected by a few lunar missions using remote sensing techniques. The lunar water is expected to be in the form of ice at very low temperatures of permanently dark regions on the moon. To support the remote observations and also to find out potential ice bearing sites on the moon, in-situ measurement of the lunar ice is essential. However, a rover may not be able to reach the permanently shadowed regions due to terrain irregularity. One possibility to access such areas is to use a wireless sensor network on the lunar surface.     

基于3层B/S结构的月球资源数据库系统的设计与实现

基于3层B/S结构，采用Web技术，在Intranet环境下设计并开发了月球资源数据库系统，该系统实现了月球资源信息的管理，具有高效、使用方便，运行稳定可靠等特点，并具有良好的可扩充性和可维护性。     

丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝特性及TC4成形组织

针对热阴极电子束轴侧熔丝与丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝方法的特点进行分析,研究了丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝增材制造熔滴过渡特点及获得滴状过渡和搭桥过渡方式需要满足的条件。采用直径2 mm的TC4钛合金丝材制备出丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝增材制造的钛合金试样,对其微观组织进行分析,结果表明:与常规热阴极电子束轴侧熔丝成形的工艺相比,丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝成形试样的组织表现为等轴晶与柱状晶层层交替叠加的状态,柱状晶与等轴晶尺寸明显减小,表明成形试样的晶粒细化,力学性能得到提高。      

模拟月壤真空试验装置设计及实现方法

我国探月三期需在月面真空环境下钻采2 m深的月壤样品,为测试采样器在真空热环境下的性能,需首先在地面模拟一个接近月表的真空热环境.本文设计了一套模拟月壤真空试验装置,研究了模拟月壤真空实现方法.通过使用机械泵对模拟月壤进行抽真空,分析了抽速、样品量、含水量、密实度和温度等因素对模拟月壤真空度的影响情况.此外,分别分析了从容器顶部、底部抽气对模拟月壤抽真空效果的影响,提出了保证样品密实度的可行抽气方法.该试验研究对构建月面真空环境模拟器具备一定的参考价值.      

月球巡视探测器系统研究

简要回顾月球探测的发展现状,给出月球巡视探测器的概念和主要功能．据此分析和研究系统方案设计、分系统组成、工作状态和工作模式。最后提出月球巡视探测器的关键技术,以期为月球巡视探测器的工程研制提供参考。     

月球着陆器着陆过程动力学分析

以哈尔滨工业大学宇航空间机构及控制研究中心研制的四腿桁架式月球着陆器样机为研究对象,通过简化模型,导出了着陆器着陆过程中各个着陆脚和着陆器质心在惯性坐标系中的位置坐标方程,以此位置坐标方程为依据得到了着陆器准静态稳定性条件.通过分析着陆器与月面着陆时瞬态动力学行为,得到了着陆器在此瞬态的各动力学参数的计算公式,以此为依据,并离散时间变量,给出了可以程序化实现整个动态着陆过程动力学模拟的计算过程,为进一步研究着陆过程动力学行为奠定了基础.      

Upwards migration phenomenon on molten lunar regolith: New challenges and prospects for ISRU

As part of our research on the feasibility of producing commodities from lunar regolith by thermal-driven processes with minimal terrestrial precursors we need to characterize, reproduce, and understand thermophysical properties of the molten regolith still unforeseen under the lunar vacuum conditions at a scalable sample size. Two unanticipated phenomena, apparently caused by lunar melt’s surface tension under vacuum, have been revealed in our research work, vacuum void formation and upwards migration. In this paper we present our findings and thinkable explanation on the upwards migration phenomenon experimentally observed and consistently replicated as JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant melted at high vacuum. Upwards migration of molten lunar regolith will make future lunar ISRU’s melting processes both challenging as molten bulk material would migrate upwards along the container’s walls, and also promising on new opportunities for alternative ISRU’s sustainable processes as regolith’s upwards migration takes place in uniformed thin-film pattern. Among the potential ISRU’s processes that might use controlled thermal thin-film-based migration without the necessity of terrestrial precursors are production of feedstock for 3D printing, fractional separation of regolith’s component’s (O₂, metals, and alloys) via pyrolysis, film coating, purification of valuables solid crystals including silicon, and fabrication of key elements for microfluidic, and MEMS devices. Thermal upwards migration phenomenon on JSC-1A’s melt is formulated and explained by the authors as due to thermal Marangoni effect (also known as thermo-capillarity) in which temperature gradients within the melt’s bulk and along the crucible’s wall yield the surface tension large enough to supersede the gravitational force and yield the experimentally observed upwards thin-film migration. As far as the authors know, upwards thermal migration of molten JSC-1A (or other lunar simulant regolith) under vacuum has not been reported in the literature. A thermal mathematical model accounting for thermal Marangoni effect on molten JSC-1A agrees with what experimentally was observed, the formation of the meniscus on the melt-wall surface interface along with an incipient upwards migration in thin-film pattern along the crucible wall that, according to the model, experiences large temperature gradient, an important factor to trigger the thermal Marangoni effect along with the fact that surface tension of the molten lunar regolith material is temperature dependent.