Security technology

Security requirements and capabilities have changed dramatically over the past fifty years. Personal identification and detection of illegal substances including explosives have come to the forefront. With the proliferation of computers the security of information has also become a major concern. Substantial advances have been made over the last three decades in entry control, counter-terrorism, cryptology and airport protection. The utilization of technology has become an irreversible trend. Electronic devices and systems are capable of automatically and tirelessly monitoring and reporting breaches of security. For example, airport security began with physical protection of the facility with fences and area surveillance. The most recent concern is detecting explosives in both checked and early-on baggage, Other techniques relate to monitoring passengers for weapons as they transit the terminal building, especially crowds gathered at the metal detectors and X-ray machines. The application of electronics has produced reliability improvements and cost savings in systems that protect against unauthorized entry and numerous other threats. PCs have become the heart of security command and control systems. Most PC platforms rely on the proven software stability of Windows NT and present data in human-friendly, graphic format. It is expected that in the near future security monitoring will be consolidated in a central location, possibly to be integrated with other command and control functions     

量子计算及其在空气动力学中的应用前景综述

量子计算是最重要的后摩尔计算技术之一，拥有经典计算机无可比拟的超强计算能力，未来能够对各行业应用产生颠覆性的影响。针对量子计算给空气动力学带来的机遇和挑战，详细综述了量子计算机、量子算法、量子底层软件栈等方面的研究进展。结合空气动力学领域常用的基础方法，在综述量子计算线性方程组求解、插值操作、数值积分、优化搜索等最新进展的基础上，结合典型量子算法深入分析了量子计算在空气动力学领域的应用前景，并指出了需要重点关注的研究方向。     

Impact of aerospace on computers

Electronics and computers have long been associated with aviation, defense and aerospace. Many aerospace advances would have been impossible without digital computers, and digital computers would not have progressed as rapidly without aerospace. In some sense you may thank aerospace for the computer on your desk and Internet in your life. DoD and NASA programs drove computer technology for the first 25 years, but in the 80s the primary thrust transitioned to the commercial sector. Aerospace computation requirements have driven the development of many electronic components such as transistors, ICs and memory technology. Advances in memory technology progressed from delay lines to electrostatic tubes to magnetic cores and now solid-state memory. As the need for number crunching grew, computers transitioned from batch processing, time-sharing, real-time computing, networking to the ubiquitous PC and Internet. How far is it from your hand-held PDA to the nano computer?     

基于QNX的分布式异构仿真平台的实现

QNX作为嵌入式实时操作系统之一,它具有强实时、高可靠性、可剪裁、可配置、可扩充、可移植的特点,支持主流嵌入式处理器,目前主要应用在军事武器装备和航空航天领域.本文从航空电子系统对实时操作系统的要求出发,着重介绍了嵌入式实时操作系统QNX在PC104平台上的移植和配置网络连接通信技术,实现了基于QNX的分布式异构仿真平台,并通过实例验证了QNX的实时通信机制,建立了QNX在航空电子系统中应用的雏形,并给出了下一步工作的重点.     

Replacement strategy for aging avionics computers

With decreasing defense dollars available to purchase new military aircraft, the inventory of existing aircraft will have to last many more years than originally anticipated. As the avionics computers on these aging aircraft get older, they become more expensive to maintain due to parts obsolescence. In addition, expanding missions and changing requirements lead to growth in the embedded software which, in turn, requires additional processing and memory capacity. Both factors, parts obsolescence and new processing capacity, result in the need to replace the old computer hardware with newer, more capable microprocessor technology. New microprocessors, however, are not compatible with the older computer instruction set architectures. This generally requires the embedded software in these computers to be rewritten. A significant savings-estimated in the billions of dollars-could be achieved in these upgrades if the new computers could execute the old embedded code along with any new code to be added. This paper describes a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)-based form, fit, function, and interface (F³I) replacement strategy for legacy avionics computers that can reuse existing avionics code “as is” while providing a flexible framework for incremental upgrades and managed change. It is based on a real-time embedded software technology that executes legacy binary code on the latest generation COTS microprocessors. This technology promises performance improvements of 5-10 times that of the legacy avionics computer that it replaces. It also promises a 4× decrease in cost and schedule over rewriting the code and provides a “known good” starting point for incremental upgrades of the embedded flight software. Code revalidation cost and risk are minimized since the structure of the embedded code is not changed, allowing the replacement computer to be retested at the “blackbox” level using existing qualification tests     

Magnetospheric Models and Trajectory Computations

The calculation of particle trajectories in the Earth's magnetic field has been a subject of interest since the time of Störmer. The fundamental problem is that the trajectory-tracing process involves using mathematical equations that have `no solution in closed form'. This difficulty has forced researchers to use the `brute force' technique of numerical integration of many individual trajectories to ascertain the behavior of trajectory families or groups. As the power of computers has improved over the decades, the numerical integration procedure has grown more tractable and while the problem is still formidable, thousands of trajectories can be computed without the expenditure of excessive resources. As particle trajectories are computed and the characteristics analyzed we can determine the cutoff rigidity of a specific location and viewing direction and direction and deduce the direction in space of various cosmic ray anisotropies. Unfortunately, cutoff rigidities are not simple parameters due to the chaotic behavior of the cosmic-ray trajectories in the cosmic ray penumbral region. As the computational problem becomes more manageable, there is still the issue of the accuracy of the magnetic field models. Over the decades, magnetic field models of increasing complexity have been developed and utilized. The accuracy of trajectory calculations employing contemporary magnetic field models is sufficient that cosmic ray experiments can be designed on the basis of trajectory calculations. However, the Earth's magnetosphere is dynamic and the most widely used magnetospheric models currently available are static. This means that the greatest uncertainly in the application of charged particle trajectories occurs at low energies.     

Firewire: standard computer industry interconnect for test & measurement

Do you know what Firewire is? If not, you soon will, IEEE 1394, or Firewire, is an up-and-coming electronics industry standard that will soon be in wide use for interconnecting a massive variety of electronic equipment. It will be used for connecting CD-ROMs and scanners to computers, and it will be used for connecting VCRs, DVDs and satellite dishes to digital televisions. How does this affect Test & Measurement? This paper discusses Firewire, along with it's lower-end companion, USE, and how they can and will be utilized in T&M applications to replace T&M specific technologies, such as IEEE 488, and MXI. The advantages-and disadvantages-of these new technologies are discussed along with what the Test & Measurement industry should do to support these new technologies.     

Year 2000 impact on automated testing

Both US military and industry rely on automatic testing to verify the quality of manufacture and repair. Many testers still rely on computers designed and manufactured in the early 1980's. This includes systems using embedded controllers. Year 2000 problems can surface in computer operating systems, compilers, test programs, and in embedded systems. Until the impact of the Y2K “bug” is addressed, the risk of test program failure is unknown in most legacy automatic test systems. Problems may include embedded controllers in proprietary designs, old operating systems, and unique test program code. This paper will address the potential problem areas in automatic testing, and suggest an approach for determining the best course of action. In order to evaluate the impact, a complete systems inventory must be done to identify all potential sources of problems. Little attention has been paid to the legacy automated test systems and the potential impact of the Y2K problem on such systems. Although newer systems are less likely to be affected, no one can be sure until a complete inventory and test has been accomplished     

机动目标的三维瞄准火控模型

对新型的航炮攻击数学模型进行了研究,将传统的二维瞄准扩展为三维瞄准;在考虑新一代战斗机机载设备的计算能力大幅度提高的情况下,火控模型引入了加速度因素引起的目标机动项,并给出了目标绝对速度和绝对加速度的计算公式,从而减小了瞄准解算公式的原理误差;通过对复杂的瞄准公式所占用计算时间的估算,证明本文提供的火控模型能够满足实时性要求,具有实用意义。     

专家系统在机翼结构布局优化中的应用研究

1.方法原理 一般结构优化仅将离散化后的有限元特征尺寸作为设计变量(例如板杆结构中的杆元横截面积和板元厚度),而其它布局参数(如板、杆元的数目、位置和材料等)在一次上机优化过程中是不变的。当然,可以将元件位置(用节点坐标表示)和元件材料包括进     

民用飞机短舱复合材料结构雷电直接效应试验验证方法及漆层厚度影响研究

随着飞机设计的发展,复合材料广泛应用于民用飞机短舱结构。由于碳纤维复合材料结构的导电性以及抗雷电损伤能力比铝合金结构差,复合材料短舱结构雷电防护能力已成为影响飞机飞行安全的一项关键问题。依据相关适航条款和相应的国际标准,阐述了民用飞机短舱复合材料雷电防护试验验证方法,并依据验证方法对漆层厚度的损伤影响进行了试验研究。短舱常规蒙皮构型的复合材料试验件,在不同漆层厚度下的雷电防护试验结果表明,漆层较薄时,漆层对短舱复合材料的雷电直接效应防护能力无明显的影响;当漆层厚度达到一定厚度时,较厚的漆层将显著降低短舱复合材料的雷电直接效应防护能力,最严重时将造成复合材料蒙皮的击穿,损伤蒙皮内部系统设备,从而危害飞行安全。试验结果与理论的机理分析具有良好的一致性,对民用飞机短舱复合材料结构的雷电防护设计提供了指导方向和参考意义。     

空气旋流器对短环形回流燃烧室性能的影响

目前在小发动机领域中,采用环形回流燃烧室作为核心部件几乎已成为普遍的发展趋势,这不仅是因为采用环形回流燃烧室能使其容热强度成倍增加,而且燃烧室的寿命也随着气膜冷却技术的发展和设计、工艺水平的提高而大大延长。此外,还有一个重要的原因是它可以使发动机轴缩短近40%,使发动机总体布局更加合理。怎样在短小的燃烧室内更好地组织燃烧便成了短环形回流燃烧室设计的关键。传统的环形回流燃烧室大部分采用封闭式头部,火焰筒内部气流结构对于目前的火焰筒长度是匹配的。但是新型的高性能小发动机为了缩短低压轴的跨度要求,回流燃烧室的长度更短,对于这样的短环回流燃烧室怎样充分利用燃烧空间,本文作了探讨。试验用的短环形回流燃烧室采用封闭式及带45°扭角和60°扭角的旋流器头部的三种结构方案,对各个试验件性能作了较详细的分析、比较,取得了有用的结果。      

Changes to vascular biometric system security & performance

When considering biometrics for a Personal Identification System, different modalities can be considered. The final selection will depend on specific application requirements. From the several modalities existing nowadays, vascular systems have appeared on the scene lately. Vein-based identification is claimed to be as reliable as fingerprint or iris identification, but with the usability of hand geometry or even the face. As with any other biometric modalities, vascular solutions have to be deeply analyzed for all relevant factors that could affect their performance or the security level achieved. This will show the analysis of the performance and security achieved by a commercial vascular biometric system, when being applied in several real-world scenarios. These scenarios will cover typical office environments to the more extreme environments, such as extreme light and temperatures, as those suffered in a banking ATM, or with high humidity such as in a gym. The results will show the strengths of this modality, as well as those points where further improvements are needed.     

中国应对经济全球化的关键在于培育优势产业

世界经济全球化所催生的产业全球化，加速了各国产业结构的调整、优化、升级。对中国而言，在全球化新的国际分工格局下，立足于比较优势的劳动密集型产业，曼然有较大的发展空间，但其技术含量低，附加值低，处于全球化的劣势地位，继续发展必然使产业固化，难以升级，也无法在激烈的全球竞争中获胜，最终将拉大我们与发达国家的差距，显然不能作为我国产业调整的方向；相反，放眼于发展战略的资本、技术密集的前景产业，虽然面临巨大的冲击，但它具有广阔的发展前景，有无限发展潜力和长久竞争优势，发展它们本身就是产业结构的提升，不仅可以缩小我们与发达国家的差距，而且有助于促进全面小康目标的实现。     

现代飞机交流电源系统的不中断供电技术

现代飞机上安装了大量的微处理机、计算机。由于电源之间正常转换而出现的电源短暂中断现象会对微处理机、计算机的工作产生干扰。研制不中断供电的电源系统已是刻不容缓的任务。本文讨论了电源正常转换时电源中断现象及原因。以现代大型飞机上的电源系统不中断供电技术为例,阐述消除电源中断的技术方案以及汇流条保护控制组件(BPCU),发电机控制组件(GCU)内有关不中断电源转换的逻辑。     

弹性飞行器操纵机构最优位置的确定

本文研究了弹性飞行器操纵机构最优位置的确定。在具有速率反馈的控制系统中,把控制作用看作等效阻尼,推导了由气动弹性效应所决定的舵面最优位置准则,给出了表征舵面位置与陀螺位置协调关系的公式。附有实例验证。     

Nanotechnology's impact on aircraft design and maintenance

Unique research efforts relating to the development of nanoscale devices to replace standard integrated circuits, and eventually entire electronic systems. Standard integrated circuits (IC) have limitations or restrictions in size, speed, reliability, complexity and finding suitable replacements for discontinued items. Nanoscale device development and understanding has dramatically grown. One of the key properties of quantum physics that quantum computers rely on is the ability of certain atoms or nuclei to work together as quantum bits. These computing devices are a fraction of the size of typical ICs (nanoscale). Nanoscale devices developed using quantum physics principles have unlimited potential to revolutionize the methods and design of fabricated printed circuit cards and complete systems. They can replace an entire PC board or the set of PC boards that comprise a Line Replaceable Unit (LRU). This would be a good and practical jumping-off point to going directly to the complete device, system, or function level. This might include a nanoscale computer (general purpose or flight control), transmitter, GPS receiver, position and/or attitude sensors in either a stand-alone configuration, or combined within conventional devices (e.g., a nanoscale communications suite (xmtr/rcvr, etc.)) encapsulated within the Plexiglas canopy or the control yoke of an F16 rather than behind the instrument panel or maybe the whole comm suite into the pilot's helmet.     

Conceptual design and preliminary experiment of icing risk management and protection system

Icing is one of the main external environmental factors that causes aircraft to lose control. The flight safety assurance system under icing condition is particularly important. However,most of the systems do not consider the coupling characteristics of aerodynamics and flight dynamics of icing aircraft. This will affect the accuracy of the calculation results. Besides, the icing risk management system helps the pilot to realize the possible dangers in advance and perform correct maneuvers, base...     

新会计准则对商业银行的影响

相比《金融企业会计制度（2001）》，新会计准则（2006）做了很多改进，尤其是增加了《金融工具确认和计量》、《金融资产转移》、《套期保值》和《金融工具列报》4个金融工具会计准则，这会对商业银行的财务状况、经营成果、风险管理和内部控制等产生影响，并将对商业银行产生鼓励科技与业务创新、重视人力资源、推动资产重估、促进其财务信息全面披露等导向作用。     

GNSS双频导航信号用户完好性监测机制研究

用户完好性监测指标通常被用于衡量导航信息的可信度,针对单个卫星导航系统用户完好性监测指标过高、可用性较差的问题,提出一种全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)多系统双频信号联合完好性监测机制,该监测机制使用一定完好性风险分配值下的保护门限作为联合观测下的监测指标;另外,为了确保各种监测假设下的用户完好性,分别讨论了无故障及一颗卫星故障假设下的伪距观测误差获取、保护门限计算以及完好性风险指标分配等问题。仿真结果表明该用户监测机制可有效降低保护门限、提高可用性,在用于I类精密进近时全球大部分区域用户的可用性水平大于95%。