Overlapping Pulse Trains

An event happens the first time several periodic pulse trains all overlap (are all ?on?) simultaneously. Assuming that all pulse trains are randomly located with respect to each other, it is argued that the time required is approximately an exponential random variable. A formula for the mean of this time and the results of some tests by computer simulation are given.     

Clutter Suppression Properties of Weighted Pulse Trains

A common but troublesome requirement on radar sensors is the detection of a target in the interference from undesired scatterers, or clutter. Systems with coherent processing of pulse trains are uniquely suited for the purpose because, with pulse trains, it is possible to concentrate the receiver output for particular values of Doppler and thus suppress the clutter by Doppler filtering. This paper discusses to what degree the effectiveness of the method can be enhanced by tapering, or weighting, of the pulse amplitudes. The general results are illustrated by computer-plotted response functions for weighted pulse trains. The clutter suppression efficiency of weighting is calculated both for unilateral weighting in the receiver and for bilateral weighting in both receiver and transmitter. The significance of additional phase weighting is discussed and the results for pure amplitude weighting are compared with publishedwork on phase and amplitude weighting.     

Dynamic parametric modeling-based model updating strategy of aeroengine casings

For accurate Finite Element (FE) modeling for the structural dynamics of aeroengine casings, Parametric Modeling-based Model Updating Strategy (PM-MUS) is proposed based on efficient FE parametric modeling and model updating techniques regarding uncorrelated/correlated mode shapes. Casings structure is parametrically modeled by simplifying initial structural FE model and equivalently simulating mechanical characteristics. Uncorrelated modes between FE model and experiment are reasonably handled by adopting an objective function to recognize correct correlated modes pairs. The parametrized FE model is updated to effectively describe structural dynamic characteristics in respect of testing data. The model updating technology is firstly validated by the detailed FE model updating of one fixed–fixed beam structure in light of correlated/uncorrelated mode shapes and measured mode data. The PM-MUS is applied to the FE parametrized model updating of an aeroengine stator system (casings) which is constructed by the proposed parametric modeling approach. As revealed in this study, (A) the updated models by the proposed updating strategy and dynamic test data is accurate, and (B) the uncorrelated modes like close modes can be effectively handled and precisely identify the FE model mode associated the corresponding experimental mode, and (C) parametric modeling can enhance the dynamic modeling updating of complex structure in the accuracy of mode matching. The efforts of this study provide an efficient dynamic model updating strategy (PM-MUS) for aeroengine casings by parametric modeling and experimental test data regarding uncorrelated modes.     

Variable Format Radar Receiver Using a SAW Convolver

A technique for receiving radar pulse trains is presented [which can be of a variable format in the sense that they vary from pulse to pulse]. The heart of the receiver is a sufrace ascoustic wave (SAW) convolver. In addition to prsenting experimental results for variable format waveform reception, it is shown that the convolver can easily generate ambiguity functions for virtually any waveform, and specific results for signals such as Barker codes and linear FM (chirp) waveforms are presented.     

Cross Correlation of Orthogonally Polarized Backscatter Components

The backscattering of an elliptically polarized plane wave from two kinds of complex radar objects is considered from the standpoint of coherency theory, and the antenna polarizations that give rise to maximum correlated and uncorrelated orthogonally polarized components in the receiving channels are discussed. The resulting observations may find application in radar systems which use the correlation between the received orthogonally polarized components for detecting targets in natural and man-made interference.     

Probability of Pulse Coincidence in a Multiple Radar Environment

Elementary probability theory is used to develop three formulas for the probability of two or more pulses being coincident at an observer's aircraft position in a multiple radar environment. The first formula is for nonscanning tracking type radars with different pulsewidths (PWs) and pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs), the second is for generically identical nonscanning radars with similar PWs and PRFs, and the third is for scanning type radars such as air search radars with similar PWs and PRFs. The probability of coincidence is related to the mean-time-between-coincidences (MTBC) and to the average coincidence rate. Two sample problems are given.     

基于方差的相关输入变量重要性测度分析新方法

为了清晰地掌握相关输入变量情况下响应量方差的来源,非常有必要将基于方差的重要性测度( VBIM)分离为相关部分和独立部分.为此,在二阶非线性回归的基础上,提出了一种适用于非线性响应量的相关变量重要性分析的新方法.一个输入变量对响应量方差的相关贡献由该变量与每一个剩余变量两两相关的贡献分量组成,所以又进一步提出了一种概念...     

Clutter Performance of Coherent Pulse Trains for Targets with Range Acceleration

The clutter performance of coherent pulse trains is examined when the duration of the pulse train is increased to values for which range acceleration effects must be taken into account. The problem of target detection against a clutter background with differential Doppler is studied in terms of the range acceleration effects on the conventional Doppler response. Specifically considered are the consequences on the sidelobe level and width of the main Doppler lobe. The analysis shows that the sidelobe level remains essentially unchanged when the range acceleration mismatch becomes significant. However, the main Doppler response broadens in proportion to the magnitude of the acceleration mismatch. Thus, an increase of the signal duration for better Doppler resolution is useful only until acceleration effects spread the Doppler spectrum of the clutter and eliminate the differential Doppler between targets and clutter.     

Testing the Independence of Nonhomogeneous Rayleigh Clutter

Two attractive real-time implementation tests are presented that discriminate between correlated and uncorrelated clutter. A clutter model is assumed in which the envelope distribution within a cell is Rayleigh, but the mean clutter level fluctuates from cell to cell. Both the tests utilize observations made in pairs on two clutter envelopes corresponding to two consecutive azimuth sweeps. The results are applicable to real-time testing of the effectiveness of various decorrelation techniques employed by radar systems.     

Time-Frequency HOP Signals Part II: Coding Based upon Quadratic Congruences

High-efficiency multicomponent signals for maximization of signalto-noise ratio are investigated. Maximization of signal-to-noise ratio in colored noise requires control of volume distribution of the signal ambiguity function and transmission of unity efficiency signals. Signal efficiency is defined as the ratio of average power to the peak power. It is concluded that the signals must be frequency hop pulse trains. Quadratic congruences are chosen to place the components in time-frequency space. The number-theoretic properties of these signals provide bounds on the position and amplitude of the various peaks of the signal ambiguity function. The tradeoffs are shown between volume removal, number of component signals, and the time-bandwidth product.     

Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes

In structural simulation and design, an accurate computational model directly determines the effectiveness of performance evaluation. To establish a high-fidelity dynamic model of a complex assembled structure, a Hierarchical Model Updating Strategy(HMUS) is developed for Finite Element(FE) model updating with regard to uncorrelated modes. The principle of HMUS is first elaborated by integrating hierarchical modeling concept, model updating technology with proper uncorrelated mode treatment, and...     

Emitter number estimation from pulse trains using the GIC

An information theoretic criterion based approach for estimating the number of emitters from a set of interleaved pulse trains is proposed. In the approach, a new pulse signal model is formulated to handle large number of pulses. The approach is based on the application of the general information criteria (GIC) and has the advantage of not requiring any threshold setting procedures. When compared with classical information theoretic criterion based approaches, the GIC-based approach is more flexible, and it does not involve any computationally sophisticated maximum likelihood estimator. Computer simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Now You See It, Now You Don't

The signal enhancement properties of a single-loop delayline integrator (DLI) are derived for operation in the presence of correlated noise. The signal is assumed periodic with a period equal to the delay of the DLI and present only for a finite time interval. The noise is assumed additive, zero mean, statistically independent from the signal, and present for an infinite time. The noise also is assumed covariance stationary with a specified auto correlation function. Enhancement is defined as the ratio of the increase in average signal power to the increase in average noise power due to integration. The results are general in that the enhancement is derived in terms of the autocorrelation coefficients of the input noise. Plots of enhancement versus number of signal observations and feedback gain are shown for uncorrelated and exponentially correlated noise. The plots show graphically the optimum choices of feedback gain and number of signal observations for a specified auto correlation function and signal observation time. When strongly correlated noise, characteristic of 10-GHz backscatter from salt flats at low incidence angles, rather than uncorrelated noise is assumed present at the input of the DLI, an example, using DLI parameters typical of modern airborne radars, shows a degradation in the maximum achievable enhancement of 9 dB.     

A novel pulse TOA analysis technique for radar identification

A new processing technique is presented for identifying individual pulse trains in a buffer load of pulse time-of-arrival (TOA) data from radar warning receiver sets currently in use for electronic warfare (EW). The method is based on the numerical characteristics of the matrix of the differences of the TOA data points. In particular, for a uniform pulse repetition interval (PRI) emitter, this matrix is a symmetrical harmonic Toeplitz matrix the inverse of which has banded tridiagonal form. This form leads to an estimator for the PRI in terms of the trace of the inverted matrix     

Resolution Performance of Pulse Trains with Large Time-Bandwidth Products

The coherent pulse train has good clutter suppression performance because the energy in its matched-filter response is essentially concentrated within sharp ambiguous spikes. However, this is so only when the Doppler distortions are neglected, so that the Doppler effect is taken as a simple translation of the carrier frequency. This paper analyzes the consequences of Doppler distortions on the resolution performance of pulse trains. It is found that Doppler distortions widen the Doppler ambiguities of the pulse train response, with the widening factor proportional to the order of the Doppler ambiguity. This reduces the interval between Doppler ambiguities, and hence the Doppler width of a clutter space that can be accommodated without severe clutter interference. For an operation in a Doppler-ambiguous mode, it also degrades nominal Doppler resolution performance. A detailed analysis of the effects is presented, and numerical results on the widening of the Doppler ambiguities are obtained.     

基于稀疏重构的混叠脉冲序列的周期估计

针对于以往方法在克服抖动大和缺失率高的混叠脉冲信号周期估计上的不足,提出了一种基于稀疏重构的混叠脉冲序列的隐藏子周期估计新方法。该方法首先针对由多个具有不同周期的脉冲串混合而成脉冲序列进行插值重采样,然后利用由Ramanujan构造的周期字典,建立了混叠脉冲序列的稀疏表示模型,最后采用联合l_2,0混合范数算法求得混叠脉冲序列的周期估计。方法的优点是具有较强抗噪能力和抗脉冲缺失能力,并且不受初相的改变影响。所需要较少的脉冲数据长度就能得到准确的周期稀疏解。仿真实验表明,所提方法具有更好的估计性能。     

Ambiguity Removal When Using Burst Waveforms. Part II: Nonlinear Processing

An effective technique for removing range ambiguities (detections at ranges other than the true range of the object) arising when using a burst waveform is to transmit two bursts with different pulse repetition frequencies nearly simultaneously and then to process their outputs nonlinearly. This correspondence introduces two nonlinear processors which combine coincidence detection with either noncoherent multiplication or integration. It is shown that the combined false alarm and ambiguity removal performance of these nonlinear processors is superior to the performance of coincidence detection, noncoherent multiplication, or noncoherent integration when used separately.     

基于脉组间频率步进的合成超宽带距离像及速度分析

 对脉组间频率步进信号进行信号处理可直接获得合成超宽带(UWB)距离像及目标速度信息,但由于多普勒色散引入的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)输出失配误差和距离多普勒耦合,导致距离像的失真。介绍消除多普勒色散的影响的方法,分析且补偿距离多普勒耦合对距离像的影响,进一步讨论由测速误差产生的补偿量化误差对距离像的影响,并推导由此导致的距离走动公式。提出的迭代二分逼近法使速度分辨提高 N 倍( N 为脉组个数),从而得到目标真实高分辨距离像。仿真实验结果表明多普勒色散得到消除且 N 的选取更加灵活。     

Improved algorithm for estimating pulse repetition intervals

This paper presents an improved algorithm for estimating pulse repetition intervals (PRIs) of an interleaved pulse train which consists of several independent radar signals with different PRIs. The original version of this algorithm is a complex-valued autocorrelation-like integral, which leads to a kind of PRI spectrum wherein the locations of the spectral peaks indicate the PRI values. The original algorithm, however, has a serious drawback in that it is vulnerable to timing jitter (PRI jitter). We analyze the cause of this vulnerability and propose an improved algorithm using overlapped PRI bins which have shifting time origins. The improved algorithm has proven to be quite effective in obtaining the PRI spectrum for jittered pulse trains, which enables detection of mean PRIs by thresholding     

CAVORT: A Radar Pulse Train Optimum Processor for Accelerating Targets

The CAVORT analog radar signal processor for matched filtering of coherent pulse trains from targets displaying significant radial acceleration is described. CAVORT employs a scanning technique to search repeatedly through trial pairs of values for Doppler and Doppler rate. When a target appears, it is detected, and the best-fitting pair of values determined. The principle of operation is illustrated, using photographs of waveforms generated by the equipment. The resuilts of satellite observations are included. It is demonstrated that the experimental CAVORT which integrates half-second segments of signal gives satisfactory estimates of acceleration.