Formation of higher plant component microbial community in closed ecological system

Closed ecological systems (CES) place at the disposal of a researcher unique possibilities to study the role of microbial communities in individual components and of the entire system. The microbial community of the higher plant component has been found to form depending on specific conditions of the closed ecosystem: length of time the solution is reused, introduction of intrasystem waste water into the nutrient medium, effect of other component of the system, and system closure in terms of gas exchange. The higher plant component formed its own microbial complex different from that formed prior to closure. The microbial complex of vegetable polyculture is more diverse and stable than the monoculture of wheat. The composition of the components' microflora changed, species diversity decreased, individual species of bacteria and fungi whose numbers were not so great before the closure prevailed. Special attention should be paid to phytopathogenic and conditionally pathogenic species of microorganisms potentially hazardous to man or plants and the least controlled in CES. This situation can endanger creation of CES and make conjectural existence of preplanned components, man, specifically, and consequently, of CES as it is.     

"Hairy blobs:" microbial suspects preserved in modern and ancient extremely acid lake evaporites

"Hairy blobs" are unusual clumps of organic bodies and sulfate crystals that have been found in evaporite minerals grown in acid saline lakes. Here, we document modern hairy blobs in halite and gypsum from 5 modern acid saline lakes in southern Western Australia, and Permian hairy blobs trapped in halite from the mid-Permian Opeche Shale in the subsurface of North Dakota. These are among the first microbial remains described from acid saline lake environments. They give clues about the role of microorganisms in the acidity, geochemistry, and mineralogy of these extreme environments. This study also may add to the inventory of life in extreme environments and help predict possible martian life-forms and the method of preservation.     

A culture-independent survey of the bacterial community in a radon hot spring

Paralana is an active, radon-containing hot spring situated in a region of South Australia's Flinders Ranges with a long history of hydrothermal activity. Our aim was to determine the bacterial composition of Paralana using a culture-independent, 16S rRNA-based technique. The presence of a diverse bacterial community was strongly suggested by the large number (approximately 180) of different ribotypes obtained upon analysis of nine hot spring samples. DNA sequencing of Paralana 16S rRNA genes corroborated this observation, identifying representatives of seven confirmed and two candidate divisions of the domain Bacteria. These included Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria (both beta and delta subdivisions), the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, Low G + C Gram-positives, Nitrospira, green non-sulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, OP8, and OP12. No known ionizing radiation-resistant Bacteria were identified. Only one Paralana 16S rRNA sequence type (recombinant B5D) was homologous to a sequence previously identified from a radioactive environment.     

A microbial oasis in the hypersaline Atacama subsurface discovered by a life detector chip: implications for the search for life on Mars

The Atacama Desert has long been considered a good Mars analogue for testing instrumentation for planetary exploration, but very few data (if any) have been reported about the geomicrobiology of its salt-rich subsurface. We performed a Mars analogue drilling campaign next to the Salar Grande (Atacama, Chile) in July 2009, and several cores and powder samples from up to 5?m deep were analyzed in situ with LDChip300 (a Life Detector Chip containing 300 antibodies). Here, we show the discovery of a hypersaline subsurface microbial habitat associated with halite-, nitrate-, and perchlorate-containing salts at 2?m deep. LDChip300 detected bacteria, archaea, and other biological material (DNA, exopolysaccharides, some peptides) from the analysis of less than 0.5?g of ground core sample. The results were supported by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization in the field and finally confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis and direct visualization of microbial cells bound to halite crystals in the laboratory. Geochemical analyses revealed a habitat with abundant hygroscopic salts like halite (up to 260?g kg(-1)) and perchlorate (41.13?μg g(-1) maximum), which allow deliquescence events at low relative humidity. Thin liquid water films would permit microbes to proliferate by using detected organic acids like acetate (19.14?μg g(-1)) or formate (76.06?μg g(-1)) as electron donors, and sulfate (15875?μg g(-1)), nitrate (13490?μg g(-1)), or perchlorate as acceptors. Our results correlate with the discovery of similar hygroscopic salts and possible deliquescence processes on Mars, and open new search strategies for subsurface martian biota. The performance demonstrated by our LDChip300 validates this technology for planetary exploration, particularly for the search for life on Mars.     

Stable iron isotopes and microbial mediation in red pigmentation of the Rosso Ammonitico (mid-late Jurassic, Verona area, Italy)

The iron (Fe) isotopic composition of 17 Jurassic limestones from the Rosso Ammonitico of Verona (Italy) have been analyzed by Multiple-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Such analysis allowed for the recognition of a clear iron isotopic fractionation (mean -0.8 per thousand, ranging between -1.52 to -0.06 per thousand) on a millimeter-centimeter scale between the red and grey facies of the studied formation. After gentle acid leaching, measurements of the Fe isotopic compositions gave delta(56)Fe values that were systematically lower in the red facies residues (median: -0.84 per thousand, range: -1.46 to +0.26 per thousand) compared to the grey facies residues (median: -0.08 per thousand, range: -0.34 to +0.23 per thousand). In addition, the red facies residues were characterized by a lighter delta(56)Fe signal relative to their corresponding leachates. These Fe isotopic fractionations could be a sensitive fingerprint of a biotic process; systematic isotopic differences between the red and grey facies residues, which consist of hematite and X-ray amorphous iron hydroxides, respectively, are hypothesized to have resulted from the oxidizing activity of iron bacteria and fungi in the red facies. The grey Fe isotopic data match the Fe isotopic signature of the terrestrial baseline established for igneous rocks and low-C(org) clastic sedimentary rocks. The Fe isotopic compositions of the grey laminations are consistent with the influx of detrital iron minerals and lack of microbial redox processes at the water-interface during deposition. Total Fe concentration measurements were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (confirmed by concentration estimations obtained by MC-ICP-MS analyses of microdrilled samples) on five samples, and resultant values range between 0.30% (mean) in the grey facies and 1.31% (mean) in the red facies. No correlation was observed between bulk Fe content and pigmentation or between bulk Fe content and Fe isotopic compositions. The rapid transformation of the original iron oxyhydroxides to hematite could have preserved the original isotopic composition if it had occurred at about the same temperature. This paper supports the use of Fe isotopes as sensitive tracers of biological activities recorded in old sedimentary sequences that contain microfossils of iron bacteria and fungi. However, a careful interpretation of the iron isotopic fractionation in terms of biotic versus abiotic processes requires supporting data or direct observations to characterize the biological, (geo)chemical, or physical context in relation to the geologic setting. This will become even more pertinent when Fe isotopic studies are expanded to the interplanetary realm.     

一种实时系统中的信号处理实现

近年来,实时信号处理系统的要求越来越高,所用系统须具有处理大量数据的能力,这就要求系统硬件要达到很高的运算速度,并且软件处理程序也尽可能优化,以保证系统的实时性.基于某重点工程项目,介绍了一种高速数据并行处理系统,并详细说明了DSP中信号处理程序的操作流程.该系统能对输入信号的频谱进行分析,实时输出连续波频谱或脉冲波的时域频域信息,并已测试成功.     

全面视角下“法律面前人人平等原则”的探讨

本文以全面视角审视了法律面前人人平等是什么,并就我们为什么需要法律面前人人平等原则,以及如何实现法律面前人人平等等问题进行了探讨。     

全面视角下"法律面前人人平等原则"的探讨

本文以全面视角审视了法律面前人人平等是什么,并就我们为什么需要法律面前人人平等原则,以及如何实现法律面前人人平等等问题进行了探讨.     

加快打造河北环京津新增长极战略突破口路径选择

京津冀协同发展已上升为国家发展战略,河北提出要大力培育环京津地区新的发展增长极,廊坊由于区位独特,发展优势明显,将成为河北打造环京津新增长极战略突破口。廊坊打造河北环京津新增长极战略突破口有其深刻的内涵,是廊坊未来发展与客观现实的必然选择,必须内化于心,外化于行。     

LM-11, A Pioneer of Quick-Reaction Solid Rocket in China

<正>At 9:41 Beijing time on September 252015,a LM-11 launch vehicle lifted off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center,carrying 4 satellites into space.LM-11 successfully placed itspassengersinto their targeted destinations.PURPOSE OF DEVELOPING LM-11 The booming smaller satellites,the concept of responsive access to space and the progress of solid power technology led to thebirthof the LM-11 small solid launch vehicle.Small satellites usually refer to satellites that are below500kg in mass.With the least launch capacity of 3 tons,China’s current launch systems were too heavy and expensive     

LOX/Kerosene Engine,A New Space Power Era in China

<正>The launch of the LM-6 launch vehicle marks that China’s space power system has entered the non-toxic and pollution-free era.The power system of LM-6,engines for all 3 stages of the carrier rocket were developed by the Academy of Aerospace Liquid Propulsion Technology(AALPT),with the highlight of the first two stages engines.The first stage uses a120t liquid oxygen/kerosene(LOX/kerosene)engine and the second stage uses an 18t LOX/kerosene engine.The LOX/kerosene engine fills the gap of the staged combustion cycle engine in China,enabling space power to enter a new and     

宽马赫数范围高超声速进气道伸缩唇口式变几何方案

针对二元高超声速进气道Ma=4～7的宽马赫数范围工作要求,探索了一种伸缩唇口式简单变几何方案,利用一维流理论对其设计方法进行了讨论,给出了一种具体的实现方案,并利用数值仿真手段对其接力点下的自起动性能及其它不同工作马赫数下的性能进行了研究。结果表明:(1)所设计的伸缩唇口式变几何方案解决了宽马赫数工作范围内定几何进气道难以协调的设计矛盾,该方案能使进气道工作范围进一步拓宽至Ma=4～8(9);(2)变几何进气道能使马赫4接力点下的流量系数保持在0.7以上,这为飞行器宽马赫数范围加速提供了强有力保障;(3)与定几何进气道相比,变几何进气道高低马赫数下的总体性能均得到大幅度提高;(4)研究发现,附面层排移及排移位置对改善进气道接力点下的自起动性能有重要影响。     

全面建设小康社会中人口、资源、环境与可持续发展问题探讨

人口、资源、环境与可持续发展是当前全球关注的重大问题,也是进入21世纪中国社会经济发展和全面建设小康社会面临的严峻挑战。论文以可持续发展思想为指导,围绕人口、资源、环境与可持续发展之间在不同层次上存在的逻辑联系来展开,阐释了可持续发展的涵义,论述了全面建设小康社会面临的人口、资源、环境问题的严峻挑战,并提出了走中国特色的可持续发展之路的对策与措施。     

The extravehicular mobility unit: A review of environment,requirements, and design changes in the US spacesuit

Requirements are rarely static, and are ever more likely to evolve as the development time of a system stretches out and its service life increases. In this paper, we discuss the evolution of requirements for the US spacesuit, the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), as a case study to highlight the need for flexibility in system design. We explore one fundamental environmental change, using the Space Shuttle EMU aboard the International Space Station, and the resulting EMU requirement and design changes. The EMU, like other complex systems, faces considerable uncertainty during its service life. Changes in the technical, political, or economic environment cause changes in requirements, which in turn necessitate design modifications or upgrades. We make the case that flexibility is a key attribute that needs to be embedded in the design of long-lived, complex systems to enable them to efficiently meet the inevitability of changing requirements after they have been fielded.     

深空探测真空/机电热类有效载荷浅析

通过对国外深空探测任务的综合分析和总结,特别针对深空探测活动中对空间尘埃、空间辐射、行星大气等方面的探测载荷展开了深入调研和分析,文章主要介绍了尘埃探测器、大气结构分析仪、辐射评估探测器和空间质谱计等几种真空、热、机、电类的有效载荷,主要从它们的功能、目标、原理、关键技术和应用情况5个方面进行了阐述。     

航天器密封舱流动和传热的数值研究

在有强迫流动的航天器密封舱内，与固壁存在热交换的三维气体流动使得舱内传热相当复杂。本文用数值分析模拟航天器在轨状态下的流动和传热。结果表明，辐射和流动在密封舱热分析中都不可忽略。对多种风速的计算结果表明，平均对流换热系数与风扇布局基本无关而仅与平均风速有关，最后由计算结果得出了平均对流换热系数和平均风速的经验关系式。     

The need for a new Franco-German partnership in space: A joint policy memorandum

France and Germany have long been partners in space. However, new attitudes and directions in their respective space programmes are affecting the nature of traditional Franco-German space relations in an evolving European space context. The long-standing partnership is at a juncture and there is a need for a new dialogue to define what future directions the partnership should take. With this in mind, a joint memorandum was initiated by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), who prepared it together with the Paris-based Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS) and the Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI), as well as the Berlin-based German Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). It reflects on the state of current Franco-German space relations and lays out the issues to be considered by decision makers in both countries to provide a new impetus to the Franco-German partnership.