高超声速飞行体亚密湍流尾迹RCS特性的相似规律研究

再入或临近空间高超声速飞行器在大气层中飞行时,会形成等离子体绕流和尾迹,将严重影响飞行器的电磁散射特性,从而使得临近空间高超声速飞行器表现出与大气层内常规飞行器和大气层外轨道飞行器在电磁散射特性上的明显不同,对飞行器的探测、跟踪带来新的挑战。弹道靶是高超声速飞行器尾迹电磁散射特性研究的重要设备,为了由弹道靶试验结果外推出真实飞行条件下亚密湍流尾迹的RCS,本文从高超声速流场模拟的双缩尺率和亚密湍流尾迹RCS模拟的Born近似出发,推导出真实飞行条件下和地面弹道靶试验之间亚密湍流尾迹RCS模拟的一种相似规律,推导结果显示当D1/D2=η,V∞1=V∞2,ρ∞1/ρ∞2=1/η,ω1/ω2=λ2/λ1=1/η时,雷达散射截面服从σ1/σ2=η4的相似规律。推导出的相似规律可以为超高速飞行器亚密湍流尾迹RCS研究提供技术支持。     

马赫数为6的高超声速钝锥湍流边界层空间演化的直接数值模拟

首先求解了来流马赫数为6的零攻角高超声速钝锥边界层的层流基本流场,在选定的计算域入口引入一组有限幅值的T-S波扰动,用高精度差分格式对流动进行了直接数值模拟.引入的扰动触发了转捩,从而得到了空间模式下的湍流边界层.研究了湍流平均场与脉动场的统计特性,给出了相干结构的流动显示图,并对强雷诺比拟的结论进行了检验.     

数值模拟二维喷管激波/湍流附面层干扰流动

采用可压缩性修正两方程湍流模型,数值模拟了3种不同波前马赫数的跨声速二维喷管内激波/湍流附面层干扰流动,对流场中时均参数和脉动参数的计算结果与实验值进行了比较。结果表明可压缩性修正的两方程湍流模型准确地模拟了正激波/湍流附面层干扰流动的时均参数和脉动参数,无分离和有分离的激波/湍流附面层干扰流动的基本规律。      

再入飞行器尾迹流场及其雷达散射效应研究

对再入飞行器等离子体尾迹及其雷达散射特性进行了分析、研究和大量的计算。讨论了物形、流场各因素对尾迹雷达散射截面的影响。流场计算使用准一维粘性尾迹方程，以修正基尔方法（多值法）求解，用一阶Ｂｏｒｎ近似完成亚密雷达散射截面（ＲＣＳ）计算。计算中使用８组元混合空气、１４个非平衡化学反应模型，考虑５种不同尺度的小钝头锥形物体，沿再入轨道取６５至３４公里，共１３个高程的飞行条件。通过计算得到了再入体尾迹各流场参数、电子密度分布及湍流亚密尾迹的ＲＣＳ。结果说明再入钝锥细长体粘性尾迹的转捩特性对于等离子体的散射性质具有决定性的作用；再入弹头尾迹等离子体对地面单站雷达发射波的回波主要来源于尾迹湍流亚密的非相干散射；对确定的波长，当环境雷诺数达到临界值之后，可能出现ＲＣＳ的突增现象；不同物形及来流条件造成尾迹转捩位置的改变，从而影响ＲＣＳ的数值及其沿轨道的分布；改变尾迹颈部初值会引起ＲＣＳ值的明显变化。     

高温化学非平衡湍流边界层直接数值模拟

高超声速飞行器在特定工况下飞行时，其表面会存在湍流与化学非平衡耦合作用，但考虑化学反应的高温湍流边界层的研究工作还十分有限。选取高超声速楔形体头部斜激波后的流动状态，分别采用热完全气体模型、空气化学反应模型开展直接数值模拟(DNS)研究，对比分析了化学非平衡效应对湍流统计量、湍流脉动量的影响趋势，并研究了高温湍流边界层标度律。计算结果表明，以吸热离解反应为主的化学非平衡效应会使边界层平均温度和脉动温度显著降低，但对平均速度剖面、速度脉动、雷诺应力的影响较小；在高温化学非平衡湍流边界层的对数区，各流动参数的拓展自相似理论的相对标度指数基本符合标度律。     

高超声速半球绕流流场电磁散射特性分析

分析再入流场对飞行器再入通信及空间散射特性的影响,研究电磁波与再入等离子体作用机理.采用分段线性电流密度递归卷积时域有限差分方法计算导电金属半球高超声速绕流流场电磁散射特性,分析半球等离子体包覆绕流流场雷达散射截面(RCS)随入射电磁波频率、双站角、飞行马赫数和高度变化特性.计算表明,前向是全方位散射中RCS取得最大值的方向.马赫数Ma≤10时,马赫数及高度变化对半球高超声速绕流流场L,S波段后向RCS和双站RCS影响很小;在L,S波段,绕流流场及半球本体的后向和前向RCS差距较小.马赫数Ma=14,16时,过密等离子体鞘套的形成增大了本体投影面积,在L,S波段,绕流流场前向RCS比本体前向RCS大;绕流流场存在对半球本体双站散射特性影响很大.      

再入弹头非平衡尾迹的回波特性分析

本文利用文[1]方法计算了纯空气非平衡再入弹头尾迹流场,分析了尾迹等离子体场对雷达波的频响效应,并进一步估算了几种高程条件下的雷达散射截面,说明影响截面大小和分布的几个重要因素。分析和计算表明,以物体底部直径和环境参数表征的雷诺数达到转捩值以后,在完全湍流尾迹中可能出现散射截面的突增现象。     

湍流等离子体尾迹雷达散射截面的计算及其影响因素分析

针对一阶畸变波Born近似模型,深入分析了湍流内外尺度和电子数密度脉动值对雷达散射截面的影响,并且给出了关于湍流外尺度的一个经验的,能被工程上较好使用的公式.在以上分析的基础上,计算了几种高程条件下再入小钝头锥体等离子尾迹的雷达散射截面,与已有实验结果进行了对比分析.分析和计算结果表明,湍流的外尺度和局部电子数密度值对雷达散射截面值影响较大;湍流内尺度变化的影响不大.     

气体动理学格式及其在再入问题中的应用

介绍了气体动理学格式GKS在飞行器高超声速再入过程涉及的跨流域稀薄及湍流等复杂流动问题中的拓展和应用。GKS利用BGK方程的通解来计算单元界面上的通量,耦合了分子的自由运动和相互碰撞,内涵多尺度特性。本文发展了耦合多种湍流模式的拓展GKS,能对典型高超声速湍流进行有效模拟。基于通量重构CPR框架发展了非结构网格上的高精度格式CPR-GKS,在可压缩黏性流动中可以同时保持高精度和良好的激波捕捉能力。为模拟航天器再入过程中的跨流域稀薄流动,发展了适合大规模并行计算的高效UGKS,并在再入问题中得到了很好的应用。研究揭示了GKS在再入问题模拟中的优异性能及其广阔的应用前景。     

基于改进SST模型的分离流动数值模拟

对SST湍流模型进行了改进,并通过对典型分离流动进行数值模拟,来检验和提高模型预测分离流动的能力.基于亚声速分离流动,提出了提高雷诺应力的模拟精度和分离流修正的改进方法,并进行了对比研究得出结论;在亚声速分离流动分析结论基础上,采用了可压缩性修正方法,开展了跨声速、超声速和高超声速激波/边界层干扰分离流动的数值模拟研究.结果表明:提高雷诺应力的模拟精度和采用分离流修正明显地提高了SST湍流模型对分离流动的模拟能力;适当地可压缩性修正对超声速和高超声速分离流动的计算精度有改善作用.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.